About Regeneration

Regeneration means putting life at the center of every action and decision.

The Book

References

Who We Are

Contact Us

We'd love to hear from you, please send us a note!

Dig Deeper

Cascade of Solutions

Explore regenerative solutions and see how they are all connected.

Frameworks for Action

Six priorities: Equity. Reduce. Protect. Sequester. Influence. Support.

Where to Begin

Make a Punch List

A punch list is a personal, group, or institutional checklist of actions that you can, want to, and will do.

Carbon Calculator

Estimate the current carbon impact of your family, company, or building.

The Waggle

Our weekly newsletter filled with compelling stories about regenerating life on Earth.

Support Our Work

Donate Today

We rely upon the generous support of our fellow regenerators! Please consider making a one-time or recurring donation.

References

Front Matter

Introduction

Ackerman, Elliot. 2020. “Opinion | Can We Escape the Political-Industrial Complex?” The New York Times, September 18, 2020, sec. Opinion. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/18/opinion/politics-2020-media-election.html.

Allison, Steven D., and Tyrus Miller. 2019. “Why Science Needs the Humanities to Solve Climate Change.” The Conversation. August 1, 2019. http://theconversation.com/why-science-needs-the-humanities-to-solve-climate-change-113832.

“As We Spatially Separate We Must Also Stay Connected.” 2020. Bioneers (blog). March 19, 2020. https://bioneers.org/as-we-spatially-separate-we-must-also-stay-connected-zp0z2003/.

Axford, Craig. 2020. “The Environmental Movement Is as Alienated from Nature as Its Foes.” Climate Conscious (blog). January 6, 2020. https://medium.com/climate-conscious/the-environmental-movement-is-as-alienated-from-nature-as-its-foes-b5ffeb9b8495.

Barnard, Michael. 2018. “Climate Science Requires Acceptance, Not Belief or Full Understanding.” The Future Is Electric (blog). September 20, 2018. https://medium.com/the-future-is-electric/climate-science-requires-acceptance-not-belief-or-full-understanding-b635043bdbcb.

Beaty, Fiona. 2020. “Smoke and Acid: Where Wildfires Meet the Ocean.” The Narwhal (blog). September 16, 2020. https://thenarwhal.ca/wildfire-ocean-acidification-covid-19/.

Berwyn, Bob. 2021. “Many Scientists Now Say Global Warming Could Stop Relatively Quickly After Emissions Go to Zero.” Inside Climate News (blog). January 3, 2021. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/03012021/five-aspects-climate-change-2020/.

Bloomberg.Com. 2020. “The Secret Origins of China’s 40-Year Plan to End Carbon Emissions,” November 22, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-11-22/china-s-2060-climate-pledge-inside-xi-jinping-s-secret-plan-to-end-emissions.

Branch, John, and Brad Plumer. 2020. “Climate Disruption Is Now Locked In. The Next Moves Will Be Crucial.” The New York Times, September 22, 2020, sec. Climate. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/22/climate/climate-change-future.html.

Breeze, Remington. 2018. “This Statistic Changed My Entire Perspective about Climate Change.” Medium (blog). October 29, 2018. https://medium.com/@remingtonbreeze/this-statistic-changed-my-entire-perspective-about-climate-change-ad324fd411ac.

Brown, Kate. 2019. Manual for Survival: A Chernobyl Guide to the Future. 1st edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

Brown, Kimberly. 2020. “Latin America Unites to Fight Global Inequalities in New Regional Pact.” Mongabay Environmental News, August 27, 2020, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/08/latin-america-unites-to-fight-global-inequalities-in-new-regional-pact/.

Calvin, William H. 2019. “Extreme Weather Has Created a Climate Emergency.” Calvin on Climate (blog). October 7, 2019. https://medium.com/calvin-on-climate/extreme-weather-has-created-a-climate-emergency-e23e0e94f868.

Cannon, Charles, Suzanne Greene, Thomas Koch Blank, jordy Lee, and Paolo Natali. 2020. “The Next Frontier of Carbon Accounting.” RMI. 2020. https://rmi.org/insight/the-next-frontier-of-carbon-accounting/.

Carpenter, Jackson. 2017. “The Secret That Will End Climate Change.” Jackson Carpenter (blog). February 8, 2017. http://www.jacksoncarpenter.com/the-secret/.

Carrington, Damian. 2020. “Nature-Led Coronavirus Recovery Could Create $10tn a Year, Says WEF.” The Guardian. July 15, 2020. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/15/nature-led-coronavirus-recovery-could-create-10tn-a-year-says-wef.

Cell Press. 2020. “Climate Change Likely Drove Early Human Species to Extinction, Modeling Study Suggests.” October 15, 2020. https://phys.org/news/2020-10-climate-drove-early-human-species.html.

“Climate Action Reserve.” n.d. Climate Action Reserve. Accessed August 19, 2021. https://www.climateactionreserve.org/.

“Climate Change Deniers Violate Human Rights | by The Beam | TheBeamMagazine | Medium.” n.d. Accessed August 19, 2021. https://medium.com/thebeammagazine/climate-change-deniers-violate-human-rights-ff093571533a.

“Climate Equity Reference Project.” n.d. Accessed August 19, 2021. https://climateequityreference.org/.

Costanza, Robert, Elizabeth Caniglia, Lorenzo Fioramonti, Henry Lewis, L. Hunter Lovins, Jacqueline Mcglade, Lars Mortensen, et al. 2018. “Toward a Sustainable Wellbeing Economy.” The Solutions Journal, April. https://thesolutionsjournal.com/2018/04/17/toward-sustainable-wellbeing-economy/.

Davidson, Helen. 2021. “Parched Taiwan Prays for Rain as Sun Moon Lake Is Hit by Drought.” The Guardian, May 9, 2021, sec. Environment. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/may/09/parched-taiwan-prays-for-rain-as-sun-moon-lake-is-hit-by-drought.

Deacon, Ben. 2021. “World’s Oceans Absorbed the Heat of 10 Nukes Every Second in 2020, Study Finds.” ABC News, January 17, 2021. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-18/ocean-temperatures-reached-record-high-in-2020-study-finds/13062628.

“Deep Adaptation.” n.d. Professor Jem Bendell. Accessed August 24, 2021. https://jembendell.com/category/deep-adaptation/.

“Dominic Walliman.” n.d. Dominic Walliman. Accessed August 22, 2021. https://dominicwalliman.com/?og=1.

Easwaran, Eknath. 2007. The Bhagavad Gita, 2nd Edition. 2nd edition. Tomales, CA: Nilgiri Press.

———. 2009. The Upanishads. 2nd edition. Nilgiri Press.

Economist, The. 2019. “Countries Look at Ways to Tinker With Earth’s Thermostat.” Medium (blog). March 14, 2019. https://medium.com/@the_economist/countries-look-at-ways-to-tinker-with-earths-thermostat-9f0f92bfd15f.

“Elders Action Network - Elders Addressing the Crucial Issues of Our Time.” n.d. Elders Action Network. Accessed August 31, 2021. https://eldersaction.org/.

Ensia. 2020. “Two Decades Ago Climate Communication Missed a Huge Opportunity.” Medium (blog). February 21, 2020. https://ensiamedia.medium.com/two-decades-ago-climate-communication-missed-a-huge-opportunity-65ab4413e14e.

Evans, Monica. 2020. “Effective Conservation Science Must Shift Away from Doomsday Views and toward Solutions: Study.” Mongabay Environmental News, June 15, 2020, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/effective-conservation-science-must-shift-away-from-doomsday-views-and-toward-solutions-study/.

“Exponential Roadmap Initiative.” n.d. Exponential Roadmap Initiative. Accessed August 19, 2021. https://exponentialroadmap.org/.

Gamage, Michelle. 2021. “Ten Jobs for Getting to Work on a Zero Emissions Future.” The Tyee. The Tyee. June 16, 2021. https://thetyee.ca/News/2021/06/16/Ten-Jobs-Work-Zero-Emissions-Future/.

Gardiner, Beth. 2020. “Unequal Impact: The Deep Links Between Racism and Climate Change.” Yale E360, June 9, 2020. https://e360.yale.edu/features/unequal-impact-the-deep-links-between-inequality-and-climate-change.

Glasgow Agreement. 2020. Glasgow Agreement - Introduction. https://vimeo.com/471802683.

Godelnik, Raz. 2020. “‘The Wire’ Guide for the 2020 Climate Warrior.” Medium (blog). January 2, 2020. https://razgo.medium.com/the-wire-guide-for-the-2020-climate-warrior-6b5f936026fe.

Goldstein, Allie, Will R. Turner, Seth A. Spawn, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Susan Cook-Patton, Joseph Fargione, Holly K. Gibbs, et al. 2020. “Protecting Irrecoverable Carbon in Earth’s Ecosystems.” Nature Climate Change 10 (4): 287–95. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0738-8.

Goodell, Jeff. 2018. “Can Civilization Survive What’s Coming?” RollingStone (blog). October 9, 2018. https://medium.com/rollingstone/can-civilization-survive-whats-coming-7155fb2ee1c7.

Graham, Flora. 2020. “Nature Briefing: Europe Is Back at the Epicenter of the Pandemic,” November 3, 2020. https://us17.campaign-archive.com/?u=2c6057c528fdc6f73fa196d9d&id=10475cb30a&e=9b2e63659d.

Green, David B. 2020. “Will Coronavirus Change How We Think about Climate Change?” Haaretz.Com. April 4, 2020. https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-will-coronavirus-change-how-we-think-about-climate-change-1.8735116.

Grist. 2009. “The Fallacy of Climate Activism,” August 24, 2009. https://grist.org/article/2009-08-23-the-fallacy-of-climate-activism/.

haque, umair. 2017. “Eudaimonics.” Medium. September 21, 2017. https://eand.co/eudaimonics-d55727be1233.

———. 2018a. “The One Thing (This) Global Economy Can’t Provide.” Medium. March 12, 2018. https://eand.co/the-one-thing-this-global-economy-cant-provide-d029c6ce0e9d.

———. 2018b. “The Work of the 21st Century.” Medium (blog). April 17, 2018. https://medium.com/@umairh/the-work-of-the-21st-century-5c31557f94af.

———. 2019. “(How) Capitalism Turned Life, the Planet, and Civilization into Money — and Our Challenge Is….” Medium. September 11, 2019. https://eand.co/how-capitalism-turned-life-the-planet-and-civilization-into-money-and-our-challenge-is-136fa748a968.

———. 2020. “America’s (Still) Committing Economic Suicide.” Medium. April 24, 2020. https://eand.co/this-is-what-economic-cataclysm-looks-like-7c7cb0a5956f.

“Here’s How a ‘Circular Economy’ Could Save the World.” n.d. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/how-a-circular-economy-could-save-the-world-feature.

Hokkaido University. 2020. “New Insight into the Origin of Water on the Earth.” Phys Org. July 17, 2020. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-insight-earth.html.

“HOME.” n.d. ReGeneration 2030. Accessed September 3, 2021. https://www.regeneration2030.org.

“Home.” n.d. Seeds of Good Anthropocenes (blog). Accessed September 3, 2021. https://goodanthropocenes.net/.

“Home Page.” n.d. Climate Justice Alliance. Accessed August 22, 2021. https://climatejusticealliance.org/.

“IRI – International Research Institute for Climate and Society | Lisa Goddard.” n.d. Accessed August 22, 2021. https://iri.columbia.edu/contact/staff-directory/lisa-goddard/.

“Jack Kornfield - Author, Buddhist Practitioner.” n.d. Jack Kornfield. Accessed August 30, 2021. https://jackkornfield.com/.

James, Anthony. n.d. “‎84 Excerpt. Is the Snake Waking? With Dr Anne Poelina.” The RegenNarration Podcast. Accessed September 7, 2021. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/84-excerpt-is-the-snake-waking-with-dr-anne-poelina/id1236423380?i=1000523249980.

Judith, Anodea. 2004. Eastern Body, Western Mind: Psychology and the Chakra System As a Path to the Self. Berkeley, California.

Kessler, John. 2020. “New Zealand Announces Emergency Due to Climate Change.” December 2, 2020. https://freenews.live/new-zealand-announces-emergency-due-to-climate-change/.

Khan, Faisal. 2020. “‘Doughnut Economics’ Is an Innovative Approach towards a Sustainable Future.” Technicity (blog). May 20, 2020. https://medium.com/technicity/doughnut-economics-is-an-innovative-approach-towards-a-sustainable-future-480a02e402a5.

King, David, and Rick Parnell. 2020. “Perspective | Stopping Climate Change Could Cost Less than Fighting Covid-19.” Washington Post, September 17, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/climate-change-intervention-cost/2020/09/17/c6715db6-f784-11ea-89e3-4b9efa36dc64_story.html.

Kirk, Martin. 2019. “What If Economic Growth Isn’t as Positive as You Think?” Fast Company (blog). January 20, 2019. https://medium.com/fast-company/what-if-economic-growth-isnt-as-positive-as-you-think-f6fe281ad0e3.

Klein, Ezra. 2019. “The Geoengineering Question.” Vox. December 23, 2019. https://www.vox.com/podcasts/2019/12/23/21029860/ezra-klein-climate-change-geoengineering-jane-flegal.

Kornelija. 2020. “Climate Change Activists Are Lying to You.” Climate Conscious (blog). July 16, 2020. https://medium.com/climate-conscious/climate-change-activists-are-lying-to-you-8fccebac3684.

Korten, David. n.d. “Ecological Civilization: The Vision.” David Korten (blog). Accessed August 24, 2021. https://davidkorten.org/ecological-civilization/.

Kuran, Timur. n.d. “‎The Portal: 4: Timur Kuran - The Economics of Revolution and Mass Deception on Apple Podcasts.” The Portal. Accessed September 3, 2021. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/4-timur-kuran-the-economics-of-revolution/id1469999563?i=1000447329487.

Linden, Eugene. 2019. “Opinion | How Scientists Got Climate Change So Wrong.” The New York Times, November 8, 2019, sec. Opinion. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/08/opinion/sunday/science-climate-change.html.

“Living in Harmony.” 2021. Presented at the ClimateEarth 2020 Conference.

Loy, David R., Linda Goodhew, and Jane Hirshfield. 2000. The Dharma of Dragons and Daemons: Buddhist Themes in Modern Fantasy. Boston: Wisdom Publications.

Macdonald, Helen. 2020. “The Mysterious Life of Birds Who Never Come Down.” The New York Times, July 29, 2020, sec. Magazine. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/29/magazine/vesper-flights.html.

Magnason, Andri Snær. 2019. “The Glaciers of Iceland Seemed Eternal. Now a Country Mourns Their Loss.” The Guardian, August 14, 2019, sec. Opinion. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/aug/14/glaciers-iceland-country-loss-plaque-climate-crisis.

———. 2020. On Time and Water. Ted Countdown. https://www.ted.com/talks/andri_snaer_magnason_on_time_and_water.

———. 2021. On Time and Water. https://www.openletterbooks.org/products/on-time-and-water.

Makower, Joel. 2019a. “Sink or Swim,” October 21, 2019. https://www.greenbiz.com/newsletter/sink-or-swim?mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiTkRjME5EWTNOR0kzWlRRMCIsInQiOiJna0lnb0tuQThnaEVZXC9FM2ZqNFh6eG1aeE8zXC9mZkltbXVHWGd0OU9MdGFJS2ZUeWd3N3VaclVKN29KdGNTUmYzdVVzcXIrZkNKWXhHaUNWUVJvUTBlcVNyU21SK0Z1SnQ3d3pxVXNRdElNUHFqZVhyNTJRc3FvVGRWbTFrSHZEIn0%3D&utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=2019-10-20&utm_campaign=greenbuzz.

———. 2019b. “The New Language of Weather,” December 2, 2019. https://www.greenbiz.com/newsletter/new-language-weather.

Maljković, Nenad. 2018. “Why I Am Afraid of Global Cooling.” Virtual Teams for Systemic Change (blog). November 3, 2018. https://medium.com/virtual-teams-for-systemic-change/why-i-am-afraid-of-global-cooling-b9893cc26ff3.

“Masters of Regeneration Radio | Podcast in Eng & Spa.” n.d. Tomasrayes. Accessed August 30, 2021. https://www.tomasrayes.com/mastersofregenerationradio.

McKibben, Bill. 2020. “Where We Stand on Climate.” The New Yorker. December 11, 2020. https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-a-warming-planet/where-we-stand-on-climate.

MIT Technology Review. 2019. “Where Do Humans Live? A New Map Offers More Detail Than Ever Before.” MIT Technology Review (blog). November 14, 2019. https://medium.com/mit-technology-review/where-do-humans-live-a-new-map-offers-more-detail-than-ever-before-19aaed163fc9.

Mitchell, Charlie. 2019. “Don’t Read the UN Report on Climate Change: Read These Stories Instead.” Heated (blog). August 14, 2019. https://heated.medium.com/dont-read-the-un-report-on-climate-change-read-these-stories-instead-5a36154f406e.

Mulkey, Stephen. 2020. “The Scientific Narrative about the Climate and Biosphere Is Mostly Useless.” Medium (blog). July 15, 2020. https://envcentury.medium.com/the-scientific-narrative-about-the-climate-and-biosphere-is-mostly-useless-7daaab3b5a77.

“National Soil Erosion Rates on Track to Repeat Dust Bowl-Era Losses Eight Times Over.” 2020. Union of Concerned Scientists. December 16, 2020. https://www.ucsusa.org/about/news/national-soil-erosion-rates-track-repeat-dust-bowl-era-losses-eight-times-over.

Nestor, James. 2020. Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art. New York: Riverhead Books.

Neuroth, Joann, John Cleveland, and Peter Plastrik. n.d. Welcome to the Edge of Chaos: Where Change Is a Way of Life.

Nikiforuk, Andrew. 2021. “When Is Mountaintop Removal Not Mountaintop Removal? In Alberta, of Course!” The Tyee. The Tyee. March 5, 2021. https://thetyee.ca/Analysis/2021/03/05/Mountaintop-Removal-Alberta/.

Northern Arizona University. 2021. “Earth to Reach Temperature Tipping Point in next 20 to 30 Years, New Study Finds.” ScienceDaily. January 13, 2021. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/01/210113144456.htm.

Olsen, Dave. 2020. “Climate Science Is Boring.” Medium. May 3, 2020. https://extranewsfeed.com/climate-science-is-boring-b5d413264315.

“Othering & Belonging Institute.” n.d. Othering & Belonging Institute. Accessed August 31, 2021. https://belonging.berkeley.edu/.

Parker, Frank. 2019. “The Climate Conspirators.” The Startup (blog). October 1, 2019. https://medium.com/swlh/the-climate-conspirators-26cb07068733.

pauly. 2019. “Dr. Gerald Kutney #584 - The What Matters Most Podcast.” Paul Samuel Dolman (blog). September 11, 2019. https://www.paulsamueldolman.com/parent/podcasts/pauly-cast/dr-gerald-kutney-584/.

Pearce, Fred. 2020. “Why Clouds Are the Key to New Troubling Projections on Warming.” Yale E360, February 5, 2020. https://e360.yale.edu/features/why-clouds-are-the-key-to-new-troubling-projections-on-warming.

Peters, Adele. 2020. “Amsterdam Is Now Using the ‘Doughnut’ Model of Economics: What Does That Mean?” Fast Company. April 30, 2020. https://www.fastcompany.com/90497442/amsterdam-is-now-using-the-doughnut-model-of-economics-what-does-that-mean.

Planted, One Tree. n.d. “One Tree Planted | Tree Planting Non-Profit: One Dollar, One Tree.” One Tree Planted. Accessed August 31, 2021. https://onetreeplanted.org/.

“Platform for a Thriving Planet.” n.d. Regen Network. Accessed September 3, 2021. https://www.regen.network/.

Platis, S. 2021. “How to Make People Care About Climate Change.” Medium. April 6, 2021. https://medium.com/climate-conscious/how-to-make-people-care-about-climate-change-dbda1d9344a6.

Poelina, Anne. 2021. “#084 Regenerative Songlines.” The RegenNarration. May 24, 2021. https://www.regennarration.com/episodes/084-regenerative-songlines.

Pulgar-Vidal, Manuel. 2018. “To Curb Climate Change, We Must Focus on Forests, Food and Land By Manuel Pulgar-Vidal, Leader Of….” WWF - Together Possible (blog). September 14, 2018. https://medium.com/wwftogetherpossible/to-curb-climate-change-we-must-focus-on-forests-food-and-land-by-manuel-pulgar-vidal-leader-of-33b369d7c699.

Raworth, Kate. 2020. “Introducing the Amsterdam City Doughnut | Kate Raworth.” April 8, 2020. https://www.kateraworth.com/2020/04/08/amsterdam-city-doughnut/.

Ray, Darren. 2019. “One Thing Most People Don’t Get about Climate Change.” Medium (blog). September 15, 2019. https://medium.com/@darren.ray/one-thing-most-people-dont-get-about-climate-change-be4cf9126d93.

“ReGen Villages.” n.d. Effekt. Accessed September 3, 2021. https://www.effekt.dk/regenvillages.

“REGENERATORS.CO.” n.d. REGENERATORS.CO. Accessed August 31, 2021. https://www.regenerators.co.

Rich, Nathaniel. 2018. “The Novel That Asks, ‘What Went Wrong With Mankind?’” The Atlantic. May 11, 2018. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/06/richard-powers-the-overstory/559106/.

Ritchie, Hannah, and Max Roser. 2020. “CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” Our World in Data, May. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions.

Roston, Eric. 2020. “Coal, Oil, and Gas Don’t Burn Themselves.” Bloomberg.Com, July 6, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-06/coal-oil-and-gas-don-t-burn-themselves-to-cause-climate-change.

“Scale.” n.d. Climate Cleanup. Accessed August 20, 2021. https://climatecleanup.org/plan/.

Sengupta, Somini. 2020. “China, in Nudge to U.S., Makes a New Promise to Tackle Global Warming.” The New York Times, December 12, 2020, sec. Climate. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/12/climate/china-xi-greenhouse-gases.html.

Shiva, Vandana. 2020. “Bill Gates’ Global Agenda and How We Can Resist His War on Life.” Common Dreams. September 21, 2020. https://www.commondreams.org/views/2020/09/21/bill-gates-global-agenda-and-how-we-can-resist-his-war-life.

Simon, Matt. 2019. “Climate Change Is Very Real. But So Much of It Is Uncertain.” Wired, July 17, 2019. https://www.wired.com/story/climate-change-is-very-real-but-so-much-of-it-is-uncertain/.

Steffen, Alex. 2017. “The Smokestacks Come Tumbling Down.” Medium. December 10, 2017. https://thenearlynow.com/the-smokestacks-come-tumbling-down-c03ba1294522.

Stoknes, Per Espen. 2021. Tomorrow’s Economy: A Guide to Creating Healthy Green Growth. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press. https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/tomorrows-economy.

Stone, Maddie. 2021. “This Single Number—the Social Cost of Carbon—Could Reshape Our Climate Future.” National Geographic, January 28, 2021. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/this-single-number-could-reshape-our-climate-future.

Strauss, Benjamin. 2021. “Perspective | The Carbon Skyscraper: A New Way of Picturing Rapid, Human-Caused Climate Change.” Washington Post, January 12, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/01/12/carbon-skyscraper-rapid-climate-change/.

Struzik, Ed. 2020. “The Age of Megafires: The World Hits a Climate Tipping Point.” Yale E360, September 17, 2020. https://e360.yale.edu/features/the-age-of-megafires-the-world-hits-a-climate-tipping-point.

“The Positive Impact Community | Members.” n.d. Positive Community. Accessed September 3, 2021. https://www.makeapositiveimpact.co/members.

Tolokonnikova, Nadya, and Pussy Riot. n.d. “A Manifesto by Pussy Riot.” WePresent. Accessed August 29, 2021. https://wepresent.wetransfer.com/story/a-manifesto-by-pussy-riot/.

“TOWARD REGENERATIVE SOCIETY: A RAPID TRANSITION PLAN.” n.d. Center for Planetary Culture (blog). Accessed September 2, 2021. http://www.planetaryculture.info/toward-regenerative-society-a-rapid-transition-plan/.

“Towards a Transformed Future.” n.d. Resilience Frontiers. Accessed August 20, 2021. https://www.resiliencefrontiers.org/.

UNEP and IEA. n.d. “Climate-Friendly Cooling Could Cut Years of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Save US$ Trillions: UN.” Accessed August 24, 2021. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-climate-friendly-cooling-years-greenhouse-gas.html.

University of Melbourne. 2020. “Big Data Reveals We’re Running out of Time to Save Environment and Ourselves: Technological Advances Will Not Help the World Unless They Lead to Action.” ScienceDaily. April 24, 2020. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/04/200424093606.htm.

University of Virginia. 2021. “Why Our Brains Miss Opportunities to Improve Through Subtraction.” Neuroscience News (blog). April 7, 2021. https://neurosciencenews.com/subtraction-cognition-18195/.

VannPashak, Justin. 2019. “The Economy Is Broken, Rent-Seeking Broke It.” The Startup (blog). September 24, 2019. https://medium.com/swlh/the-economy-is-broken-rent-seeking-broke-it-c1a4a94d77a6.

Vaughan-Lee, Emmanuel, and Andri Snær Magnason. n.d. “On Time and Water – a Conversation with Andri Snær Magnason.” Emergence Magazine. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://emergencemagazine.org/interview/on-time-and-water/.

Wahl, Daniel Christian. 2019. “Time to Redesign the Human Impact on Earth!” NYC Design (blog). December 14, 2019. https://medium.com/nyc-design/time-to-redesithe-human-impact-on-earth-9592d9dc48e7.

———. 2020a. “Regenerative Leadership.” Age of Awareness (blog). April 12, 2020. https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/regenerative-leadership-96a52a4f1e10.

———. 2020b. “Can Regenerative Economics & Mainstream Business Mix?” Activate The Future (blog). April 30, 2020. https://medium.com/activate-the-future/can-regenerative-economics-mainstream-business-mix-ef2f8aafa8d4.

Wallace-Wells, David. 2019. “Jared Diamond: There’s a 49 Percent Chance the World As We Know It Will End by 2050.” New York Magazine (blog). May 10, 2019. https://medium.com/new-york-magazine/jared-diamond-theres-a-49-percent-chance-the-world-as-we-know-it-will-end-by-2050-7b131aad06d5.

———. 2020. “Global Warming Is Melting Our Sense of Time.” Intelligencer. June 27, 2020. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/06/global-warming-is-melting-our-sense-of-time.html.

Weiss, Sabrina, and Matt Reynold. 2021. “The 10 Facts That Prove We’re in a Climate Emergency.” Wired UK, September 8, 2021. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/climate-change-facts-2019.

Wiedmann, Thomas, Manfred Lenzen, Lorenz T. Keyßer, and Julia K. Steinberger. 2020. “Scientists’ Warning on Affluence.” Nature Communications 11 (1): 3107. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y.

Williams, Casey. 2018. “The Overwhelming Hugeness of Climate Change.” OneZero (blog). October 29, 2018. https://onezero.medium.com/the-overwhelming-hugeness-of-climate-change-a50d6a59552.

Wilson, Edward O. 2003. The Future of Life. Reprint edition. New York: Vintage.

Woodward, Aylin. 2020. “Any Hope of Keeping Earth Habitable Now Requires Sucking Carbon Back out of the Atmosphere, a New Study Found.” Business Insider. November 13, 2020. https://www.businessinsider.com/climate-change-too-late-carbon-capture-needed-2020-11.

Yeo, Sophie. 2020. “Ecocide: Should Killing Nature Be a Crime?” BBC, November 6, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201105-what-is-ecocide.

“You Searched for Doughnut.” n.d. International Policy Digest. Accessed August 24, 2021. https://intpolicydigest.org/search/doughnut/.

Agency

“2.2 A Brief History of Climate Change Policy.” n.d. SOAS. Accessed September 25, 2021. https://www.soas.ac.uk/cedep-demos/000_P524_CCD_K3736-Demo/unit1/page_14.htm.

Bagley, Katherine. 2019. “From a Young Climate Movement Leader, a Determined Call for Action.” Yale E360, November 7, 2019. https://e360.yale.edu/features/from-a-young-climate-movement-leader-a-determined-call-for-action.

Bendell, Jem. 2018. “Deep Adaptation: A Map for Navigating Climate Tragedy.” IFLAS. https://www.lifeworth.com/deepadaptation.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3xx7raRFZEOzWq1VD3eDo6Nahyu9Ypgwc7ITcDbH2z_hrRTNXfNLrcDPc.

Benedictus, Leo. 2019. “Flights of Fancy: 10 Ways to Imagine Our Way out of the Climate Crisis.” The Guardian, October 16, 2019, sec. Environment. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/16/london-sustainable-environmentalist-tooting-pop-up.

Bernstein, Gabrielle. 2014. May Cause Miracles: A 40-Day Guidebook of Subtle Shifts for Radical Change and Unlimited Happiness. Reprint edition. New York: Harmony.

Bhogal, Gurwinder. 2019. “How Progress Blinds People to Progress.” Rabbit Hole. August 15, 2019. https://rabbitholemag.com/how-progress-blinds-people-to-progress/.

Brannen, Peter. 2019. “The Anthropocene Is a Joke.” The Atlantic. August 13, 2019. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/08/arrogance-anthropocene/595795/.

“Calculator.” n.d. CoolClimate Network. https://coolclimate.berkeley.edu/calculator.

Campbell, Ginger, and Seth Grant. n.d. “‎Brain Science with Ginger Campbell, MD: Neuroscience for Everyone: Seth Grant on Synapse Complexity on Apple Podcasts.” Apple Podcasts. Accessed August 22, 2021. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/seth-grant-on-synapse-complexity/id210065679?i=1000492476908.

Carpenter, ackson. 2017. Three Steps to Cut Your Carbon Footprint 60% Today |  | TEDxAsheville. TEDxAsheville. Asheville. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63hAHbkzJG4.

Carrington, Damian. 2021. “UN Global Climate Poll: ‘The People’s Voice Is Clear – They Want Action.’” The Guardian, January 27, 2021, sec. Environment. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jan/27/un-global-climate-poll-peoples-voice-is-clear-they-want-action.

Christian Science Monitor. 2020. “Meaningless or Impactful? Climate Community Debates 2050 Goals,” March 13, 2020. https://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2020/0313/Meaningless-or-impactful-Climate-community-debates-2050-goals.

“Conference of the Parties (COP).” n.d. UNFCCC. Accessed August 9, 2021. https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/supreme-bodies/conference-of-the-parties-cop.

Dantas, Thales. 2018. “The Role of Young People in the Fight Against Climate Change.” Medium (blog). October 2, 2018. https://thalesetd.medium.com/the-role-of-young-people-in-the-fight-against-climate-change-aadf0d06b496.

Dave. 2019. “Actions Change Beliefs, Not the Other Way Around.” Medium. February 7, 2019. https://itsyourturnblog.com/actions-change-beliefs-not-the-other-way-around-448cfc157bb5.

Deist, Charlie. 2019. “Let A Thousand Green New Deals Bloom.” Medium (blog). March 20, 2019. https://chdeist.medium.com/let-a-thousand-green-new-deals-bloom-f23f46257ac6.

“Demo Day 2020: Bryan Stevenson.” 2020. Emerson Collective. 2020. https://www.emersoncollective.com/videos/demo-day-2020-bryan-stevenson/.

Dimanchev, Emil. 2020. “A Wake-up Call Theory of Climate Change.” Medium (blog). October 22, 2020. https://medium.com/@EmilDimanchev/a-wake-up-call-theory-of-climate-change-fc5d3077a22b.

Friedman, Lisa. 2019. “John Kerry Launches Star-Studded Climate Coalition.” The New York Times, November 30, 2019, sec. Climate. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/30/climate/john-kerry-climate-change.html.

Galey, Patrick. 2019. “Can Trillion-Tonne Snow Cannons Save Us from Sea-Level Rise?” AFP, July 18, 2019. https://news.yahoo.com/trillion-tonne-snow-cannons-save-us-sea-level-180416582.html.

Gawande, Atul. 2020. “We Can Solve the Coronavirus-Test Mess Now—If We Want To.” The New Yorker, September 2, 2020. https://www.newyorker.com/science/medical-dispatch/we-can-solve-the-coronavirus-test-mess-now-if-we-want-to.

Goldstein, Joshua S., Staffan A. Qvist, and Steven Pinker. 2019. A Bright Future: How Some Countries Have Solved Climate Change and the Rest Can Follow. Illustrated edition. New York: PublicAffairs.

Goldstein-Rose, Solomon. 2020. The 100% Solution: A Plan for Solving Climate Change. Illustrated edition. Brooklyn, NY ; London: Melville House.

Green, Matthew. 2020. “Tenth of Pandemic Stimulus Spend Could Help World Reach Climate Goals - Study.” Reuters, October 16, 2020, sec. Money News. https://www.reuters.com/article/climate-change-stimulus-idINKBN271098.

Hertsgaard, Mark. 2020. “60 Minutes, The Guardian, and Game-Changing New Climate Science.” Columbia Journalism Review. October 7, 2020. https://www.cjr.org/covering_climate_now/michael-mann-60-minutes-emissions-warming.php.

Hosey, Mike. 2019. “What a Melting Arctic Circle Means for Us.” Medium (blog). October 25, 2019. https://thinksustainabilityblog.medium.com/what-a-melting-arctic-circle-means-for-us-277c757482a8.

“Human Impacts.” n.d. Accessed August 24, 2021. http://impact.gocarbonneutral.org/.

Ingram, Catherine. 2019. “Facing Extinction.” Catherine Ingram (blog). February 2019. https://www.catherineingram.com/facingextinction/.

Jem. 2019. “Initiative for Leadership and Sustainability: Because It’s Not a Drill - Presentation at a European Commission Event on Climate Emergency.” Initiative for Leadership and Sustainability (blog). May 15, 2019. http://iflas.blogspot.com/2019/05/as-news-of-our-climate-predicament.html.

Marx, Paris. 2018. “Climate Change Requires More Than Individual Solutions.” Radical Urbanist (blog). October 8, 2018. https://medium.com/radical-urbanist/climate-change-requires-more-than-individual-solutions-6770844b423a.

Mason, Raz. 2020. “The 1,000 Year Ouch.” Age of Awareness (blog). July 31, 2020. https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/the-1-000-year-ouch-3c8dfaf7ad82.

Mehta, Parshva. 2018. “Will We Survive the next 100 Years?” Medium (blog). September 22, 2018. https://medium.com/@mehtaparshva/will-we-survive-the-next-100-years-ed74986e91d6.

Menconi, Arn. 2019. “Debating How Much Time We Have to Avert Climate Disaster Is a Waste of Time.” Consortiumnews (blog). August 27, 2019. https://consortiumnews.com/2019/08/27/debating-how-much-time-we-have-to-avert-climate-disaster-is-a-waste-of-time/.

Merchant, Brian. 2019. “Don’t Stress About the Decade’s End, Time as You Experience It Is Not Real.” OneZero (blog). December 21, 2019. https://onezero.medium.com/dont-stress-about-the-decade-s-end-time-as-you-experience-it-is-not-real-b866e7083568.

Minneapolis Institute of Art. 2020. “Respect Your ‘Kin.’” Minneapolis Institute of Art (blog). December 10, 2020. https://medium.com/minneapolis-institute-of-art/respect-your-kin-2d22143b494e.

Mooney, Chris. 2020. “Scientists Just Discovered a Massive New Vulnerability in the Antarctic Ice Sheet.” Washington Post, March 23, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/03/23/denman-glacier-climate-change/.

Mooney, Chris, and Brady Dennis. 2020. “Even If We Start to Fix Climate Change, the Proof May Not Show up for 30 Years.” Washington Post, July 7, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/07/07/climate-change-expectations/.

Moorman, Katya. 2019. “Psst: ‘We’ Are Not Responsible for Climate Change but Here Are 10 Simple Things That You and I Can….” Medium (blog). November 22, 2019. https://medium.com/@katyamoorman/psst-we-are-not-responsible-for-climate-change-but-here-are-10-simple-things-that-you-and-i-can-a283dd413de4.

Morton, Oliver. 2015. The Planet Remade: How Geoengineering Could Change the World. Reprint edition. Princeton University Press.

Nafeez, Ahmed. 2019. “The Collapse of Civilization May Have Already Begun.” VICE, November 22, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en/article/8xwygg/the-collapse-of-civilization-may-have-already-begun.

Nast, Condé. n.d. “It’s Time to Say Goodbye to Our Most Ambitious Climate Target Ever.” Wired UK. Accessed August 14, 2021. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/climate-crisis-temperature-target-paris-agreement.

O’Gieblyn, Meghan. 2019. “Do We Have Minds of Our Own?” The New Yorker. December 4, 2019. https://www.newyorker.com/books/under-review/do-we-have-minds-of-our-own.

Ortiz, Diego Arguedas. n.d. “Ten Simple Ways to Act on Climate Change.” Accessed August 14, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20181102-what-can-i-do-about-climate-change.

Readfearn, Graham. 2019. “Scientist’s Theory of Climate’s Titanic Moment the ‘Tip of a Mathematical Iceberg.’” The Guardian, December 1, 2019, sec. Environment. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/dec/01/scientists-theory-of-climates-titanic-moment-the-tip-of-a-mathematical-iceberg.

“Researchers Explore How Citizens Can Become Agents of Environmental Change: A Blueprint for How to Educate People to Maximize Their Impact.” 2019. ScienceDaily. November 14, 2019. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/11/191114154458.htm.

Rice, Doyle. 2019. “Next Week’s Arctic Blast Will Be so Cold, Forecasters Expect It to Break 170 Records across US.” USA TODAY. November 8, 2019. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/11/08/weather-arctic-blast-next-week-midwest-east-south-cold-temperatures/2518984001/.

Roberts, David. 2020. “Many Technologies Needed to Solve the Climate Crisis Are Nowhere near Ready.” Vox. July 14, 2020. https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2020/7/14/21319678/climate-change-renewable-energy-technology-innovation-net-zero-emissions.

Rodrick, Stephen. 2020. “Greta’s World.” Rolling Stone (blog). March 26, 2020. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/greta-thunberg-climate-crisis-cover-965949/.

Rogers, Adam. 2020. “America’s Top Science Journal Has Had It With Trump.” Wired, September 16, 2020. https://www.wired.com/story/americas-top-science-journal-has-had-it-with-trump/.

Stephens, Lucas, Erle Ellis, and Dorian Fuller. 2020. “Revolutionary Archaeology Reveals the Deepest Possible Anthropocene | Aeon Essays.” Aeon. October 1, 2020. https://aeon.co/essays/revolutionary-archaeology-reveals-the-deepest-possible-anthropocene.

Teirstein, Zoya. 2020. “STIs Can Save the Planet. No, Not Those STIs.” Grist. January 24, 2020. https://grist.org/climate/stis-can-save-the-planet-no-not-those-stis/.

“The Big Rocks and the Jar: A Lesson in Making Priorities.” n.d. https://www.askalana.com/the-big-rocks-and-the-jar-a-lesson-in-making-priorities/.

“The Evergreen Action Plan.” n.d. Evergreen Action. Accessed August 25, 2021. https://collaborative.evergreenaction.com/plan.

“Using Your Mind to Change Your Brain.” 2015. Dr. Rick Hanson (blog). August 7, 2015. https://www.rickhanson.net/using-your-mind-to-change-your-brain/.

Walsh, Bryan. 2019. “Could Climate Change Really End the World?” OneZero (blog). August 16, 2019. https://onezero.medium.com/could-climate-change-really-end-the-world-d0e7eb7f5b09.

Watts, Jonathan. 2020. “Climate Change Is Turning Parts of Antarctica Green, Say Scientists.” The Guardian, May 20, 2020, sec. World news. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/20/climate-change-turning-parts-antarctica-green-say-scientists-algae.

“What Is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change?” n.d. UNFCCC. Accessed August 9, 2021. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-convention/what-is-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change.

Widdicombe, Lizzie. 2021a. “Greta Thunberg’s Happy Crusade.” The New Yorker, April 8, 2021. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/04/19/greta-thunbergs-happy-crusade.

———. 2021b. “The Moms Who Are Battling Climate Change.” The New Yorker, April 12, 2021. https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-moms-who-are-battling-climate-change.

“Will Coronavirus Change How We Think about Climate Change?” n.d. Haaretz.Com. Accessed August 20, 2021. https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-will-coronavirus-change-how-we-think-about-climate-change-1.8735116.

Wolf, Anu. 2019. “Environmental Alarmism Is Making Me Frustrated.” Medium (blog). April 30, 2019. https://medium.com/@anu.garcha12/environmental-alarmism-is-making-me-frustrated-e47c1e6dc2cf.

Wright, Helena. 2019. “Why Individual Choices Do Matter for Climate Action.” Medium (blog). October 11, 2019. https://drhelenawright.medium.com/why-individual-choices-do-matter-for-climate-action-cdd11cd5da4c.

Yong, Ed. 2020. “How the Pandemic Will End.” The Atlantic. March 25, 2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/03/how-will-coronavirus-end/608719/.

Zarnett, Brad. 2020. “Post Davos: The Elite’s New Climate Narrative Has Dangerous Flaws.” Age of Awareness (blog). February 12, 2020. https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/post-davos-the-elites-new-climate-narrative-has-dangerous-flaws-68388ab959da.

Zhao, Emily. 2019. “Cryoconite: The Kryptonite of Arctic Melt.” Medium. January 15, 2019. https://medium.com/the-climate-reporter/cryoconite-the-kryptonite-of-arctic-melt-b3e89f9d0039.

How to use this book

Active Sustainability. 2017. “100 Companies Are Responsible for 71% of GHG Emissions.” Active Sustainability. 2017. https://www.activesustainability.com/climate-change/100-companies-responsible-71-ghg-emissions/.

Aly, Heba. 2019. “Stop Looking for Hope on the Climate Crisis. Try This Instead.” Medium (blog). December 5, 2019. https://newhumanitarian.medium.com/stop-looking-for-hope-on-the-climate-crisis-try-this-instead-d1514ba69c1b.

American Psychological Association. 2019. “Climate Change Conversations Can Be Difficult for Both Skeptics, Environmentalists: Reinforcing Trust in Science, Focusing on Perseverance May Shift Views, Inspire Action, According to Studies.” ScienceDaily. August 10, 2019. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190810151936.htm.

Andrews, Eve. 2021. “Are White People Bad for the Environment?” Grist. June 17, 2021. https://grist.org/ask-umbra-series/are-white-people-bad-for-the-environment/.

Axford, Craig. 2020. “The Environmental Movement Is as Alienated from Nature as Its Foes.” Climate Conscious (blog). January 6, 2020. https://medium.com/climate-conscious/the-environmental-movement-is-as-alienated-from-nature-as-its-foes-b5ffeb9b8495.

Bradshaw, Corey J. A., Daniel T. Blumstein, and Paul Ehrlich. 2021. “Worried about Earth’s Future? Well, the Outlook Is Worse than Even Scientists Can Grasp.” The Conversation. January 13, 2021. http://theconversation.com/worried-about-earths-future-well-the-outlook-is-worse-than-even-scientists-can-grasp-153091.

Branch, John, and Brad Plumer. 2020. “Climate Disruption Is Now Locked In. The Next Moves Will Be Crucial.” The New York Times, September 22, 2020, sec. Climate. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/22/climate/climate-change-future.html.

Bump, Phillip. 2019. “What Will Climate Change Do to Us?” The Washington Post (blog). April 23, 2019. https://medium.com/thewashingtonpost/what-will-climate-change-do-to-us-3f9968a53dcf.

Burkart, Karl. 2021. “$1.5 Trillion for 1.5°C: A Back-of-the-Envelope Budget to Save the Planet.” Oneearth (blog). August 14, 2021. https://medium.com/oneearth/1-5-trillion-for-1-5-c-a-back-of-the-envelope-budget-to-save-the-planet-36a286221a0f.

“Climate Worst-Case Scenarios May Not Go Far Enough, Cloud Data Shows.” 2020. The Guardian. June 13, 2020. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/13/climate-worst-case-scenarios-clouds-scientists-global-heating.

Company, Fast. 2019. “Global Emissions Must Drop 55 Percent by 2030 to Meet Climate Goals.” Fast Company (blog). March 26, 2019. https://medium.com/fast-company/global-emissions-must-drop-55-by-2030-to-meet-climate-goals-6029e33ae0c9.

Desjardins, Lynn. 2021. “Efforts to Discredit Climate Journalists Are Condemned.” Radio Canada International. Radio Canada International. January 27, 2021. https://www.rcinet.ca/en/2021/01/27/efforts-to-discredit-climate-journalists-are-condemned/.

Dillingham, Gavin. 2020. “Lack of Water May Mean Lights Out.” Age of Awareness (blog). January 30, 2020. https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/lack-of-water-may-mean-lights-out-6824c318b02.

Economist, The. 2019. “The Past, Present and Future of Climate Change.” Medium (blog). September 24, 2019. https://medium.com/@the_economist/the-past-present-and-future-of-climate-change-dc39ff6851c2.

Einhorn, Catrin. 2020. “Wildlife Collapse From Climate Change Is Predicted to Hit Suddenly and Sooner.” The New York Times, April 15, 2020, sec. Climate. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/15/climate/wildlife-population-collapse-climate-change.html.

Epictetus, and Sharon Lebell. 2007. Art of Living: The Classical Manual on Virtue, Happiness, and Effectiveness. 5/27/07 edition. HarperOne.

Fabiani, Louise. 2019. “What If Climate Change and Rising Nationalism Both Had the Same Solution?” Pacific Standard. June 3, 2019. https://psmag.com/ideas/what-if-climate-change-and-rising-nationalism-both-had-the-same-solution.

Fears, Darryl. 2020. “America’s Longest River Was Recently Drier than during the Dust Bowl. And It’s Bound to Happen Again.” Washington Post, May 11, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/05/11/missouri-river-drought-climate-change/.

Flavelle, Christopher, and Henry Fountain. 2020. “Hurricane, Fire, Covid-19: Disasters Expose the Hard Reality of Climate Change.” The New York Times, August 4, 2020, sec. Climate. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/04/climate/hurricane-isaias-apple-fire-climate.html.

Flinders University. 2021. “Expert Prognosis for the Planet - We’re on Track for a Ghastly Future: The State of the Planet Is Much Worse than Most People Understand and That Humans Face a Grim And.” ScienceDaily. January 13, 2021. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/01/210113090922.htm.

Goering, Laurie. 2020. “Shrinking Water Supplies Threaten to Put Iraq ‘on the Edge.’” Thomson Reuters Foundation. July 8, 2020. https://news.trust.org/item/20200708152907-25cv2/.

“Grist 50: 2019 Archives.” n.d. Grist 50 (blog). Accessed August 14, 2021. https://grist.org/grist-50/2019/.

Grossman, Daniel. 2021. “Geoengineering: A Worst-Case Plan B? Or a Fuse Not to Be Lit?” Yale Climate Connections. June 8, 2021. http://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/06/geoengineering-a-worst-case-plan-b-or-a-fuse-not-to-be-lit/.

Gruber, Nicolas, Dominic Clement, Brendan R. Carter, Richard A. Feely, Steven van Heuven, Mario Hoppema, Masao Ishii, et al. 2019. “The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2 from 1994 to 2007.” Science 363 (6432): 1193–99. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau5153.

“Gurwinder on Twitter.” n.d. Twitter. Accessed August 14, 2021. https://twitter.com/G_S_Bhogal/status/1225561131122597896.

Hannah-Jones, Nikole. 2020. “From the Magazine: ‘It Is Time for Reparations.’” The New York Times, June 24, 2020, sec. Magazine. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/06/24/magazine/reparations-slavery.html.

Hao, Karen. 2019. “Here Are 10 Ways AI Could Help Fight Climate Change.” MIT Technology Review (blog). June 20, 2019. https://medium.com/mit-technology-review/here-are-10-ways-ai-could-help-fight-climate-change-a4abd7840d54.

haque, umair. 2019. “The Beginning of the End of the World.” Medium. October 10, 2019. https://eand.co/the-beginning-of-the-end-of-the-world-9301a927d383.

Hawker, Alastair. 2020. “Externalities Are Our Existential Threat.” Medium (blog). June 9, 2020. https://medium.com/@alastairhawker/externalities-are-our-existential-threat-18ba82a3102f.

Hendrix, Glen. 2021. “The Wealthiest One Percent Stole Your Past and Present.” Age of Awareness (blog). July 30, 2021. https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/the-wealthiest-one-percent-stole-your-past-and-present-7a6c71876519.

Hervey, Angus. 2019. “Homo Electric, Part 4: The Sum Of Our Choices.” Future Crunch (blog). February 19, 2019. https://medium.com/future-crunch/homo-electric-part-3-the-sum-of-our-choices-c80916289c7e.

Höhne, Niklas, Michel den Elzen, Joeri Rogelj, Bert Metz, Taryn Fransen, Takeshi Kuramochi, Anne Olhoff, et al. 2020. “Emissions: World Has Four Times the Work or One-Third of the Time.” Nature 579 (7797): 25–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00571-x.

Holden, Emily. 2020. “Revealed: How the Gas Industry Is Waging War against Climate Action.” The Guardian, August 20, 2020, sec. US news. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/aug/20/gas-industry-waging-war-against-climate-action.

International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. 2019. “Deep Transformations Needed to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals.” ScienceDaily. August 26, 2019. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190826112705.htm.

Irfan, Umair. 2020. “Scientists Have Backed Away from the Worst-Case Climate Scenario — and the Best One Too.” Vox. July 31, 2020. https://www.vox.com/2020/7/31/21340748/climate-change-carbon-emissions-sensitivity-how-much-will-earth-warm.

Keen, Steve. n.d. “‘4°C of Global Warming Is Optimal’ – Even Nobel Prize Winners Are Getting Things Catastrophically Wrong.” The Conversation. Accessed August 13, 2021. http://theconversation.com/4-c-of-global-warming-is-optimal-even-nobel-prize-winners-are-getting-things-catastrophically-wrong-125802.

Keller, Michael. 2020. “Climate Change Is Altering Terrestrial Water Availability.” Phys Org. June 30, 2020. https://phys.org/news/2020-06-climate-terrestrial-availability.html.

Kopp, Bob. n.d. “Bob Kopp.” Bob Kopp. Accessed August 20, 2021. https://www.bobkopp.net/.

Kusnetz, Nicholas, Katie Surma, and Yuliya Talmazan. 2021. “As the Climate Crisis Grows, a Movement Gathers to Make ‘Ecocide’ an International Crime Against the Environment.” Inside Climate News (blog). April 7, 2021. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/07042021/climate-crisis-ecocide-vanuatu-the-fifth-crime/.

Love, Shayla. 19-15-7. “This Vaccine Could Prevent Stress, Anxiety, and Depression.” 19-15-7. https://www.vice.com/en/article/j5wzn7/the-vaccine-that-could-prevent-stress-anxiety-and-depression.

Maljković, Nenad. 2018. “Why I Am Afraid of Global Cooling.” Virtual Teams for Systemic Change (blog). November 3, 2018. https://medium.com/virtual-teams-for-systemic-change/why-i-am-afraid-of-global-cooling-b9893cc26ff3.

Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Panmao Zhai, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Debra Roberts, Jim Skea, Priyadarshi R. Shukla, Anna Pirani, et al. 2019. “Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C IPCC.” IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/download/#full.

McGrath, Matt. 2019. “Climate Change: 12 Years to Save the Planet? Make That 18 Months.” BBC News, July 23, 2019, sec. Science & Environment. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48964736.

McKibben, Bill. 2021. “How Does Bill Gates Plan to Solve the Climate Crisis?” The New York Times, February 15, 2021, sec. Books. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/15/books/review/bill-gates-how-to-avoid-a-climate-disaster.html.

Meyer, Robinson. 2019. “This Land Is the Only Land There Is.” The Atlantic. August 8, 2019. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/08/how-think-about-dire-new-ipcc-climate-report/595705/.

Mulkey, Stephen. 2020. “So, What Do We Do Now We Know We Are Probably Screwed?” Medium (blog). August 17, 2020. https://envcentury.medium.com/so-what-do-we-do-now-we-know-we-are-screwed-ef39469debff.

“Nature-Based Solutions for Climate Change: From Global Ambition to Local Action.” 2020. International Institute for Environment and Development. April 28, 2020. https://www.iied.org/nature-based-solutions-for-climate-change-global-ambition-local-action.

Ndlovu, Ron. 2020. “Zimbabwe’s Second-Biggest City Now Has Water Only One Day a Week.” Bloomberg.Com, May 15, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-05-15/zimbabwe-s-second-biggest-city-now-has-water-only-one-day-a-week.

Neuron, The Happy. 2020. “The Dunning-Kruger Effect Explains Why Society Is So Screwed-Up.” Medium. July 9, 2020. https://medium.com/discourse/the-dunning-kruger-effect-explains-why-society-is-so-screwed-up-1432aca90aa8.

Nogrady, Bianca. 2020. “How Long Will Australia Be Livable?” The Atlantic (blog). January 7, 2020. https://medium.com/the-atlantic/how-long-will-australia-be-livable-83c587bff14a.

Ottesen, KK. 2021. “Bill Gates Is Fighting Climate Change and Covid Conspiracy Theories. He’s Also ‘Experiencing the Greatest Pushback Ever in My Life.’” Washington Post. February 16, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/magazine/2021/02/16/bill-gates-is-fighting-climate-change-covid-conspiracy-theories-hes-also-experiencing-greatest-pushback-ever-my-life/.

Pearce, Fred. 2021. “Net-Zero Emissions: Winning Strategy or Destined for Failure?” Yale E360. May 25, 2021. https://e360.yale.edu/features/net-zero-emissions-winning-strategy-or-destined-for-failure.

Pierce, Charles P. 2019. “No System of Government Designed by Human Beings Can Survive What the Climate Crisis Will Bring.” Esquire. June 19, 2019. https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/politics/a28102591/india-drought-chennai-climate-change-five-years-transform/.

Puri, Akhil. 2020. “The Global Carbon Budget or How Much CO2 Is Too Much.” Earth 47 (blog). March 30, 2020. https://medium.com/earth-47/the-global-carbon-budget-or-how-much-co2-is-too-much-85c9cf6018c3.

“Racism in the Outdoors: Resources.” n.d. American Hiking Society. Accessed August 31, 2021. https://americanhiking.org/hiking-resources/racism-in-the-outdoors/.

Ray, Darren. 2019. “One Thing Most People Don’t Get about Climate Change.” Medium (blog). September 15, 2019. https://medium.com/@darren.ray/one-thing-most-people-dont-get-about-climate-change-be4cf9126d93.

Reich, Robert. 2020. “Robert Reich on the Climate Crisis Solution No One Is Talking About.” Salon. April 27, 2020. https://www.salon.com/2020/04/27/robert-reich-on-the-climate-crisis-solution-no-one-is-talking-about_partner/.

Reif, L. Rafael, Martin Schmit, Maria Zuber, Cynthia Barnhart, and Israel Ruiz. 2015. “A Plan for Action on Climate Change.” http://web.mit.edu/climateaction/ClimateChangeStatement-2015Oct21.pdf.

Robbins, Jim. 2019. “Climate Whiplash: Wild Swings in Extreme Weather Are on the Rise.” Yale E360, November 14, 2019. https://e360.yale.edu/features/climate-whiplash-wild-swings-in-extreme-weather-are-on-the-rise.

Rowling, Megan. 2020a. “Meaningless or Impactful? Climate Community Debates 2050 Goals.” Christian Science Monitor, March 13, 2020. https://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2020/0313/Meaningless-or-impactful-Climate-community-debates-2050-goals.

———. 2020b. “Water Is an Under-Used Weapon in Climate Change Fight, UN Says.” News.Trust.Org. March 22, 2020. https://news.trust.org/item/20200321232256-3howt/.

Sassoon, David. 2021. “Ecocide: Should Destruction of the Planet Be a Crime?” Inside Climate News (blog). April 7, 2021. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/07042021/ecocide-should-destruction-of-the-planet-be-a-crime/.

Schlossberg, Tatiana. 2019. “Taking a Different Approach to Fighting Climate Change.” The New York Times, November 7, 2019, sec. Climate. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/07/climate/narasimha-rao-climate-change.html.

Schwartz, Daniel B. 2019. “How America’s Ugly History of Segregation Changed the Meaning of the Word ‘Ghetto.’” Time. September 24, 2019. https://time.com/5684505/ghetto-word-history/.

Sengupta, Somini. 2019. “‘Bleak’ U.N. Report on a Planet in Peril Looms Over New Climate Talks.” The New York Times, November 26, 2019, sec. Climate. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/26/climate/greenhouse-gas-emissions-carbon.html.

Simmons, Michael. 2021. “Google Director Of Engineering: This Is How Fast the World Will Change in Ten Years.” Accelerated Intelligence (blog). February 17, 2021. https://medium.com/accelerated-intelligence/google-director-of-engineering-this-is-how-fast-the-world-will-change-in-ten-years-6f1e653b5374.

Smith, Josh. 2020. “McKinsey’s Scary Climate Math.” Clean Revolution (blog). May 18, 2020. https://medium.com/clean-revolution/mckinseys-scary-climate-math-c08f0a56070d.

Spitzer, Skip. 2019. “An Open Letter to Those Who Haven’t Faced Climate Change.” Age of Awareness (blog). May 14, 2019. https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/an-open-letter-to-those-who-havent-faced-climate-change-45f296b20d63.

Sterman, John. 2016. The Dynamics of Climate Change—from the Political to the Personal. MIT Sloan Executive Education. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhqgWFjyC6g.

Stone, Rolling. 2018. “Can Civilization Survive What’s Coming?” Medium. October 9, 2018. https://medium.com/rollingstone/can-civilization-survive-whats-coming-7155fb2ee1c7.

Taptiklis, Theodore. 2019. “Microattunement: A Pattern Language to Wake Up Our Humanity. Part 1: Why the Time Is Now.” Between Us (blog). October 27, 2019. https://medium.com/between-us/a-unity-of-unmerged-voices-a-proposal-to-synchronise-our-efforts-through-microattunement-870922e7082f.

The Revelator. 2020. “Boom: Removing 81 Dams Is Transforming This California Watershed.” EcoWatch. March 20, 2020. https://www.ecowatch.com/dam-removal-california-2645546590.html.

Tonino, Leath. 2020. “Our Great Reckoning.” The Sun Magazine, December 2020. https://thesunmagazine.org/issues/540/our-great-reckoning.

University of Kansas. 2019. “How Media around the World Frame Climate Change News: Rich Countries Politicize Issue, While Poor Countries Present Climate Change as International Concern.” ScienceDaily. August 13, 2019. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190813130431.htm.

“Valuing Nature Conservation.” 2020. McKinsey. September 22, 2020. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability/our-insights/valuing-nature-conservation.

“Valuing Nature Conservation | McKinsey.” n.d. Accessed September 5, 2021. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability/our-insights/valuing-nature-conservation.

Vaughan, Monica. 2020. “What Happens When a Drinking Water System Fails? Ask This Small California Town.” Sacramento Bee, July 8, 2020. https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/water-and-drought/article244084697.html.

Wallace-Wells, David. 2019. “Jared Diamond: There’s a 49 Percent Chance the World As We Know It Will End by 2050.” New York Magazine (blog). May 10, 2019. https://medium.com/new-york-magazine/jared-diamond-theres-a-49-percent-chance-the-world-as-we-know-it-will-end-by-2050-7b131aad06d5.

“Welcome to Carbon Atlas.” n.d. Global Carbon Atlas. Accessed August 31, 2021. http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/content/welcome-carbon-atlas.

World Economic Forum. 2020. “3 Ways to Put Water Onto the Climate Agenda.” EcoWatch. March 20, 2020. https://www.ecowatch.com/world-water-day-2020-2645551179.html.

Zak, Dan. 2019. “‘Everything Is Not Going to Be Okay’: How to Live with Constant Reminders That the Earth Is In….” The Washington Post (blog). January 25, 2019. https://medium.com/thewashingtonpost/everything-is-not-going-to-be-okay-how-to-live-with-constant-reminders-that-the-earth-is-in-fc831f0287cb.

Reference Guide

“2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4.” 2006. IPCC Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Initiatives. 2006. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html.

“2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands.” 2013. Switzerland: IPCC. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/wetlands/index.html.

Aldhous, Peter. 2019. “This Was The Decade We Woke Up To The Climate Crisis — But Failed To Act.” BuzzFeed News. December 19, 2019. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/peteraldhous/climate-crisis-greenhouse-gas-emissions-decade.

Almukhtar, Sarah, and Rod Nordland. 2019. “What Did the U.S. Get for $2 Trillion in Afghanistan?” The New York Times, December 9, 2019, sec. World. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/12/09/world/middleeast/afghanistan-war-cost.html, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/12/09/world/middleeast/afghanistan-war-cost.html.

Arcanjo, Marcus. 2019. “Why Negative Emission Technologies Won’t Save Us (Yet).” Medium (blog). January 18, 2019. https://marcusarcanjo.medium.com/why-negative-emission-technologies-wont-save-us-yet-3b65eb77dabb.

Attenborough, David. 2020. “A Life On Our Planet.” A Life On Our Planet. Netflix. https://www.netflix.com/title/80216393.

Behler, Christian. 2021. “Polar Vortex Collapse Leads To Snow Chaos.” Age of Awareness (blog). February 11, 2021. https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/polar-vortex-collapse-leads-to-snow-chaos-9fc87be99ba0.

Bendell, Jem. 2018. “Deep Adaptation: A Map for Navigating Climate Tragedy.” IFLAS. https://www.lifeworth.com/deepadaptation.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3xx7raRFZEOzWq1VD3eDo6Nahyu9Ypgwc7ITcDbH2z_hrRTNXfNLrcDPc.

Betts, Richard. 2021. “Met Office: Atmospheric CO2 Now Hitting 50% Higher than Pre-Industrial Levels.” Carbon Brief. March 16, 2021. https://www.carbonbrief.org/met-office-atmospheric-co2-now-hitting-50-higher-than-pre-industrial-levels.

Bradshaw, Corey J. A., Daniel T. Blumstein, and Paul Ehrlich. 2021. “Worried about Earth’s Future? Well, the Outlook Is Worse than Even Scientists Can Grasp.” The Conversation. January 13, 2021. http://theconversation.com/worried-about-earths-future-well-the-outlook-is-worse-than-even-scientists-can-grasp-153091.

Brannen, Peter. 2021. “The Terrifying Warning Lurking in the Earth’s Ancient Rock Record.” The Atlantic. February 3, 2021. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/03/extreme-climate-change-history/617793/.

Brown, Paul. 2021. “Carbon Capture and Storage Won’t Work, Critics Say.” Eco-Business, January 19, 2021. https://www.eco-business.com/news/carbon-capture-and-storage-wont-work-critics-say/.

Brzezinski, Nadin. 2019. “The Climate Emergency Is Here: Population Flows.” Age of Awareness (blog). June 11, 2019. https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/the-climate-emergency-is-here-population-flows-635818145486.

Byrd, Kristin B., Laurel Ballanti, Nathan Thomas, Dung Nguyen, James R. Holmquist, Marc Simard, and Lisamarie Windham-Myers. 2018. “A Remote Sensing-Based Model of Tidal Marsh Aboveground Carbon Stocks for the Conterminous United States.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 139 (May): 255–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.03.019.

Cannon, Charles, Suzanne Greene, Thomas Koch Blank, jordy Lee, and Paolo Natali. 2020. “The Next Frontier of Carbon Accounting.” RMI. 2020. https://rmi.org/insight/the-next-frontier-of-carbon-accounting/.

“Carbon Stored by Biome.” n.d. GRID-Arendal. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://www.grida.no/resources/7554.

Carne, Nick. 2020. “The Heat We Fear May Already Be Here.” Cosmos Magazine. May 10, 2020. https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/the-heat-we-fear-may-already-be-here/.

Coca, Nithin. 2020. “As Palm Oil for Biofuel Rises in Southeast Asia, Tropical Ecosystems Shrink.” China Dialogue (blog). April 15, 2020. https://chinadialogue.net/en/energy/11957-as-palm-oil-for-biofuel-rises-in-southeast-asia-tropical-ecosystems-shrink/.

Cornwall, Warren. 2019. “Even 50-Year-Old Climate Models Correctly Predicted Global Warming.” Science Magazine, December 4, 2019. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/12/even-50-year-old-climate-models-correctly-predicted-global-warming.

“Costs of War.” n.d. Brown University. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/home.

Dargie, G. C., S. L. Lewis, I. T. Lawson, E. T. A. Mitchard, S. E. Page, Y. E. Bocko, and S. A. Ifo. 2017. “Age, Extent and Carbon Storage of the Central Congo Basin Peatland Complex.” Nature 542 (7639): 86–90.

Dargie, Greta C., Ian T. Lawson, Tim J. Rayden, Lera Miles, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Susan E. Page, Yannick E. Bocko, Suspense A. Ifo, and Simon L. Lewis. 2019. “Congo Basin Peatlands: Threats and Conservation Priorities.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 24 (4): 669–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-017-9774-8.

Dennis, Brady, and Chico Harlan. 2019. “U.N. Climate Talks End with Hard Feelings, Few Results and New Doubts about Global Unity.” Washington Post, December 15, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/un-climate-talks-end-with-hard-feelings-few-results-and-new-doubts-about-global-unity/2019/12/15/38918278-1ec7-11ea-b4c1-fd0d91b60d9e_story.html.

Erickson, Amanda. 2018. “Analysis | Few Countries Are Meeting the Paris Climate Goals. Here Are the Ones That Are.” Washington Post, October 11, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2018/10/11/few-countries-are-meeting-paris-climate-goals-here-are-ones-that-are/.

Fialka, John. 2021. “Mining the Sky for CO2 with Metal Trees, Towers and Pumps.” E&E News, January 5, 2021. https://www.eenews.net/stories/1063721733.

Fountain, Henry. 2020. “‘Like Trash in a Landfill’: Carbon Dioxide Keeps Piling Up in the Atmosphere.” The New York Times, June 4, 2020, sec. Climate. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/04/climate/carbon-dioxide-record-climate-change.html.

Fourqurean, James W., Carlos M. Duarte, Hilary Kennedy, Núria Marbà, Marianne Holmer, Miguel Angel Mateo, Eugenia T. Apostolaki, et al. 2012. “Seagrass Ecosystems as a Globally Significant Carbon Stock.” Nature Geoscience 5 (7): 505–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1477.

“Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs).” n.d. U.S. EIA. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php.

Friedlingstein, Pierre, Michael O’Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, et al. 2020. “Global Carbon Budget 2020.” Earth System Science Data 12 (4): 3269–3340. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020.

Gladwell, Malcolm. 2002. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Boston: Back Bay Books.

“Global Surface Temperature.” n.d. NASA Global Climate Change. Accessed September 20, 2021. https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature.

Goodchild, Mark, Nigar Nargis, and Edouard Tursan d’Espaignet. 2018. “Global Economic Cost of Smoking-Attributable Diseases.” Tobacco Control 27 (1): 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053305.

Green, Edmund P., and Frederick T. Short. 2003. World Atlas of Seagrasses. UNEP-WCMC. http://archive.org/details/worldatlasofseag03gree.

“Greenhouse Gases Factsheet.” n.d. University of Michigan Center for Sustainable Systems. Accessed August 26, 2021. https://css.umich.edu/factsheets/greenhouse-gases-factsheet.

GreenPalm. 2016. “2015 Global Palm Oil Production by Country.” August 24. https://www.slideshare.net/GreenPalmOil/2015-global-palm-oil-production-by-country.

Gunther, Marc. 2012. Suck It Up: How Capturing Carbon from the Air Can Help Solve the Climate Crisis.

Hansen, Kathryn. 2008. “NASA - Water Vapor Confirmed as Major Player in Climate Change.” Feature. NASA. Brian Dunbar. November 17, 2008. Updated Link: https://web.archive.org/web/20210204172723/https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/vapor_warming.html. Original Link: https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/vapor_warming.html.

Harvey, Fiona. 2020. “Melting Antarctic Ice Will Raise Sea Level by 2.5 Metres – Even If Paris Climate Goals Are Met, Study Finds.” The Guardian, September 23, 2020, sec. Environment. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/23/melting-antarctic-ice-will-raise-sea-level-by-25-metres-even-if-paris-climate-goals-are-met-study-finds.

Hausfather, Zeke, and Richard Betts. 2020. “How ‘Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks’ Could Make Global Warming Worse.” Resilience. April 16, 2020. https://www.resilience.org/stories/2020-04-16/how-carbon-cycle-feedbacks-could-make-global-warming-worse/.

Heirloom. 2021. “Announcing Heirloom.” Medium (blog). April 28, 2021. https://medium.com/@heirloomcarbon/announcing-heirloom-275d16a06df6.

Hengl, Tomislav, and Ichsani Wheeler. 2018. “Soil Organic Carbon Stock in Kg/M2 for 5 Standard Depth Intervals (0–10, 10–30, 30–60, 60–100 and 100–200 Cm) at 250 m Resolution.” Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2536040.

Hervey, Angus. 2019. “Homo Electric, Part 4: The Sum Of Our Choices.” Future Crunch (blog). February 19, 2019. https://medium.com/future-crunch/homo-electric-part-3-the-sum-of-our-choices-c80916289c7e.

“Home.” n.d. Arctic Ice Project. Accessed August 26, 2021. https://www.arcticiceproject.org/.

Hutchison, James, Andrea Manica, Ruth Swetnam, Andrew Balmford, and Mark Spalding. 2013. “Predicting Global Patterns in Mangrove Forest Biomass.” Conservation Letters 7 (3): 233–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12060.

Jones, Benji. n.d. “Elon Musk Is Giving $100 Million to the Best Tech That Sucks up Carbon Emissions. These 4 Startups Are Leading the Way.” Business Insider. Accessed August 24, 2021. https://www.businessinsider.com/carbon-capture-startups-to-watch-elon-musk-prize-2021-1.

Joshi, Ketan. 2021. “Carbon Capture Keeps Proving Its Critics Right. What Comes Next?” LobbyWatch (blog). June 7, 2021. https://medium.com/lobbywatch/carbon-capture-keeps-proving-its-critics-right-what-comes-next-32ac9750a7aa.

Kleidon, Axel. 2016. Thermodynamic Foundations of the Earth System. 1st edition. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Knoll, Andrew H. 2015. Life on a Young Planet: The First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth. Revised edition. Princeton University Press.

Lam, Wan Yee, Michal Kulak, Sarah Sim, Henry King, Mark A. J. Huijbregts, and Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer. 2019. “Greenhouse Gas Footprints of Palm Oil Production in Indonesia over Space and Time.” Science of The Total Environment 688 (October): 827–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.377.

“Land Cover CCI Climate Research Data Package (CRDP) Viewer.” n.d. European Space Agency. Accessed September 8, 2021. http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download.php.

“Maps.” n.d. CongoPeat. Accessed September 12, 2021. https://congopeat.net/maps/.

Mason, Raz. 2020. “The 1,000 Year Ouch.” Age of Awareness (blog). July 31, 2020. https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/the-1-000-year-ouch-3c8dfaf7ad82.

Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Panmao Zhai, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Debra Roberts, Jim Skea, Priyadarshi R. Shukla, and Eduardo Calvo Buendía. 2020. “Summary for Policymakers.” In Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C above Pre-Industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_SPM_version_report_LR.pdf.

McKibben, Bill. 2020. “Global Warming: A Very Hot Year | by Bill McKibben | The New York Review of Books,” March 12, 2020. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2020/03/12/climate-change-very-hot-year/.

Mcowen, Chris, Lauren Weatherdon, Jan-Willem Bochove, Emma Sullivan, Simon Blyth, Christoph Zockler, Damon Stanwell-Smith, et al. 2017. “A Global Map of Saltmarshes.” Biodiversity Data Journal 5 (March): e11764. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e11764.

Mehta, Aaron. 2019. “Here’s How Much Global Military Spending Rose in 2018.” Defense News. April 28, 2019. https://www.defensenews.com/global/2019/04/28/heres-how-much-global-military-spending-rose-in-2018/.

NOAA US Department of Commerce. n.d. “NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory - THE NOAA ANNUAL GREENHOUSE GAS INDEX (AGGI).” Global Monitoring Laboratory. Accessed September 20, 2021. https://gml.noaa.gov/aggi/aggi.html.

Noon, Monica, Allie Goldstein, Juan Carlos Ledezma, Patrick Roehrdanz, Susan C. Cook-Patton, Seth Spawn-Lee, Timothy Maxwell Wright, et al. n.d. “Mapping the Irrecoverable Carbon in Earth’s Ecosystems - Submitted Manuscript.” Science.

Olson, David M., Eric Dinerstein, Eric D. Wikramanayake, Neil D. Burgess, George V. N. Powell, Emma C. Underwood, Jennifer A. D’amico, et al. 2001. “Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth: A New Global Map of Terrestrial Ecoregions Provides an Innovative Tool for Conserving Biodiversity.” BioScience 51 (11): 933–38. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2.

Pearce, Fred. 2019. “As Climate Change Worsens, A Cascade of Tipping Points Looms.” Yale E360, December 5, 2019. https://e360.yale.edu/features/as-climate-changes-worsens-a-cascade-of-tipping-points-looms.

Pearson, Paul N., and Martin R. Palmer. 2000. “Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations over the Past 60 Million Years.” Nature 406 (6797): 695–99. https://doi.org/10.1038/35021000.

Plumer, Brad, and Christopher Flavelle. 2021. “Businesses Aim to Pull Greenhouse Gases From the Air. It’s a Gamble.” The New York Times, January 18, 2021, sec. Climate. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/18/climate/carbon-removal-technology.html.

Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK). 2021. “Few Realistic Scenarios Left to Limit Global Warming to 1.5°C.” ScienceDaily. May 14, 2021. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/05/210514134042.htm.

Rathi, Akshat, and Todd Gillespie. 2020. “With Big Oil Declining, Carbon Removal Could Take Its Place.” Bloomberg.Com, October 27, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-27/carbon-dioxide-removal-industry-could-rival-oil-and-gas-in-climate-fight.

Rees, William E. 2019. “Memo from a Climate Crisis Realist: The Choice before Us.” The Tyee. The Tyee. November 12, 2019. https://thetyee.ca/Analysis/2019/11/12/Climate-Crisis-Realist-Memo/.

Ripple, William J, Christopher Wolf, Thomas M Newsome, Phoebe Barnard, and William R Moomaw. 2020. “World Scientists’ Warning of a Climate Emergency.” BioScience 70 (1): 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz088.

Ritchie, Hannah, and Max Roser. 2020. “CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” Our World in Data, May. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions.

Sanderman, Jonathan, Tomislav Hengl, Greg Fiske, Kylen Solvik, Maria Fernanda Adame, Lisa Benson, Jacob J. Bukoski, et al. 2018. “A Global Map of Mangrove Forest Soil Carbon at 30m Spatial Resolution.” Environmental Research Letters 13 (5): 055002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabe1c.

Sarzynski, Thuận. 2018. “Hot and Indigestible Carbon Dioxide.” Environmental Ideas (blog). August 28, 2018. https://medium.com/environmental-intelligence/hot-and-indigestible-carbon-dioxide-72cdec72ec61.

Schneider, Stephen H. 1997. “Integrated Assessment Modeling of Global Climate Change: Transparent Rational Tool for Policy Making or Opaque Screen Hiding Value‐laden Assumptions?” Environmental Modeling & Assessment 2 (4): 229–49. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019090117643.

Schwartz, Oscar. 2020. “Could Microsoft’s Climate Crisis ‘Moonshot’ Plan Really Work?” The Guardian, April 23, 2020, sec. Environment. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/apr/23/microsoft-climate-crisis-moonshot-plan.

Shahbandeh, M. 2021. “Global Vegetable Oil Consumption, 2019/20.” Statista. January 26, 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/263937/vegetable-oils-global-consumption/.

Sharif, Humna. 2020. “Methane-Eating Bacteria Could Help Decrease Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Thawing Arctic Tundra.” Yale E360. March 31, 2020. https://e360.yale.edu/digest/methane-eating-bacteria-could-help-decrease-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-thawing-arctic-tundra.

Siegel, Ethan. 2020. “Ask Ethan: Could We Just Build A ‘Space Sunshade’ To Counteract Global Warming?” Starts With A Bang! (blog). January 11, 2020. https://medium.com/starts-with-a-bang/ask-ethan-could-we-just-build-a-space-sunshade-to-counteract-global-warming-d8fcf78508a5.

Siegel, RP. 2018. “The Fizzy Math of Carbon Capture.” Medium (blog). October 19, 2018. https://medium.com/@grist/the-fizzy-math-of-carbon-capture-b472aae3f4d3.

———. 2019. “Can This Company Build a Better Carbon Offset?” Grist, October 22, 2019. https://grist.org/article/can-this-company-build-a-better-carbon-offset/.

Siering, Hanadi. 2012. “What Exactly Is a Climate Conference?” RESET.To. February 2012. https://en.reset.org/knowledge/what-exactly-climate-conference-06052019.

Simard, M., T. Fatoyinbo, C. Smetanka, V. H. Rivera-Monroy, E. Castaneda, N. Thomas, and T. Van Der Stocken. 2019. “Global Mangrove Distribution, Aboveground Biomass, and Canopy Height.” ORNL DAAC, May. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1665.

Simon, Matt. 2021. “Is It Time for an Emergency Rollout of Carbon-Eating Machines?” Wired, January 26, 2021. https://www.wired.com/story/is-it-time-for-an-emergency-rollout-of-carbon-eating-machines/.

Simons, Paul. 2021. “Climate Change Pioneer Undaunted by Sceptics.” The Times, June 14, 2021, sec. register. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/climate-change-pioneer-undaunted-by-sceptics-2rf0x5tms.

Sousa, Luis M. de, Laura Poggio, Niels H. Batjes, Gerard B. M. Heuvelink, Bas Kempen, Eloi Riberio, and David Rossiter. 2020. “SoilGrids 2.0: Producing Quality-Assessed Soil Information for Theglobe.” Preprint. Soils and the natural environment. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2020-65.

“State of the Climate: Global Climate Report for Annual 2020.” 2021. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/202013.

Sterman, John. 2016. “The Dynamics of Climate Change—from the Political to the Personal.” MIT, July 20. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhqgWFjyC6g.

Strauss, Benjamin. 2021. “The Carbon Skyscraper.” Climate Central. January 13, 2021. https://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-carbon-skyscraper.

Struzik, Ed. 2020. “How Thawing Permafrost Is Beginning to Transform the Arctic.” Yale E360, January 21, 2020. https://e360.yale.edu/features/how-melting-permafrost-is-beginning-to-transform-the-arctic.

Swain, Frank. 2021. “The Device That Reverses CO2 Emissions.” March 12, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210310-the-trillion-dollar-plan-to-capture-co2.

Telesca, Luca, Andrea Belluscio, Alessandro Criscoli, Giandomenico Ardizzone, Eugenia T. Apostolaki, Simonetta Fraschetti, Michele Gristina, et al. 2015. “Seagrass Meadows (Posidonia Oceanica) Distribution and Trajectories of Change.” Scientific Reports 5 (1): 12505. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12505.

Temple, James. 2019a. “One Man’s Two-Decade Quest to Suck Greenhouse Gas Out of the Sky.” MIT Technology Review (blog). March 29, 2019. https://medium.com/mit-technology-review/one-mans-two-decade-quest-to-suck-greenhouse-gas-out-of-the-sky-843b78dca5d6.

———. 2019b. “Turning One Greenhouse Gas Into Another Could Combat Climate Change.” MIT Technology Review (blog). May 21, 2019. https://medium.com/mit-technology-review/turning-one-greenhouse-gas-into-another-could-combat-climate-change-4d16972fe0a7.

“The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative.” n.d. Forest Ecology Network. Accessed August 26, 2021. http://www.forestecologynetwork.org/climate_change/sequestration_facts.html.

Thomas, Nathan, Richard Lucas, Peter Bunting, Andrew Hardy, Ake Rosenqvist, and Marc Simard. 2017. “Distribution and Drivers of Global Mangrove Forest Change, 1996–2010.” Edited by Shijo Joseph. PLOS ONE 12 (6): e0179302. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179302.

Touchton, Michael. 2020. “Simon Sinek Says We Got Global Warming Wrong.” Climate Conscious (blog). September 5, 2020. https://medium.com/climate-conscious/simon-sinek-says-we-got-global-warming-wrong-22522b6d3484.

UNEP-WCMC, and Frederick T. Short. 2005. “Global Distribution of Seagrasses.” WMS; KML (.kml); Vector (polygon); Vector (point). United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). https://doi.org/10.34892/X6R3-D211.

University of Hamburg. 2020. “How Horses Can Save the Permafrost: New Mitigation Strategy Bears Great Potential.” ScienceDaily. March 17, 2020. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/03/200317103836.htm.

University of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Science. 2020. “Negative Emissions Technologies May Not Solve Climate Crisis.” ScienceDaily. August 24, 2020. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/08/200824120035.htm.

Wallace-Wells, David. 2019. “Jared Diamond: There’s a 49 Percent Chance the World As We Know It Will End by 2050.” New York Magazine (blog). May 10, 2019. https://medium.com/new-york-magazine/jared-diamond-theres-a-49-percent-chance-the-world-as-we-know-it-will-end-by-2050-7b131aad06d5.

Walsh, Bryan. 2019. “Could Climate Change Really End the World?” OneZero (blog). August 16, 2019. https://onezero.medium.com/could-climate-change-really-end-the-world-d0e7eb7f5b09.

Wan Mohd Jaafar, Wan Shafrina, Nor Fitrah Syazwani Said, Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud, Royston Uning, Mohd Talib Latif, Aisyah Marliza Muhmad Kamarulzaman, Midhun Mohan, et al. 2020. “Carbon Emissions from Oil Palm Induced Forest and Peatland Conversion in Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia.” Forests 11 (12): 1285. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11121285.

Washington Post. n.d. “Biden Administration to Propose First Rule Requiring Cut in Climate Pollutants.” Accessed September 3, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2021/05/03/epa-climate-hfcs/.

Watts, Jonathan. 2020. “Climate Worst-Case Scenarios May Not Go Far Enough, Cloud Data Shows.” The Guardian, June 13, 2020, sec. Environment. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/13/climate-worst-case-scenarios-clouds-scientists-global-heating.

Weiner, Jonathan. 1990. The Next One Hundred Years: Shaping the Fate of Our Living Earth. 1st edition. New York: Bantam.

WRI. 2019. “ADVISORY: Going Net Zero: Long-Term Strategies—and the Ambitious NDCs and Robust Governance to Get Us There.” World Resources Institute. December 8, 2019. https://www.wri.org/news/advisory-going-net-zero-long-term-strategies-and-ambitious-ndcs-and-robust-governance-get-us.

Xu, Jiren, Paul J. Morris, Junguo Liu, and Joseph Holden. 2017. “PEATMAP: Refining Estimates of Global Peatland Distribution Based on a Meta-Analysis.” University of Leeds. https://archive.researchdata.leeds.ac.uk/251/.

Yong, Ed. 2019. “The Overlooked Organisms That Keep Challenging Our Assumptions About Life.” The Atlantic. January 17, 2019. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/01/how-lichens-explain-and-re-explain-world/580681/.

Zomer, Robert J., Deborah A. Bossio, Rolf Sommer, and Louis V. Verchot. 2017. “Global Sequestration Potential of Increased Organic Carbon in Cropland Soils.” Scientific Reports 7 (November): 15554. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15794-8.

Oceans

Introduction

“About.” n.d. Ocean Climate Alliance. Accessed August 31, 2021. https://www.oceanclimatealliance.org/about.

“Alaska Mariculture Initiative Economic Analysis to Inform a Comprehensive Plan PHASE II.” 2017. McDowell Group. http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/Static/fishing/pdfs/mariculture/phase_2_fullreport.pdf.

Alberts, Elizabeth Claire. 2020. “Economists Put a Price Tag on Living Whales in Brazil: $82 Billion.” Mongabay Environmental News, May 18, 2020, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/05/economists-put-a-price-tag-on-living-whales-in-brazil-82-billion/.

Andrady, Anthony L. 2011. “Microplastics in the Marine Environment.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 62 (8): 1596–1605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030.

Barbeaux, Steven J., Kirstin Holsman, and Stephani Zador. 2020. “Marine Heatwave Stress Test of Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management in the Gulf of Alaska Pacific Cod Fishery.” Frontiers in Marine Science 7: 703. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00703.

Barber, Charles V, Rachael Petersen, Virginia Young, Brendan Mackey, and Cyril Kormos. 2020. “The Nexus Report: Nature Based Solutions to the Biodiversity and Climate Crisis.” F20 Foundations, Campaign for Nature and SEE Foundation. https://www.foundations-20.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/The-Nexus-Report.pdf.

Basu, Samarpita, and Katherine R. M. Mackey. 2018. “Phytoplankton as Key Mediators of the Biological Carbon Pump: Their Responses to a Changing Climate.” Sustainability 10 (3): 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030869.

Biela, Vanessa R. von, Mayumi L. Arimitsu, John F. Piatt, Brielle Heflin, Sarah K. Schoen, Jannelle L. Trowbridge, and Chelsea M. Clawson. 2019. “Extreme Reduction in Nutritional Value of a Key Forage Fish during the Pacific Marine Heatwave of 2014-2016.” Marine Ecology Progress Series 613 (March): 171–82. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12891.

Bienkowski, Brian. 2019. “Surprise! Unexpected Ocean Heat Waves Are Becoming the Norm.” EHN. August 6, 2019. https://www.ehn.org/ocean-heat-waves-climate-change-2639652854.html.

Bindoff, Nathaniel L, Jürgen Willebrand, Vincenzo Artale, Anny Cazenave, Jonathan M Gregory, Sergey Gulev, Corrine Le Quéré, et al. 2007. “Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level.” In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 48. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/15400/1/ar4-wg1-chapter5.pdf.

“Blue Economy.” 2020. The Ocean Foundation (blog). January 23, 2020. https://oceanfdn.org/blue-economy/.

“Bren Smith’s Open-Sourced 3D Ocean Farm Model Can Feed a Hungry Planet.” 2017. Bioneers. September 26, 2017. https://bioneers.org/bren-smiths-open-sourced-3d-ocean-farm-model-can-feed-hungry-planet-ztvz1709/.

Bricker, Suzanne B., Joao Gomes Ferreira, Changbo Zhu, Julie M. Rose, Eve Galimany, Gary Wikfors, Camille Saurel, et al. 2018. “The Role of Shellfish Aquaculture in Reduction of Eutrophication in an Urban Estuary.” Environmental Science & Technology 52 (1): 173–83. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03970.

Buckley, Christine. 2011. “Seaweed: The New Trend in Water Purification.” UConn Today, July 27, 2011. https://today.uconn.edu/2011/07/seaweed-the-new-trend-in-water-purification-2/.

Buesseler, Ken. 2020. “Study: Plankton May Absorb Twice as Much CO2 as Previously Believed.” The Maritime Executive, May 24, 2020. https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/study-plankton-may-absorb-twice-as-much-co2-as-previously-believed.

Buitenhuis, Erik, Meike Vogt, Róisín Moriarty, Nina Bednaršek, Scott Doney, Karine Leblanc, Corinne Le Quéré, et al. 2013. “MAREDAT: Towards a World Atlas of MARine Ecosystem DATa.” Earth System Science Data 5 (July): 227–39. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-227-2013.

Burns, Wil, and Greg Rau. n.d. “Can We Tweak Marine Chemistry to Help Stave off Climate Change?” Greenbiz. Accessed August 31, 2021. https://www.greenbiz.com/article/can-we-tweak-marine-chemistry-help-stave-climate-change.

“California Current - Projects: California Current Marine Heatwave Tracker.” n.d. Integrated Ecosystem Assessment. Accessed September 15, 2021. https://www.integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov/regions/california-current/cc-projects-blobtracker.

Carney Almroth, Bethanie, and Håkan Eggert. 2019. “Marine Plastic Pollution: Sources, Impacts, and Policy                            Issues.” Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 13 (2): 317–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rez012.

Carrington, Damian. 2020. “Oceans Can Be Restored to Former Glory within 30 Years, Say Scientists.” The Guardian. April 1, 2020. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/apr/01/oceans-can-be-restored-to-former-glory-within-30-years-say-scientists.

Cassella, Carly. 2020. “Thousands of Species Are Fleeing to Earth’s Poles En Masse, And a Pattern’s Emerging.” ScienceAlert. May 31, 2020. https://www.sciencealert.com/as-the-world-gets-hotter-thousands-of-species-are-fleeing-to-earth-s-poles.

Cavole, Letícia M., Alyssa M. Demko, Rachel E. Diner, Ashlyn Giddings, Irina Koester, Camille M.L.S. Pagniello, May-Linn Paulsen, et al. 2016. “Biological Impacts of the 2013–2015 Warm-Water Anomaly in the Northeast Pacific: Winners, Losers, and the Future.” Oceanography 29 (2): 273–85.

“Climate Change Forecast: Rising Tide of Parasites in Warming Seas.” n.d. Haaretz.Com. Accessed August 16, 2021. https://www.haaretz.com/science-and-health/.premium-climate-change-forecast-rising-tide-of-parasites-in-warming-seas-1.8885130.

“Death Valley May Have Hit Its Hottest Temperature in a Century.” 2020. NESDIS. August 18, 2020. https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/news/death-valley-may-have-hit-its-hottest-temperature-century.

DeVries, Tim. 2014. “The Oceanic Anthropogenic CO2 Sink: Storage, Air-Sea Fluxes, and Transports over the Industrial Era.” Global Biogeochemical Cycles 28 (7): 631–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GB004739.

Drogin, Bob. 2014. “A Crop from the Ocean Floor.” Los Angeles Times, September 17, 2014. https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-kelp5-2009dec05-story.html.

Edgar, Graham J., Rick D. Stuart-Smith, Trevor J. Willis, Stuart Kininmonth, Susan C. Baker, Stuart Banks, Neville S. Barrett, et al. 2014. “Global Conservation Outcomes Depend on Marine Protected Areas with Five Key Features.” Nature 506 (7487): 216–20. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13022.

FAO, ed. 2018. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 - Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/i9540en.pdf.

———. 2020. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020 - Sustainability in action. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) 2020. Rome, Italy: FAO. http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9229en.

Fawcett-Atkinson, Marc. 2021. “Plastics and Toxic Chemicals Are Killing Fish — and Poisoning Us.” Canada’s National Observer. April 27, 2021. https://www.nationalobserver.com/2021/04/27/news/plastics-toxic-chemicals-killing-fish-poisoning-us?ct=t(RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN).

Field, Christopher B., Michael J. Behrenfeld, James T. Randerson, and Paul Falkowski. 1998. “Primary Production of the Biosphere: Integrating Terrestrial and Oceanic Components.” Science 281 (5374): 237–40. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5374.237.

Frölicher, Thomas L., Erich M. Fischer, and Nicolas Gruber. 2018. “Marine Heatwaves under Global Warming.” Nature 560 (August): 360–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0383-9.

Gaw, Sally, Kevin V. Thomas, and Thomas H. Hutchinson. 2014. “Sources, Impacts and Trends of Pharmaceuticals in the Marine and Coastal Environment.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369 (1656). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0572.

Giakoumi, Sylvaine, Jennifer McGowan, Morena Mills, Maria Beger, Rodrigo H. Bustamante, Anthony Charles, Patrick Christie, et al. 2018. “Revisiting ‘Success’ and ‘Failure’ of Marine Protected Areas: A Conservation Scientist Perspective.” Frontiers in Marine Science 5: 223. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00223.

Gillsäter, Björn. 2018. “The Potential of the Blue Economy.” World of Opportunity (blog). August 1, 2018. https://medium.com/world-of-opportunity/the-potential-of-the-blue-economy-fd07215dfd2a.

Gruber, Nicolas, Dominic Clement, Brendan R. Carter, Richard A. Feely, Steven van Heuven, Mario Hoppema, Masao Ishii, et al. 2019. “The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2 from 1994 to 2007.” Science 363 (6432): 1193–99. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau5153.

Held, Lisa. 2020. “The Continued Fight over Farming the Oceans.” Civil Eats. November 9, 2020. https://civileats.com/2020/11/09/the-continued-fight-over-farming-the-oceans/.

Higgins, Drew. 2020. “The Ocean Carbon Sink Has Set the Next Political Hurdle.” Hakai Magazine. November 9, 2020. https://www.hakaimagazine.com/news/the-ocean-carbon-sink-has-set-the-next-political-hurdle/.

“Home.” n.d. Climate Cleanup. Accessed August 29, 2021. https://climatecleanup.org/.

Jambeck, Jenna R., Roland Geyer, Chris Wilcox, Theodore R. Siegler, Miriam Perryman, Anthony Andrady, Ramani Narayan, and Kara Lavender Law. 2015. “Plastic Waste Inputs from Land into the Ocean.” Science 347 (6223): 768–71. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260352.

Johnson, Ayana Elizabeth. 2020. “To Save the Climate, Look to the Oceans.” Scientific American Blog Network. June 8, 2020. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/to-save-the-climate-look-to-the-oceans/.

Jones, Nicola. 2020. “As Waters Warm, Ocean Heatwaves Are Growing More Severe.” Yale E360, October 13, 2020. https://e360.yale.edu/features/as-waters-warm-ocean-heatwaves-are-growing-more-severe.

———. 2021. “Why the Market for ‘Blue Carbon’ Credits May Be Poised to Take Off.” Yale E360. April 13, 2021. https://e360.yale.edu/features/why-the-market-for-blue-carbon-credits-may-be-poised-to-take-off.

Karsenti, Éric, and Colomban de Vargas. 2015. “The Ocean: A Carbon Pump,” March. https://www.ocean-climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/ocean-carbon-pump_ScientificItems_BD-2.pdf.

Katz, Cheryl. 2019. “Why Rising Acidification Poses a Special Peril for Warming Arctic Waters.” Yale E360, October 24, 2019. https://e360.yale.edu/features/why-rising-acidification-poses-a-special-peril-for-warming-arctic-waters.

Kornei, Katherine. 2020. “They’re Stealthy at Sea, but They Can’t Hide From the Albatross.” The New York Times, January 27, 2020, sec. Science. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/27/science/albatross-ocean-radar.html.

Landrigan, Philip J, John J Stegeman, Lora E Fleming, Denis Allemand, Donald M Anderson, Lorraine C Backer, Françoise Brucker-Davis, et al. 2020. “Human Health and Ocean Pollution.” Annals of Global Health 86 (1): 151. https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.2831.

Lovelock, James E., and Chris G. Rapley. 2007. “Ocean Pipes Could Help the Earth to Cure Itself.” Nature 449 (7161): 403–403. https://doi.org/10.1038/449403a.

Makower, Joel. 2019. “The Rising Tide of the Blue Economy.” Greenbiz. May 7, 2019. https://www.greenbiz.com/article/rising-tide-blue-economy.

———. 2020. “How a Blue New Deal Charts a Course for a Sustainable Sea Change | Greenbiz.” July 20, 2020. https://www.greenbiz.com/article/how-blue-new-deal-charts-course-sustainable-sea-change.

Manylabs. 2019. Manylabs Event - Marine Sequestration: Practice, Policies, and Promise. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEmjD1ylEdo.

Martin, Adrian, Philip Boyd, Ken Buesseler, Ivona Cetinic, Hervé Claustre, Sari Giering, Stephanie Henson, et al. 2020. “The Oceans’ Twilight Zone Must Be Studied Now, before It Is Too Late.” Nature 580 (7801): 26–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00915-7.

McGlade, Jacqueline, and Philip Landrigan. 2021. “Why Ocean Pollution Is a Clear Danger to Human Health.” Phys Org. February 1, 2021. https://phys.org/news/2021-02-ocean-pollution-danger-human-health.html.

“Media.” n.d. Oceanmind (blog). Accessed August 31, 2021. https://www.oceanmind.global/media/.

Monnier, Jen. 2020. “Marine Heat Waves Are Becoming More Common and Intense. What Can We Do to Minimize Harm?” Ensia (blog). August 11, 2020. https://ensia.com/features/ocean-heat-waves-marine-ecosystems/.

Moore, Charles James. 2008. “Synthetic Polymers in the Marine Environment: A Rapidly Increasing, Long-Term Threat.” Environmental Research, The Plastic World, 108 (2): 131–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.025.

“Mussel Farming.” 2020. https://maineaqua.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Maine-Mussel-Benchmarking-Two-Pager.pdf.

Nightingale, Joseph. 2021. “Fish Farms Now Produce the Majority of Seafood: It’s an Untold Environmental Disaster.” Big Picture (blog). February 14, 2021. https://medium.com/bigpicturenews/fish-farms-now-produce-the-majority-of-seafood-its-an-untold-environmental-disaster-80ffed8d9907.

“Nitrogen Control Program for Long Island Sound.” 2020. CT.Gov. January 15, 2020. https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Municipal-Wastewater/Nitrogen-Control-Program-for-Long-Island-Sound.

“Ocean ‘Breathability’ Key to Past, Future Habitat of West Coast Marine Species.” 2020. Scienmag: Latest Science and Health News (blog). May 15, 2020. https://scienmag.com/ocean-breathability-key-to-past-future-habitat-of-west-coast-marine-species/.

“Ocean Climate Action Plan: A Policy Framework for Developing the US Blue Economy in the 21st Century.” 2020. Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey. https://www.middlebury.edu/institute/sites/www.middlebury.edu.institute/files/2020-07/OCAP%20Final%20Report%20July%202020.pdf?fv=jU9WiDNR&utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=greenbuzz&utm_content=2020-07-20&mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiWXpkaE5qZGlZMk13TVdaaSIsInQiOiJJOUpWZDFZXC9HdHFpK29pNFpOcXVnUGlYTTNPMUd1UmVLbGJZY0RaOG1pVFpDVHBKVFVrZmZrRGpoWmdXWXlhTXlhV0hIU05XZkFxNWhmMmRzZUxiWERmRkNMRDdXNHZIdkpnSlJSS0t4UStGSXhcL1lEc1dYY2hqSUxWTW5sUlNkIn0%3D.

“Oceanography: Ocean Currents.” n.d. Satellite Applications for Geoscience Education. Accessed September 15, 2021. https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/sage/oceanography/lesson3/concepts.html.

“Oceans X Labs.” n.d. Conservation X Labs. Accessed August 31, 2021. https://conservationxlabs.com/oceans-x-labs.

Pershing, A., Line Christensen, Nicholas Record, Graham Sherwood, and Peter Stetson. 2010. “The Impact of Whaling on the Ocean Carbon Cycle: Why Bigger Was Better.” PloS One 5 (8): e12444. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012444.

Plumer, Brad. 2019. “The World’s Oceans Are in Danger, Major Climate Change Report Warns.” The New York Times, September 25, 2019, sec. Climate. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/25/climate/climate-change-oceans-united-nations.html.

Ratnarajah, L, Andrew Bowie, and Indi Hodgson-Johnston. 2014. “Bottoms up: How Whale Poop Helps Feed the Ocean,” January. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276145395_Bottoms_up_how_whale_poop_helps_feed_the_ocean.

Rees, Matt. 2019. “Climate Solutions: Working with Nature.” European Investment Bank CONNECT (blog). October 28, 2019. https://medium.com/eib-connect/climate-solutions-working-with-nature-8d3957853c0f.

Renforth, Phil, and Gideon Henderson. 2017. “Assessing Ocean Alkalinity for Carbon Sequestration.” Reviews of Geophysics 55 (3): 636–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RG000533.

Roberts, Callum M, Richard W Page, Bethan C O’Leary, Harriet L Allen, Katherine L Yates, Alexander W tudhope, Colin McClean, Alex D Rogers, Julie P Hawkins, and Callum M Roberts. 2019. “30x30: A Bluepring for Ocean Protection.” Germany: Greenpeace. https://storage.googleapis.com/planet4-international-stateless/2019/03/5db0f88b-greenpeace-30x30-blueprint-report.pdf.

Roman, Joe, James A. Estes, Lyne Morissette, Craig Smith, Daniel Costa, James McCarthy, J. B. Nation, Stephen Nicol, Andrew Pershing, and Victor Smetacek. 2014. “Whales as Marine Ecosystem Engineers.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12 (7): 377–85. https://doi.org/10.1890/130220.

Sala, Enric, and Sylvaine Giakoumi. 2018. “No-Take Marine Reserves Are the Most Effective Protected Areas in the Ocean.” ICES Journal of Marine Science 75 (3): 1166–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx059.

Sambrotto, Raymond N. 2014. “Biogeochemical Regimes in Focus.” Nature Geoscience 7 (12): 862–63. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2309.

Sánchez, Erica, and Brandon Wiggins. 2020. “Heat Equivalent to 3.6 Billion Hiroshima Bomb Explosions Added to the Oceans in Just 25 Years.” Global Citizen. January 18, 2020. https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/ocean-warming-climate-change-hiroshima-bomb/.

Sardet, Christian. 2015. Plankton: Wonders of the Drifting World. University of Chicago Press.

Sheppard, Charles, ed. 2019. World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation Volume I: Europe, the Americas and West Africa. 2nd ed. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128050682/world-seas-an-environmental-evaluation.

Smale, Dan A., Thomas Wernberg, Eric C. J. Oliver, Mads Thomsen, Ben P. Harvey, Sandra C. Straub, Michael T. Burrows, et al. 2019. “Marine Heatwaves Threaten Global Biodiversity and the Provision of Ecosystem Services.” Nature Climate Change 9 (4): 306–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1.

Smith, Bren. 2019. “Who Ocean Farms Matters: Women Are Leading the New Blue Economy.” Medium (blog). May 28, 2019. https://medium.com/@bren_7821/who-ocean-farms-matters-women-are-leading-the-new-blue-economy-4cff4941ac88.

sourcingmatters. 2019. “Ep.86: Kathleen Kennedy – Collective Intelligence.” Sourcing Matters.Show (blog). June 19, 2019. https://www.sourcingmatters.show/index.php/2019/06/19/ep-86-kathleen-kennedy-collective-intelligence/.

Stellenbosch University South Africa. 2020. “Humans Need to Do Better If We’re to Avoid Ocean System Collapse.” Phys Org. July 20, 2020. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-humans-ocean-collapse.html.

Stephens, Tim. 2018. “‘Electrogeochemistry’ Captures Carbon, Produces Fuel, Offsets Ocean Acidification.” UC Santa Cruz News. June 25, 2018. https://news.ucsc.edu/2018/06/electrogeochemistry.html.

Sullivan, Brian K. 2020. “Warmest Oceans on Record Adds to Hurricanes, Wildfires Risks.” Bloomberg.Com, April 18, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-18/warmest-oceans-on-record-could-set-off-a-year-of-extreme-weather.

Taub, Ben. 2020. “Thirty-Six Thousand Feet Under the Sea.” The New Yorker. May 7, 2020. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/05/18/thirty-six-thousand-feet-under-the-sea.

“The Dangers of Industrial Ocean Fish Farming.” 2018. Washington D.C.: Friends of the Earth. https://foe.org/resources/dangers-industrial-ocean-fish-farming/#:~:text=From%20direct%20discharge%20of%20heavy,farms%20devastate%20the%20ocean%20ecosystem.

“The Ocean Opportunity Lab (TOOL).” n.d. The Ocean Opportunity Lab (TOOL). Accessed August 31, 2021. https://theoceanopportunitylab.com/.

“The Redfield Ratio at 80.” n.d. Nature Geoscience. https://www.nature.com/collections/fncspbsnmk.

The Revelator. 2020. “New High Seas Treaty Could Be a Gamechanger for the Ocean.” EcoWatch. May 9, 2020. https://www.ecowatch.com/high-seas-treaty-2645960152.html.

Tweddle, Jacqueline F., Matthew Gubbins, and Beth E. Scott. 2018. “Should Phytoplankton Be a Key Consideration for Marine Management?” Marine Policy 97 (November): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.08.026.

University of Queensland. 2020. “The Deep Ocean Is Warming Slowly—but Dramatic Changes Are Ahead.” Phys Org. May 25, 2020. https://phys.org/news/2020-05-deep-ocean-slowlybut.html.

Urbina, Ian. 2020. “How China’s Expanding Fishing Fleet Is Depleting the World’s Oceans.” Yale E360. August 17, 2020. https://e360.yale.edu/features/how-chinas-expanding-fishing-fleet-is-depleting-worlds-oceans.

Venturi, Gabriele. n.d. “Gallery 2020 | Drone Photo Awards.” Accessed August 26, 2021. https://droneawards.photo/gallery/2020.

Vieno, Niina, Pär Hallgren, and Petra Wallberg. 2017. “Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment of the Baltic Sea Region: A Status Report.” UNESCO Emerging Pollutants in Water Series. Paris, France: UNESCO, HELCOM. https://helcom.fi/media/publications/BSEP149.pdf.

Webb, Paul. 2019. “9.8 Thermohaline Circulation.” In Introduction to Oceanography. Roger Williams University Open Publishing. https://rwu.pressbooks.pub/webboceanography/chapter/9-8-thermohaline-circulation/.

Wheeler, Timothy B. 2020. “Oyster Growers Hope Polluters Will Shell out for Nutrient Credits.” Bay Journal. May 11, 2020. https://www.bayjournal.com/news/fisheries/oyster-growers-hope-polluters-will-shell-out-for-nutrient-credits/article_d5d4abac-8e1e-11ea-be85-8f3b710e121b.html.

Wright, Deborah Rowan. 2020. Future Sea: How to Rescue and Protect the World’s Oceans. First edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Marine Protected Areas

“About Enric Sala.” n.d. Enric Sala. Accessed September 21, 2021. https://www.enricsala.com/about.

“About Papahānaumokuākea.” n.d. Papahānaumokuākea. Accessed September 21, 2021. https://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/new-about/.

Andersson, Andreas J., and Dwight Gledhill. 2013. “Ocean Acidification and Coral Reefs: Effects on Breakdown, Dissolution, and Net Ecosystem Calcification.” Annual Review of Marine Science 5 (1): 321–48. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172241.

Baker, Aryn. 2021. “How Industrial Fishing Creates More CO2 Emissions Than Air Travel.” Time. March 17, 2021. https://time.com/5947430/bottom-trawling-carbon-emissions-study/.

Bilefsky, Dan. 2020. “In ‘Lobster War,’ Indigenous Canadians Face Attacks by Fishermen.” The New York Times, October 20, 2020, sec. World. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/20/world/canada/nova-scotia-lobster-war.html.

Bolster, Jeff, Francisco Chavez PhD, Jamie Cournane PhD, Jon Erlandson PhD, David Field, Marah J. Hardt, Carina B. Lange, et al. 2011. Shifting Baselines: The Past and the Future of Ocean Fisheries. Edited by Dr Jeremy B. C. Jackson PhD, Karen E. Alexander ABD MA, and Dr Enric Sala PhD. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Briggs, Johnny. 2020. “How Much of the Ocean Is Really Protected in 2020?” PEW. July 7, 2020. https://pew.org/2YucOEf.

Bushell, Amanda. 2014. “Cabo Pulmo – Giving Optimism to Coral Reefs.” Smithsonian Ocean. September 2014. http://ocean.si.edu/ecosystems/coral-reefs/cabo-pulmo-giving-optimism-coral-reefs.

Carter, Nicholas. n.d. “The Climate Crisis Secret.” Sentient Media (blog). Accessed August 16, 2021. https://sentientmedia.org/the-climate-crisis-secret/.

Edgar, Graham J., Rick D. Stuart-Smith, Trevor J. Willis, Stuart Kininmonth, Susan C. Baker, Stuart Banks, Neville S. Barrett, et al. 2014. “Global Conservation Outcomes Depend on Marine Protected Areas with Five Key Features.” Nature 506 (7487): 216–20. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13022.

Eyton, T. C., and John Van Voorst. 1858. A History of the Oyster and the Oyster Fisheries. London: John Van Voorst, Paternoster Row. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/58057.

FAO, ed. 2016. Contributing to Food Security and Nutrition for All. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016. Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/i5555e/i5555e.pdf.

Field, Michael. 2021. “Why the World’s Most Fertile Fishing Ground Is Facing a ‘Unique and Dire’ Threat.” The Guardian, June 13, 2021, sec. World news. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/14/why-the-worlds-most-fertile-fishing-ground-is-facing-a-unique-and-dire-threat.

Galoustian, Gisele. 2019. “Thirty Years of Unique Data Reveal What’s Really Killing Coral Reefs.” Florida Atlantic University News Desk, July 15, 2019. http://www.fau.edu/newsdesk/articles/looe-key-study.php.

Giakoumi, Sylvaine, Jennifer McGowan, Morena Mills, Maria Beger, Rodrigo H. Bustamante, Anthony Charles, Patrick Christie, et al. 2018. “Revisiting ‘Success’ and ‘Failure’ of Marine Protected Areas: A Conservation Scientist Perspective.” Frontiers in Marine Science 5: 223. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00223.

“Giant Kelp.” n.d. Monterey Bay Aquarium. Accessed September 21, 2021. https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/animals-a-to-z/giant-kelp.

“Global Marine Fishing Protection.” 2021. Marine Protection Atlas. 2021. https://mpatlas.org/zones/.

“Global Marine Protection | Marine Protection Atlas.” 2021. Marine Conservation Institute. https://mpatlas.org/zones/.

“Historical Background and Evaluation of Marine Protected Areas in the United States.” 2001. In Marine Protected Areas: Tools for Sustaining Ocean Ecosystems. Washington D.C.: National Academies Press. https://www.nap.edu/read/9994/chapter/10.

Hunter, Douglas. 2017. “John Cabot.” In The Canadian Encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/john-cabot.

Irigoien, Xabier, T. A. Klevjer, A. Røstad, U. Martinez, G. Boyra, J. L. Acuña, A. Bode, et al. 2014. “Large Mesopelagic Fishes Biomass and Trophic Efficiency in the Open Ocean.” Nature Communications 5 (1): 3271. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4271.

Kateman, Brian. n.d. “Food Innovators Set Out To Catch Nascent Seafood Alternative Industry.” Forbes. Accessed August 16, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/briankateman/2020/03/09/food-innovators-set-out-to-catch-nascent-seafood-alternative-industry/.

Krause-Jensen, Dorte, and Carlos M. Duarte. 2016. “Substantial Role of Macroalgae in Marine Carbon Sequestration.” Nature Geoscience 9 (October): 737–42. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2790.

Langer, Martin R. 2008. “Assessing the Contribution of Foraminiferan Protists to Global Ocean Carbonate Production1.” Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 55 (3): 163–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00321.x.

“Living Ocean.” n.d. NASA Science. Accessed September 21, 2021. https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/oceanography/living-ocean#.

“Marine Protected Areas.” n.d. Protected Planet. Accessed September 25, 2021. https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/thematic-areas/marine-protected-areas.

“Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA) and Federal Facilities.” 2013. Other Policies and Guidance. EPA. September 18, 2013. https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/marine-protection-research-and-sanctuaries-act-mprsa-and-federal-facilities.

McCauley, Douglas J., Caroline Jablonicky, Edward H. Allison, Christopher D. Golden, Francis H. Joyce, Juan Mayorga, and David Kroodsma. 2018. “Wealthy Countries Dominate Industrial Fishing.” Science Advances 4 (8): eaau2161. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau2161.

Middelburg, Jack J., Karline Soetaert, and Mathilde Hagens. 2020. “Ocean Alkalinity, Buffering and Biogeochemical Processes.” Reviews of Geophysics 58 (3): e2019RG000681. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000681.

“Mission.” n.d. PIPA Conservation Trust. http://pipatrust.org/environmental-health-policies-pipa/.

Myers, Ransom A., and Boris Worm. 2003. “Rapid Worldwide Depletion of Predatory Fish Communities.” Nature 423 (6937): 280–83. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01610.

“Nā Lawai’a: The Fishermen.” n.d. Ulukau: The Hawaiian Electronic Library. Accessed September 21, 2021. http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0english-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.15&toc=0.

National Research Council. 2001. Read “Marine Protected Areas: Tools for Sustaining Ocean Ecosystems” at NAP.Edu. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/9994.

O’Connell, Victoria, Waldo Wakefield, and H. Gary Greene. n.d. “Southeast Alaska Edgecumbe Pinnacles Marine Reserve.” Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Accessed September 25, 2021. http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=commercialbyareasoutheast.pinnacles_research.

“Oyster Fact Sheet.” n.d. Chesapeake Bay Foundation. Accessed September 21, 2021. https://www.cbf.org/about-the-bay/more-than-just-the-bay/chesapeake-wildlife/eastern-oysters/oyster-fact-sheet.html.

Pastino, Blake de. 2016. “11,000-Year-Old Seafaring Indian Sites Discovered on California Island.” Western Digs. January 1, 2016. http://westerndigs.org/11000-year-old-seafaring-indian-sites-discovered-on-california-island/.

Petsko, Emily. 2020. “Devastated by Overfishing and Climate Change, California’s Abalone Face a Rocky Road to Recovery.” Oceana. December 3, 2020. https://oceana.org/blog/devastated-overfishing-and-climate-change-california%E2%80%99s-abalone-face-rocky-road-recovery.

“Pristine Seas.” n.d. National Geographic. Accessed September 21, 2021. http://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/pristine-seas/.

Putney, Robin. 2008. “Customary Marine Tenure and Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Palau.” Master’s Theses, San Jose, CA, USA: San Jose State University. https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/3493.

Rick, Torben C, Jon M Erlandson, Nicholas P Jew, and Leslie A Reeder-Myers. 2013. “Archaeological Survey, Paleogeography, and the Search for Late Pleistocene Paleocoastal Peoples of Santa Rosa Island, California.” Journal of Field Archaeology 38 (4): 324–31. https://doi.org/10.1179/0093469013Z.00000000065.

Roberts, Callum M, Richard W Page, Bethan C O’Leary, Harriet L Allen, Katherine L Yates, Alexander W tudhope, Colin McClean, Alex D Rogers, Julie P Hawkins, and Callum M Roberts. 2019. “30x30: A Bluepring for Ocean Protection.” Germany: Greenpeace. https://storage.googleapis.com/planet4-international-stateless/2019/03/5db0f88b-greenpeace-30x30-blueprint-report.pdf.

Sala, Enric. 2020. The Nature of Nature: Why We Need the Wild. National Geographic Books.

Sala, Enric, and Sylvaine Giakoumi. 2018. “No-Take Marine Reserves Are the Most Effective Protected Areas in the Ocean.” ICES Journal of Marine Science 75 (3): 1166–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx059.

Sala, Enric, Juan Mayorga, Christopher Costello, David Kroodsma, Maria L. D. Palomares, Daniel Pauly, U. Rashid Sumaila, and Dirk Zeller. 2018. “The Economics of Fishing the High Seas.” Science Advances 4 (6). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat2504.

Scales, Helen. 2021. “A Drop in the Ocean: Rewilding the Seas.” The Guardian, July 4, 2021, sec. Environment. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/04/rewilding-the-seas-overfishing-oceans.

Schiller, Laurenne, Megan Bailey, Jennifer Jacquet, and Enric Sala. 2018. “High Seas Fisheries Play a Negligible Role in Addressing Global Food Security.” Science Advances 4 (8): eaat8351. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat8351.

Sherin, C. S. 2020. “The Devastation of Overfishing and the Major Problems with Aquaculture and Seafood.” Medium (blog). March 6, 2020. https://cs-sherin.medium.com/the-devastation-of-overfishing-and-the-major-problems-with-aquaculture-and-seafood-5143bbcf3508.

“Sitka Pinnacles | Marine Protection Atlas.” n.d. Marine Conservation Institute. Accessed September 22, 2021. https://mpatlas.org/zones/8542.

“South 239th Street Park Conservation Area.” n.d. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Accessed September 22, 2021. https://wdfw.wa.gov/fishing/management/mpa/conservation-areas/south-239th-street-park.

Sumaila, U. Rashid, Vicky W. Y. Lam, Dana D. Miller, Louise Teh, Reg A. Watson, Dirk Zeller, William W. L. Cheung, et al. 2015. “Winners and Losers in a World Where the High Seas Is Closed to Fishing.” Scientific Reports 5 (February): 8481. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08481.

“The Biological Carbon Pump.” n.d. The Carbon Cycle and Climate. Accessed September 25, 2021. http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/climatechange1/06_2.shtml.

“The MPA Inventory.” n.d. National Marine Protected Areas Center. Accessed September 21, 2021. https://marineprotectedareas.noaa.gov/dataanalysis/mpainventory/.

The Ocean Portal Team. n.d. “Ocean Acidification.” Smithsonian Ocean. Accessed September 21, 2021. http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/ocean-acidification.

“The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture.” 2016. Contributing to Food Security and Nutrition for All. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/i5555e/i5555e.pdf.

Tweddle, Jacqueline F., Matthew Gubbins, and Beth E. Scott. 2018. “Should Phytoplankton Be a Key Consideration for Marine Management?” Marine Policy 97 (November): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.08.026.

UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. 2021. “Protected Planet Report 2020.” Cambridge UK; Gland, Switzerland: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. https://livereport.protectedplanet.net.

United Nations, ed. 2017. “Open Ocean Deep Sea.” In The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment: World Ocean Assessment I, 685–704. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/first-global-integrated-marine-assessment/open-ocean-deep-sea/EB179C212A160B6E99C6BD5996E3CCC8.

Veltre, Douglas W., and Allen P. McCartney. 2002. “Russian Exploitation of Aleuts and Fur Seals: The Archaeology of Eighteenth- and Early-Nineteenth-Century Settlements in the Pribilof Islands, Alaska.” Historical Archaeology 36 (3): 8–17.

Wang, Brian. 2018. “Restore the Oceans and Get up to 50 Times the Fish and Store a Trillion Tons of CO2.” NextBigFuture.Com (blog). July 18, 2018. https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2018/07/restore-the-oceans-and-get-up-to-50-times-the-fish-and-store-a-trillion-tons-of-co2.html.

“What Is Ocean Acidification?” n.d. National Ocean Service. Accessed September 21, 2021. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/acidification.html.

Wilson, R. W., F. J. Millero, J. R. Taylor, P. J. Walsh, V. Christensen, S. Jennings, and M. Grosell. 2009. “Contribution of Fish to the Marine Inorganic Carbon Cycle.” Science 323 (5912): 359–62. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157972.

Seaforestation

“12 Facts About Otters for Sea Otter Awareness Week.” 2017. DOI.Gov. September 22, 2017. https://www.doi.gov/blog/12-facts-about-otters-sea-otter-awareness-week.

“A Deep Dive into Zero Hunger: The Seaweed Revolution.” 2020. UN News. November 14, 2020. https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/11/1077212.

“About – Kelp Blue.” n.d. Kelp Blue. Accessed October 7, 2021. https://kelp.blue/about/.

“Alaska Mariculture Initiative Economic Analysis to Inform a Comprehensive Plan PHASE II.” 2017. McDowell Group. http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/Static/fishing/pdfs/mariculture/phase_2_fullreport.pdf.

Alleway, Heidi K, Chris L Gillies, Melanie J Bishop, Rebecca R Gentry, Seth J Theuerkauf, and Robert Jones. 2019. “The Ecosystem Services of Marine Aquaculture: Valuing Benefits to People and Nature.” BioScience 69 (1): 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biy137.

“ARPA-E Announces Macroalgae Funding Opportunity.” 2016. ARPA-E. December 16, 2016. https://arpa-e.energy.gov/news-and-media/press-releases/arpa-e-announces-macroalgae-funding-opportunity.

“Assessing the Potential for Restoration and Permaculture of Tasmania’s Giant Kelp Forests.” n.d. Standard Page. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies. Accessed October 13, 2021. https://www.imas.utas.edu.au/research/ecology-and-biodiversity/projects/projects/assessing-the-potential-for-restoration-and-permaculture-of-tasmanias-giant-kelp-forests.

“Atlantic Sea Farms.” n.d. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://atlanticseafarms.com/.

Augustin, Johan. 2020. “In Race for a Sustainable Alternative to Plastic, Indonesia Bets on Seaweed.” Mongabay Environmental News, March 25, 2020, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/03/in-race-for-a-sustainable-alternative-to-plastic-indonesia-bets-on-seaweed/.

Baird, Mark Edward, Rebecca Green, Ryan Lowe, Mathieu Mongin, and Elodie Bougeot. 2020. “Optimising Cool-Water Injections to Reduce Thermal Stress on Coral Reefs of the Great Barrier Reef.” PLOS ONE 15 (10): e0239978. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239978.

Barber, Charles V, Rachael Petersen, Virginia Young, Brendan Mackey, and Cyril Kormos. 2020. “The Nexus Report: Nature Based Solutions to the Biodiversity and Climate Crisis.” F20 Foundations, Campaign for Nature and SEE Foundation. https://www.foundations-20.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/The-Nexus-Report.pdf.

Barnett, Tracy, and Lyla June. 2019. “Kelp Gardens, Piñon Forests.” The Esperanza Project (blog). November 9, 2019. https://www.esperanzaproject.com/2019/environment/kelp-gardens-and-pinon-forests-native-regenerative-agriculture/.

Bar-On, Yinon M., Rob Phillips, and Ron Milo. 2018. “The Biomass Distribution on Earth.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (25): 6506–11. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711842115.

Barrett, Axel. 2019. “Unilever, Just Eat and Notpla Partner To Launch Sauces in Seaweed Sachets.” Bioplastics News. November 7, 2019. https://bioplasticsnews.com/2019/11/07/unilever-just-eat-and-notpla-partner-to-launch-sauces-in-seaweed-sachets/.

Bast, Felix. 2014. “Seaweeds.” Resonance 19 (2): 149–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12045-014-0018-x.

Bedolfe, Sarah. 2017. “Seaweed Could Be Scrubbing More Carbon from the Atmosphere than We Expected.” Oceana. October 6, 2017. https://oceana.org/blog/seaweed-could-be-scrubbing-more-carbon-atmosphere-we-expected.

Belton, Ben, David C. Little, Wenbo Zhang, Peter Edwards, Michael Skladany, and Shakuntala H. Thilsted. 2020. “Farming Fish in the Sea Will Not Nourish the World.” Nature Communications 11 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19679-9.

Bertocci, I., R. Araújo, P. Oliveira, and I. Sousa-Pinto. 2015. “Potential Effects of Kelp Species on Local Fisheries.” Journal of Applied Ecology 52: 1216–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12483.

Bienkowski, Brian. 2019. “Surprise! Unexpected Ocean Heat Waves Are Becoming the Norm.” EHN. August 6, 2019. https://www.ehn.org/ocean-heat-waves-climate-change-2639652854.html.

Bindoff, Nathaniel L, Jürgen Willebrand, Vincenzo Artale, Anny Cazenave, Jonathan M Gregory, Sergey Gulev, Corrine Le Quéré, et al. 2007. “Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level.” In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 48. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/15400/1/ar4-wg1-chapter5.pdf.

Blight, A., R. Foster-Smith, I. Sotheran, J. Egerton, R. McAllen, and G. Savidge. 2011. “Development of a Methodology for the Quantitative Assessment of Ireland’s Inshore Kelp Resource.” Marine Institute. https://oar.marine.ie/bitstream/handle/10793/702/Quantitative%20Assessment%20Methodology%20for%20Inshore%20Kelp%20Resource.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

“Blue Evolution.” n.d. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://www.blueevolution.com/shop.

Borgese, Elisabeth Mann. 1980. Seafarm: The Story of Aquaculture. New York : H. N. Abrams. http://archive.org/details/seafarmstoryofaq00borg.

Boys, Callan. 2020. “The Fish Farmer Growing Seaweed to Feed Cows and Save the Planet.” Good Food. February 15, 2020. https://www.goodfood.com.au/eat-out/news/the-fish-farmer-growing-seaweed-to-feed-cows-and-save-the-planet-20200214-h1lt88.

Breitburg, Denise, Lisa A. Levin, Andreas Oschlies, Marilaure Grégoire, Francisco P. Chavez, Daniel J. Conley, Véronique Garçon, et al. 2018. “Declining Oxygen in the Global Ocean and Coastal Waters.” Science 359 (6371): eaam7240. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7240.

“Bren Smith’s Open-Sourced 3D Ocean Farm Model Can Feed a Hungry Planet.” 2017. Bioneers. September 26, 2017. https://bioneers.org/bren-smiths-open-sourced-3d-ocean-farm-model-can-feed-hungry-planet-ztvz1709/.

Bricker, Suzanne B., Joao Gomes Ferreira, Changbo Zhu, Julie M. Rose, Eve Galimany, Gary Wikfors, Camille Saurel, et al. 2018. “The Role of Shellfish Aquaculture in Reduction of Eutrophication in an Urban Estuary.” Environmental Science & Technology 52 (1): 173–83. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03970.

Bryce, Emma. 2020a. “Can the Forests of the World’s Oceans Contribute to Alleviating the Climate Crisis?” Ensia (blog). June 24, 2020. https://ensia.com/features/kelp-carbon-sequestration-climate-mitigation/.

———. 2020b. “Can the Forests of the World’s Oceans Contribute to Alleviating the Climate Crisis?” Ensia (blog). June 24, 2020. https://ensia.com/features/kelp-carbon-sequestration-climate-mitigation/.

Buck, Holly Jean. 2020. “The Desperate Race to Cool the Ocean before It’s Too Late.” MIT Technology Review. April 2, 2020. https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/04/23/136001/the-desperate-race-to-cool-the-ocean-before-its-too-late/.

Buckley, Christine. 2011. “Seaweed: The New Trend in Water Purification.” UConn Today, July 27, 2011. https://today.uconn.edu/2011/07/seaweed-the-new-trend-in-water-purification-2/.

Burgin, Connor J, Jocelyn P Colella, Philip L Kahn, and Nathan S Upham. 2018. “How Many Species of Mammals Are There?” Journal of Mammalogy 99 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyx147.

Buschmann, Alejandro H., Carolina Camus, Javier Infante, Amir Neori, Álvaro Israel, María C. Hernández-González, Sandra V. Pereda, et al. 2017. “Seaweed Production: Overview of the Global State of Exploitation, Farming and Emerging Research Activity.” European Journal of Phycology 52 (4): 391–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2017.1365175.

Buschmann, Alejandro H., Steven Prescott, Philippe Potin, Sylvain Faugeron, Julio A. Vásquez, Carolina Camus, Javier Infante, María Carmen Hernández-González, Alfonso Gutíerrez, and Daniel A. Varela. 2014. “Chapter Six - The Status of Kelp Exploitation and Marine Agronomy, with Emphasis on Macrocystis Pyrifera, in Chile.” In Advances in Botanical Research, edited by Nathalie Bourgougnon, 71:161–88. Sea Plants. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-408062-1.00006-8.

Butler, Claire L., Vanessa L. Lucieer, Simon J. Wotherspoon, and Craig R. Johnson. 2020. “Multi-Decadal Decline in Cover of Giant Kelp Macrocystis Pyrifera at the Southern Limit of Its Australian Range’.” Marine Ecology Progress Series 653 (October): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13510.

Byrne, Fergal. n.d. “Episode 8: Marine Permaculture with Brian Von Herzen.” The Drawdown Agenda. http://thedrawdownagenda.com/podcast/episode-8-marine-permaculture-with-brian-von-herzen/.

Cage, Patricia. 2018. “Kelp and Carbon Sequestration: Exporting Terrestrial GHG Accounting to the Deep Sea.” GHG Management Institute. September 6, 2018. https://ghginstitute.org/2018/09/06/kelp-and-carbon-sequestration-exporting-terrestrial-ghg-accounting-to-the-deep-sea/.

Cage, Patrick. 2018. “Kelp and Carbon Sequestration: Exporting Terrestrial GHG Accounting to the Deep Sea.” GHG and Carbon Accounting, Auditing, Management & Training | Greenhouse Gas Management Institute (blog). September 6, 2018. https://ghginstitute.org/2018/09/06/kelp-and-carbon-sequestration-exporting-terrestrial-ghg-accounting-to-the-deep-sea/.

“California Oceans Program.” 2018. The Nature Conservancy. September 9, 2018. https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/united-states/california/stories-in-california/california-oceans-program/.

Campbell, Iona, Adrian Macleod, Christian Sahlmann, Luiza Neves, Jon Funderud, Margareth Øverland, Adam D. Hughes, and Michele Stanley. 2019. “The Environmental Risks Associated With the Development of Seaweed Farming in Europe - Prioritizing Key Knowledge Gaps.” Frontiers in Marine Science 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00107.

“Can Oysters Solve the Nitrogen Problem?” 2019. Rhode Island Sea Grant. May 8, 2019. https://seagrant.gso.uri.edu/can-oysters-solve-the-nitrogen-problem/.

Chung, Ik Kyo, John Beardall, Smita Mehta, Dinabandhu Sahoo, and Slobodanka Stojkovic. 2011. “Using Marine Macroalgae for Carbon Sequestration: A Critical Appraisal.” Journal of Applied Phycology 23 (5): 877–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-010-9604-9.

Chung, Ik Kyo, Jung Hyun Oak, Jin Ae Lee, Jong Ahm Shin, Jong Gyu Kim, and Kwang-Seok Park. 2013. “Installing Kelp Forests/Seaweed Beds for Mitigation and Adaptation against Global Warming: Korean Project Overview’.” ICES Journal of Marine Science 70 (5): 1038–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss206.

Chung, Ik Kyo, Calvyn F. A. Sondak, and John Beardall. 2017. “The Future of Seaweed Aquaculture in a Rapidly Changing World.” European Journal of Phycology 52 (4): 495–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2017.1359678.

“Clam Garden Ecology.” 2015a. The Clam Garden Network (blog). January 30, 2015. https://clamgarden.com/clamgardens/clam-garden-ecology/.

“———.” 2015b. The Clam Garden Network. June 14, 2015. https://clamgarden.com/clamgardens/clam-garden-ecology/.

Clancy, Heather. 2020a. “Two If by Sea,” November 25, 2020. https://www.greenbiz.com/newsletter/two-if-sea.

———. 2020b. “Is ‘regenerative Ocean Farming’ on the Blue Horizon?” GreenBiz. November 26, 2020. https://www.greenbiz.com/article/regenerative-ocean-farming-blue-horizon.

Climate Foundation. 2020. “Regenerative Opportunities and Costs for CO2 Drawdown Using Marine Permaculture Technology.” Google Docs. March 2020. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1TFPsYWNK3jQviu8ZIxtkjxBG3uTCe4PCZ_W5ilu1J90/edit?usp=embed_facebook.

“Climate Foundation - Who Are We.” n.d. Climate Foundation. Accessed October 13, 2021. https://www.climatefoundation.org/who-we-are.html.

“Climate Foundation: Marine Permaculture.” n.d. Climate Foundation. Accessed October 13, 2021. https://www.climatefoundation.org/marine-permaculture.html.

CNBC. 2020. Why Demand For Seaweed Is About To Boom. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qYnGAAU-05Y.

CO2 Ocean Recycling Using Wave-Driven Ocean Pumps. 2009. The Discovery Channel. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3XwOs6jz5o.

“Collections.” n.d. AKUA. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://akua.co/collections.

Commercial Fertilizer and Plant Food Industry. 1915. W.W. Brown Publishing Company.

“Coral Reefs.” n.d. Office for Coastal Management. Accessed September 23, 2021a. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html.

“———.” n.d. Climate Foundation. Accessed September 23, 2021b. https://www.climatefoundation.org/reversing-coral-bleaching.html.

Costello, Christopher, Ling Cao, Stefan Gelcich, Miguel Á Cisneros-Mata, Christopher M. Free, Halley E. Froehlich, Christopher D. Golden, et al. 2020. “The Future of Food from the Sea.” Nature 588 (7836): 95–100. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2616-y.

“Department of Energy Announces 18 New Projects to Accelerate Production of Macroalgae for Energy and Other Uses.” 2017. ARPA-E. September 19, 2017. https://www.arpa-e.energy.gov/news-and-media/press-releases/department-energy-announces-18-new-projects-accelerate-production.

DeVries, Tim. 2014. “The Oceanic Anthropogenic CO2 Sink: Storage, Air-Sea Fluxes, and Transports over the Industrial Era.” Global Biogeochemical Cycles 28 (7): 631–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GB004739.

Drogin, Bob. 2014. “A Crop from the Ocean Floor.” Los Angeles Times, September 17, 2014, sec. World & Nation. https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-kelp5-2009dec05-story.html.

Duarte, Carlos M. 1992. “Nutrient Concentration of Aquatic Plants: Patterns across Species.” Limnology and Oceanography 37 (4): 882–89. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1992.37.4.0882.

Duarte, Carlos M., Jiaping Wu, Xi Xiao, Annette Bruhn, and Dorte Krause-Jensen. 2017. “Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?” Frontiers in Marine Science 4: 100. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00100.

Elston, Rhiannon. 2018. “Historic Buthera Agreement First Step towards Indigenous Treaty in South Australia.” SBS News. February 17, 2018. https://www.sbs.com.au/news/historic-buthera-agreement-first-step-towards-indigenous-treaty-in-south-australia/a486bf17-7775-4f04-8743-a5fb865b7d76.

“Enteric Fermentation.” n.d. Climate & Clean Air Coalition. Accessed October 7, 2021. https://www.ccacoalition.org/en/activity/enteric-fermentation.

FAO, ed. 2016. Contributing to Food Security and Nutrition for All. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016. Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/i5555e/i5555e.pdf.

———. 2020. World Food and Agriculture - Statistical Yearbook 2020. FAO Statistical Yearbook 2020. Rome, Italy: FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1329en.

Farms, Atlantic Sea. n.d. “Atlantic Sea Farms.” Atlantic Sea Farms. Accessed October 7, 2021. https://atlanticseafarms.com/.

Fei, Xiugeng. 2004. “Solving the Coastal Eutrophication Problem by Large Scale Seaweed Cultivation.” Hydrobiologia 512: 145–51. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000020320.68331.ce.

Filbee-Dexter, Karen, and Robert E. Scheibling. 2014. “Sea Urchin Barrens as Alternative Stable States of Collapsed Kelp Ecosystems.” Marine Ecology Progress Series 495 (January): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10573.

Filbee-Dexter, Karen, and Thomas Wernberg. 2020. “Substantial Blue Carbon in Overlooked Australian Kelp Forests.” Scientific Reports 10 (1): 12341. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69258-7.

“Fisheries of the United States, 2018.” 2020. National Marine Fisheries Service. February 2020. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/document/fisheries-united-states-2018-factsheet.

Flannery, Tim. 2017. “How Farming Giant Seaweed Can Feed Fish and Fix the Climate.” The Conversation, July 31, 2017. http://theconversation.com/how-farming-giant-seaweed-can-feed-fish-and-fix-the-climate-81761.

———. 2020. “How Farming Giant Seaweed Can Feed Fish and Fix the Climate.” The Conversation. June 3, 2020. https://theconversation.com/how-farming-giant-seaweed-can-feed-fish-and-fix-the-climate-81761.

Franz, Julia. n.d. “As the Seaweed Industry Booms, How Can We Farm Seaweed More Sustainably?” https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-09-24/seaweed-industry-booms-how-can-we-farm-seaweed-more-sustainably#:~:text=Between%202011%20and%202013%2C%20the,spreads%20like%20a%20deep%20freeze.

Froehlich, Halley E., Jamie C. Afflerbach, Melanie Frazier, and Benjamin S. Halpern. 2019. “Blue Growth Potential to Mitigate Climate Change through Seaweed Offsetting.” Current Biology 29 (18): 3087-3093.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.041.

“FutureFeed.” n.d. FutureFeed. Accessed August 16, 2021. https://www.future-feed.com.

García-Poza, Sara, Adriana Leandro, Carla Cotas, João Cotas, João C. Marques, Leonel Pereira, and Ana M. M. Gonçalves. 2020. “The Evolution Road of Seaweed Aquaculture: Cultivation Technologies and the Industry 4.0.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (18): 6528. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186528.

“Giant Kelp.” n.d. Oceana. Accessed September 16, 2021a. https://oceana.org/marine-life/corals-and-other-invertebrates/giant-kelp.

“Giant Kelp.” n.d. Monterey Bay Aquarium. Accessed September 23, 2021b. https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/animals-a-to-z/giant-kelp.

“Giant Kelp: Macrocystis Pyrifera.” n.d. Monterey Bay Aquarium. Accessed September 16, 2021. https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/animals-a-to-z/giant-kelp.

“GLEAM 2.0 - Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation Potential.” n.d. FAO. Accessed August 12, 2021. http://www.fao.org/gleam/results/en/.

Global Environment & Technology Foundation (GETF). 2020. “Oceans 2050 Leads Global Effort to Quantify Seaweed Carbon Sequestration.” 3BL Media. October 22, 2020. https://www.3blmedia.com/News/Oceans-2050-Leads-Global-Effort-Quantify-Seaweed-Carbon-Sequestration.

“Global Ocean Absorbing More Carbon.” 2019. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). March 13, 2019. http://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/global-ocean-absorbing-more-carbon.

Gorton, Stan. 2020. “Seaweed Aquaculture Venture to Partner with Kangaroo Island Oyster Grower.” The Islander. September 3, 2020. https://www.theislanderonline.com.au/story/6908796/seaweed-aquaculture-venture-to-partner-with-kangaroo-island-oyster-grower/.

Greenberg, Paul. 2019. “Opinion | A New Year’s Climate Diet.” The New York Times, December 31, 2019, sec. Opinion. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/31/opinion/climate-diet.html.

“Greener Grazing: Scaling Up Asparagopsis Taxiformis Seaweed Farming.” n.d. Greener Grazing : Scaling Up Asparagopsis Taxiformis Seaweed Farming. Accessed October 7, 2021. https://www.greenergrazing.org.

“Greenhouse Gas.” n.d. Energy Education. Accessed October 7, 2021. https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Greenhouse_gas#cite_note-RadiationBudget-2.

“Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator.” 2015. Data and Tools. US EPA. August 28, 2015. https://www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator.

“GreenWave.” n.d. GreenWave. Accessed October 7, 2021. https://www.greenwave.org.

Groesbeck, Amy S., Kirsten Rowell, Dana Lepofsky, and Anne K. Salomon. 2014. “Ancient Clam Gardens Increased Shellfish Production: Adaptive Strategies from the Past Can Inform Food Security Today.” PLOS ONE 9 (3): e91235. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091235.

Grossi, Giampiero, Pietro Goglio, Andrea Vitali, and Adrian G Williams. 2019. “Livestock and Climate Change: Impact of Livestock on Climate and Mitigation Strategies.” Animal Frontiers 9 (1): 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfy034.

Gruber, Nicolas, Dominic Clement, Brendan R. Carter, Richard A. Feely, Steven van Heuven, Mario Hoppema, Masao Ishii, et al. 2019. “The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2 from 1994 to 2007.” Science 363 (6432): 1193–99. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau5153.

Gunderson, Hege, Tanya Bryan, Wenting Chen, Frithjof E May, Antonia N Sandman, Göran Sundblad, Susi Schneider, Jesper H Andersen, Sindre Langaas, and Mats G Walday. 2017. Ecosystem Services in the Coastal Zone of the Nordic Countries. Denmark: Nordic Council of Ministers. https://www.norden.org/en/publication/ecosystem-services.

Hallström, Elinor, Kristina Bergman, Kathleen Mifflin, Robert Parker, Peter Tyedmers, Max Troell, and Friederike Ziegler. 2019. “Combined Climate and Nutritional Performance of Seafoods.” Journal of Cleaner Production 230: 402–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.229.

Hammerschlag, Neil, Oswald J. Schmitz, Alexander S. Flecker, Kevin D. Lafferty, Andrew Sih, Trisha B. Atwood, Austin J. Gallagher, Duncan J. Irschick, Rachel Skubel, and Steven J. Cooke. 2019. “Ecosystem Function and Services of Aquatic Predators in the Anthropocene.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 34 (4): 369–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.01.005.

Han, Tingting, Rongjun Shi, Zhanhui Qi, Honghui Huang, Qingyang Liang, and Huaxue Liu. 2017. “Interactive Effects of Oyster and Seaweed on Seawater Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Systems: Implications for Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture.” Aquaculture Environment Interactions 9 (December): 469–78. https://doi.org/10.3354/aei00246.

Haque, Md Najmul. 2018. “Dietary Manipulation: A Sustainable Way to Mitigate Methane Emissions from Ruminants.” Journal of Animal Science and Technology 60 (June): 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40781-018-0175-7.

Harrold, Christopher, and Susan Lisin. 1989. “Radio-Tracking Rafts of Giant Kelp: Local Production and Regional Transport.” Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 130 (3): 237–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(89)90166-4.

Hatziolos, Marea Eleni, Anthony J. Hooten, and Martin Fodor. 1998. Coral Reefs: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Management : Proceedings of an Associated Event of the Fifth Annual World Bank Conference on Environmentally and Socially Susutainable Development. World Bank Publications.

“Help Our Kelp.” 2020. Sussex Wildlife Trust. 2020. https://sussexwildlifetrust.org.uk/helpourkelp.

Hewett, Simone. 2019. “Tropical Fish Shredding Kelp Forests in Temperate Zones.” Phys Org. November 21, 2019. https://phys.org/news/2019-11-tropical-fish-shredding-kelp-forests.html.

Hickey, Hannah. 2018. “What Caused Earth’s Biggest Mass Extinction?” Stanford Earth Matters, December 6, 2018. https://earth.stanford.edu/news/what-caused-earths-biggest-mass-extinction.

Hirsh, Heidi K., Kerry J. Nickols, Yuichiro Takeshita, Sarah B. Traiger, David A. Mucciarone, Stephen Monismith, and Robert B. Dunbar. 2020. “Drivers of Biogeochemical Variability in a Central California Kelp Forest: Implications for Local Amelioration of Ocean Acidification.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 125 (11): e2020JC016320. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016320.

Holmyard, Nicki. 2012. “Good and Bad News for Mussels.” SeafoodSource. October 15, 2012. https://www.seafoodsource.com/features/good-and-bad-news-for-mussels.

Hook, Brittany. 2019. “Around the Pier: Usurp the Burp.” Scripps Institution of Oceanography. April 23, 2019. https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/around-pier-usurp-burp.

Humphries, Austin T., Suzanne G. Ayvazian, Joanna C. Carey, Boze T. Hancock, Sinead Grabbert, Donald Cobb, Charles J. Strobel, and Robinson W. Fulweiler. 2016. “Directly Measured Denitrification Reveals Oyster Aquaculture and Restored Oyster Reefs Remove Nitrogen at Comparable High Rates.” Frontiers in Marine Science 3: 74. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00074.

Hurlimann, Silvia. 2019. “How Kelp Naturally Combats Global Climate Change.” Science in the News (blog). July 4, 2019. https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2019/how-kelp-naturally-combats-global-climate-change/.

Industries, Ministry for Primary. n.d. “Māori Commercial Aquaculture Claims Settlement.” Ministry for Primary Industries Manatu Ahu Matua. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/fishing-aquaculture/fishing-aquaculture-funding-support/maori-commercial-aquaculture-claims-settlement/.

“Inicio.” n.d. Veta La Palma. Accessed October 10, 2021. https://www.vetalapalma.es/.

Innovative Artificial Reef Study Exposes Vulnerability of Kelp. 2019. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UD9PDfLpL1c.

Inskeep, Steve, Lulu Garcia-Navarro, and Tim Flannery. 2020. “Adding Red Seaweed To Cow Feed Could Cut Bovine Flatulence.” NPR, December 2020. https://www.npr.org/2020/12/02/941030964/adding-red-seaweed-to-cow-feed-could-cut-bovine-flatulance.

“Into the Abyss.” n.d. NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research. https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/history/quotes/abyss/abyss.html.

“Introducing HSU’s New Seaweed Farm, a First for California [Video].” 2020. Humboldt State Now. September 11, 2020. https://now.humboldt.edu/news/the-first-seaweed-farm-in-california/.

Jackson, R. B., M. Saunois, P. Bousquet, J. G. Canadell, B. Poulter, A. R. Stavert, P. Bergamaschi, Y. Niwa, A. Segers, and A. Tsuruta. 2020. “Increasing Anthropogenic Methane Emissions Arise Equally from Agricultural and Fossil Fuel Sources.” Environmental Research Letters 15 (7). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab9ed2.

Johnson, D. E., K. A. Johnson, G. M. Ward, and M. E. Branine. 2000. “Ruminants and Other Animals.” In Atmospheric Methane: Its Role in the Global Environment, edited by Mohammad Aslam Khan Khalil, 112–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04145-1_8.

Johnson, K. A., and D. E. Johnson. 1995. “Methane Emissions from Cattle.” Journal of Animal Science 73 (8): 2483–92. https://doi.org/10.2527/1995.7382483x.

Jones, Nicola. 2016. “How Growing Sea Plants Can Help Slow Ocean Acidification.” Yale E360, July 12, 2016. https://e360.yale.edu/features/kelp_seagrass_slow_ocean_acidification_netarts.

Kellogg, M. Lisa, Ashley R. Smyth, Mark W. Luckenbach, Ruth H. Carmichael, Bonnie L. Brown, Jeffrey C. Cornwell, Michael F. Piehler, Michael S. Owens, D. Joseph Dalrymple, and Colleen B. Higgins. 2014. “Use of Oysters to Mitigate Eutrophication in Coastal Waters.” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 151 (December): 156–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.09.025.

“Kelp Biofuel Project.” n.d. University of Southern California. Accessed October 13, 2021. http://dornsife.usc.edu/wrigley/kelpbiofuel/.

Kim, Jang K., George P. Kraemer, and Charles Yarish. 2014. “Field Scale Evaluation of Seaweed Aquaculture as a Nutrient Bioextraction Strategy in Long Island Sound and the Bronx River Estuary.” Aquaculture 433 (September): 148–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.05.034.

———. 2015. “Use of Sugar Kelp Aquaculture in Long Island Sound and the Bronx River Estuary for Nutrient Extraction’.” Marine Ecology Progress Series 531 (July): 155–66. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11331.

Kim, JangKyun, Michael Stekoll, and Charles Yarish. 2019. “Opportunities, Challenges and Future Directions of Open-Water Seaweed Aquaculture in the United States.” Phycologia 58 (5): 446–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2019.1625611.

King, David, and Rick Parnell. 2020. “Perspective | Stopping Climate Change Could Cost Less than Fighting Covid-19.” Washington Post, September 17, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/climate-change-intervention-cost/2020/09/17/c6715db6-f784-11ea-89e3-4b9efa36dc64_story.html.

Kinley, Robert D., Gonzalo Martinez-Fernandez, Melissa K. Matthews, Rocky de Nys, Marie Magnusson, and Nigel W. Tomkins. 2020. “Mitigating the Carbon Footprint and Improving Productivity of Ruminant Livestock Agriculture Using a Red Seaweed.” Journal of Cleaner Production 259 (June): 120836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120836.

Kinley, Robert D., Rocky de Nys, Matthew J. Vucko, Lorenna Machado, Nigel W. Tomkins, Robert D. Kinley, Rocky de Nys, Matthew J. Vucko, Lorenna Machado, and Nigel W. Tomkins. 2016. “The Red Macroalgae Asparagopsis Taxiformis Is a Potent Natural Antimethanogenic That Reduces Methane Production during in Vitro Fermentation with Rumen Fluid.” Animal Production Science 56 (3): 282–89. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN15576.

Kleis, Roelof. 2010. “Growing Seaweed Can Solve Acidification.” Phys.Org. December 23, 2010. https://phys.org/news/2010-12-seaweed-acidification.html.

Koop, Fermin. 2019. “Seaweed Highlighted as Key Player to Tackle Global Warming.” ZME Science (blog). August 5, 2019. https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/seaweed-climate-change-global-warming-05082019/.

Kopczak, Charles D., and Jeffrey A. Seigel. 2006. California Kelp Forest Science and Activity Guide. California Kelp Forests Restoration Project. California: Manta Publications. https://dornsife.usc.edu/assets/sites/291/docs/SC_KELP_BOOKsm2.pdf.

Krause-Jensen, D., and C. Duarte. 2016. “Substantial role of macroalgae in marine carbon sequestration.” Nature Geosci 9: 737–42.

Krause-Jensen, Dorte. 2018. “Marine forests - Nature’s own carbon capture and storage.” Science Nordic. September 18, 2018. https://sciencenordic.com/a/1458305.

Krause-Jensen, Dorte, and Carlos M. Duarte. 2016. “Substantial Role of Macroalgae in Marine Carbon Sequestration’.” Nature Geoscience 9 (10): 737–42. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2790.

Krol, Debra Utacia. 2019. “An Indigenous Way of Life for These California Tribes Breaks State Laws.” High Country News, September 17, 2019. https://www.hcn.org/issues/51.17/tribal-affairs-an-indigenous-way-of-life-for-these-california-tribes-breaks-state-laws.

Krumhansl, Kira A., Daniel K. Okamoto, Andrew Rassweiler, Mark Novak, John J. Bolton, Kyle C. Cavanaugh, and Sean D. Connell. 2016. “Global Patterns of Kelp Forest Change over the Past Half-Century.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 48 (November): 13785–90. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606102113.

———. 2016. “Global Patterns of Kelp Forest Change over the Past Half-Century.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (48): 13785–90. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606102113.

Langton, Richard, Simona Augyte, Nichole Price, John Forster, Thomas Noji, Gretchen Grebe, Adam St Gelais, and Carrie J. Byron. 2019. “An Ecosystem Approach to the Culture of Seaweed.” NMFS-F/SPO-195. U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/TMSPO195.pdf.

Lankard, Dune. 2021. “A Native Perspective on Regenerative Ocean Farming.” Native Conservancy. 2021. https://www.nativeconservancy.org/2021/02/05/a-native-perspective-on-regenerative-ocean-farming/.

Lean, Ian J., Helen M. Golder, Tianna M. D. Grant, and Peter J. Moate. 2021. “A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Feeding Seaweed on Beef and Dairy Cattle Performance and Methane Yield.” https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434923v1.

LeWine, Howard. 2020. “Fish Oil: Friend or Foe?” Harvard Health Blog (blog). April 27, 2020. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/fish-oil-friend-or-foe-201307126467.

Li, Guancheng, Lijing Cheng, Jiang Zhu, Kevin E. Trenberth, Michael E. Mann, and John P. Abraham. 2020. “Increasing Ocean Stratification over the Past Half-Century.” Nature Climate Change 10 (December): 1116–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00918-2.

“Livestock and Poultry: World Markets and Trade.” 2021, July. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/livestock_poultry.pdf.

Machado, Lorenna, Marie Magnusson, Nicholas A. Paul, Robert Kinley, Rocky de Nys, and Nigel Tomkins. 2016. “Dose-Response Effects of Asparagopsis Taxiformis and Oedogonium Sp. on in Vitro Fermentation and Methane Production.” Journal of Applied Phycology 28 (April): 1443–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-015-0639-9.

“Macroalgae Research Inspiring Novel Energy Resources.” n.d. Mariner. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://arpa-e.energy.gov/technologies/programs/mariner.

Magoum, Inès. 2020. “NAMIBIA: Kelp Blue to Develop a Giant Kelp Farm on the Country’s Coasts.” Afrik 21. November 10, 2020. https://www.afrik21.africa/en/namibia-kelp-blue-to-develop-a-giant-kelp-farm-on-the-countrys-coasts/.

Malcolm, Jess. 2020. “Could Seaweed Forests Help Turn the Tide in the Fight against Climate Change?” ABC News, May 29, 2020. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-05-30/seaweed-and-climate-heating/12283584.

“Marine Permaculture.” n.d. Climate Foundation. https://www.climatefoundation.org/marine-permaculture.html.

“Marine Permaculture Could ‘Reforest’ the Oceans, Draw 102 Gigatons of CO2 by 2050.” 2019. The Energy Mix. March 3, 2019. https://theenergymix.com/2019/03/03/marine-permaculture-could-reforest-the-oceans-draw-102-gigatons-of-co2-by-2050/.

“Marine Permaculture Offshore Executive Summary.” 2019. Climate Foundation. https://www.climatefoundation.org/uploads/3/0/2/0/30209783/marine_permaculture_exec_summ_august_2019_two_pager.pdf.

Marine Permaculture with Brian Von Herzen. n.d. Accessed October 13, 2021. http://thedrawdownagenda.com/podcast/episode-8-marine-permaculture-with-brian-von-herzen/.

Matei, Adrienne. 2020. “‘Bringing Beaches Back to Life’: The First Nations Restoring Ancient Clam Gardens.” The Guardian, September 23, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/23/clam-gardens-first-nations-beaches-pacific-northwest.

Matsumoto, Nancy. 2011. “Plankton Is Awesome: From Spain, A Fish Farming Technique Beloved by Dan Barber.” Edible Manhattan (blog). October 10, 2011. https://www.ediblemanhattan.com/eat/plankton-is-awesome-from-spain-a-fish-farming-technique-beloved-by-dan-barber/.

“MBET Kelp Reforestation.” n.d. Marine Biology and Environmental Technologies, LLC. Accessed September 4, 2021. https://mbetechnologies.com/mbet-kelp-reforestation/.

McDowell Group. 2017. “Economic Analysis to Inform a Comprehensive Plan - PHASE II.” Alaska Mariculture Initiative. http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/Static/fishing/pdfs/mariculture/phase_2_fullreport.pdf.

“Methane and Cows FAQs.” n.d. CH4 Global. Accessed October 7, 2021. https://www.ch4global.com/faq.

Milman, Oliver. 2021. “Feeding Cows Seaweed Could Cut Their Methane Emissions by 82%, Scientists Say.” The Guardian. March 18, 2021. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/mar/18/cows-seaweed-methane-emissions-scientists.

Monet, Jenni, and Jim McAuley. 2018. “The Seaweed Hunters.” Topic. August 2018. https://www.topic.com/the-seaweed-hunters.

Mongin, Mathieu, Mark E. Baird, Scott Hadley, and Andrew Lenton. 2016. “Optimising Reef-Scale CO 2 Removal by Seaweed to Buffer Ocean Acidification.” Environmental Research Letters 11 (3): 034023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034023.

Moniz, Ernest J, Joseph S Hezir, Michael Knotek, Tim Bushman, and Sam Savitz. 2020. “Uncharted Waters: Expanding the Options for Carbon Dioxide Removal in Coastal and Ocean Environments.” Energy Futures Initiative. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58ec123cb3db2bd94e057628/t/6011a63f65321405af54681f/1611769420810/Uncharted+Waters.pdf.pdf.

Moritsun, Ole. 2013. “The Science of Seaweeds.” American Scientist, 2013.

Mork, Martin. 1996. “Wave Attenuation Due to Bottom Vegetation’.” In Waves and Nonlinear Processes in Hydrodynamics, edited by John Grue, Bjørn Gjevik, and Jan Erik Weber, 371–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0253-4_30.

Msuya, Flower E., and Anicia Q. Hurtado. 2017. “The Role of Women in Seaweed Aquaculture in the Western Indian Ocean and South-East Asia.” European Journal of Phycology 52 (4): 482–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2017.13570.

“Mussel Farming.” 2020. https://maineaqua.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Maine-Mussel-Benchmarking-Two-Pager.pdf.

“Mussel Farming Benchmark.” n.d. Marine Aquaculture Association. https://maineaqua.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Maine-Mussel-Benchmarking-Two-Pager.pdf.

Mustoe, M.Marian. 2020. Aquaculture. Salem Press Encyclopedia.

Mutale-joan, Chanda, Benhima Redouane, Elmernissi Najib, Kasmi Yassine, Karim Lyamlouli, Sbabou Laila, Youssef Zeroual, and El Arroussi Hicham. 2020. “Screening of Microalgae Liquid Extracts for Their Bio Stimulant Properties on Plant Growth, Nutrient Uptake and Metabolite Profile of Solanum Lycopersicum L.” Scientific Reports 10 (February): 2820. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59840-4.

Myers, Ransom A., and Boris Worm. 2003. “Rapid Worldwide Depletion of Predatory Fish Communities.” Nature 423 (6937): 280–83. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01610.

Nace, Trevor. 2019. “London Marathon Runners Were Handed Seaweed Pouches Instead Of Plastic Bottles.” Forbes, April 29, 2019. https://www.forbes.com/sites/trevornace/2019/04/29/london-marathon-runners-were-handed-seaweed-pouches-instead-of-plastic-bottles/.

Nelson, Amy. 2018. “Lessons from Indigenous Traditions and Innovation / Cultivating Connection: Restoring Clam Gardens.” Biohabitats. 2018. https://www.biohabitats.com/newsletter/ecology-culture-and-economy-lessons-from-indigenous-traditions-and-innovation/cultivating-connection-restoring-clam-gardens/.

Nelson, Bryan. 2019. “Coral Reef Fish Are Now Moving Into Temperate Kelp Forests, With Dire Consequences’.” Treehugger. November 21, 2019. https://www.treehugger.com/coral-reef-fish-are-now-moving-temperate-kelp-forests-dire-consequences-4861070.

“Net Primary Productivity.” 2016a. NASA Earth Observatory. NASA Earth Observatory. October 31, 2016. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/global-maps/MOD17A2_M_PSN.

“———.” 2016b. Text.Article. Earth Observatory. October 31, 2016. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/global-maps/MOD17A2_M_PSN.

“Newsletter 5.1.” 2021, January. https://www.climatefoundation.org/uploads/3/0/2/0/30209783/newsletter_5__1_.pdf.

“Nitrogen Control Program for Long Island Sound.” 2020. CT.Gov. January 15, 2020. https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Municipal-Wastewater/Nitrogen-Control-Program-for-Long-Island-Sound.

Nittle, Nadra. 500. “Could Seaweed Help Save Us From Climate Catastrophe?” HuffPost, 45:19 500, sec. Impact. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/climate-change-seaweed-methane-cows_n_5fdbcbe9c5b6094c0ff08393.

Noble, Alan. 2020. “The Ocean Without Kelp Is Like a Forest Without Trees.” AusOcean (blog). August 27, 2020. https://blog.ausocean.org/2020/08/the-ocean-without-kelp-is-like-a-forest-without-trees.html.

“Notpla.” n.d. https://www.notpla.com/.

N‘Yeurt, Antoine de Ramon, David P. Chynoweth, Mark E. Capron, Jim R. Stewart, and Mohammed A. Hasan. 2012. “Negative Carbon via Ocean Afforestation.” Process Safety and Environmental Protection, Special Issue: Negative emissions technology, 90 (6): 467–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2012.10.008.

Oakes, Kelly. 2019. “Food Carbon Footprint Facts.” Food Unfolded. October 11, 2019. https://www.foodunfolded.com/article/do-you-know-the-carbon-footprint-of-these-common-foods.

“Oceana Study Reveals Seafood Fraud Nationwide.” 2013. Oceana. https://oceana.org/reports/oceana-study-reveals-seafood-fraud-nationwide.

Olin, P.G. n.d. “National Aquaculture Sector Overview United States of America.” FAO. Accessed October 13, 2021. https://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_usa/en.

O’Malley, Nora. 2021. “Seaweed Farming Opens World of Opportunity for Coastal B.C.” Victoria News. February 8, 2021. https://www.vicnews.com/business/seaweed-farming-opens-world-of-opportunity-for-coastal-b-c/.

One Team. 2020. “Change Diet, Add Lentils First.” Only Natural Energy (blog). April 1, 2020. https://www.onlynaturalenergy.com/change-diet-add-lentils-first/.

Ortega, Alejandra, Nathan R. Geraldi, Intikhab Alam, Allan A. Kamau, Silvia G. Acinas, Ramiro Logares, Josep M. Gasol, Ramon Massana, Dorte Krause-Jensen, and Carlos M. Duarte. 2019. “Important Contribution of Macroalgae to Oceanic Carbon Sequestration.” Nature Geoscience 12 (9): 748–54. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0421-8.

Österblom, H., J.-B. Jouffray, C. Folke, B. Crona, M. Troell, and A. Merrie. 2015. “Transnational Corporations as ‘Keystone Actors.” Marine Ecosystems. PLoS ONE 10 (5): 0127533. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127533.

“Our Approach.” n.d. GreenWave. Accessed October 13, 2021. https://www.greenwave.org/our-approach.

“Our Model.” n.d. GreenWave. Accessed October 10, 2021. https://www.greenwave.org/our-model.

“Our Products.” n.d. Ocean Rainforest. Accessed October 14, 2021. http://www.oceanrainforest.com/full-range.

“Oyster-Tecture.” n.d. SCAPE. Accessed October 10, 2021. https://www.scapestudio.com/projects/oyster-tecture/.

“Press Kit.” n.d. GreenWave. Accessed October 13, 2021. https://www.greenwave.org/press-kit.

“Products.” n.d. Kelp Blue. Accessed September 15, 2021. http://kelp.blue/industries/.

Radulovich, Ricardo, Schery Umanzor, Rubén Cabrera, and Rebeca Mata. 2015. “Tropical Seaweeds for Human Food, Their Cultivation and Its Effect on Biodiversity Enrichment’.” Aquaculture 436 (January): 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.10.032.

Raven, John A. 2017. “The Possible Roles of Algae in Restricting the Increase in Atmospheric CO2 and Global Temperature.” European Journal of Phycology 52 (4): 506–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2017.1362593.

Ray, Nicholas E., Timothy J. Maguire, Alia N. Al-Haj, Maria C. Henning, and Robinson W. Fulweiler. 2019. “Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Oyster Aquaculture.” Environmental Science & Technology, July. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b02965.

“ReefWatcher’s Field Guide to Alien and Native Hawaiian Marine Algae.” n.d. https://www.hawaii.edu/reefalgae/natives/sgfieldguide.htm.

“Restoring the Forgotten Forests in Our Ocean.” n.d. Seaforester. Accessed October 7, 2021. https://www.seaforester.org/.

Rindi, Fabio, Anna Soler-Vila, and Michael D. Guiry. 2012. “Taxonomy of Marine Macroalgae Used as Sources of Bioactive Compounds.” In Marine Bioactive Compounds: Sources, Characterization and Applications, edited by Maria Hayes, 1–53. Boston, MA: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1247-2_1.

Ritchie, Hannah, and Max Roser. 2017. “Meat and Dairy Production.” Our World in Data. August 25, 2017. https://ourworldindata.org/meat-production.

———. 2020. “CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” Our World in Data. May 11, 2020. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions.

Roberts, D., N. Paul, and S. Dworjanyn. 2015. “Biochar from Commercially Cultivated Seaweed for Soil Amelioration.” Sci Rep 5: 9665. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep09665.

Rogers-Bennett, L., and C.A. Catton. 2019. “Marine Heat Wave and Multiple Stressors Tip Bull Kelp Forest to Sea Urchin Barrens’.” Scientific Reports 9 (1): 15050. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51114-y.

Roque, Breanna M., Joan K. Salwen, Rob Kinley, and Ermias Kebreab. 2019. “Inclusion of Asparagopsis Armata in Lactating Dairy Cows’ Diet Reduces Enteric Methane Emission by over 50 Percent.” Journal of Cleaner Production 234 (October): 132–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.193.

Roque, Breanna M., Marielena Venegas, Robert D. Kinley, Rocky de Nys, Toni L. Duarte, Xiang Yang, and Ermias Kebreab. 2021. “Red Seaweed (Asparagopsis Taxiformis) Supplementation Reduces Enteric Methane by over 80 Percent in Beef Steers.” PLOS ONE 16 (3): e0247820. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247820.

Roque, Breanna Michell, Charles Garrett Brooke, Joshua Ladau, Tamsen Polley, Lyndsey Jean Marsh, Negeen Najafi, Pramod Pandey, et al. 2019. “Effect of the Macroalgae Asparagopsis Taxiformis on Methane Production and Rumen Microbiome Assemblage.” Animal Microbiome 1 (3). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42523-019-0004-4.

Rose, Julie M., Suzanne B. Bricker, Sarah Deonarine, Joao G. Ferreira, Tessa Getchis, Jon Grant, Jang K. Kim, et al. 2015. “Nutrient Bioextraction.” In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, edited by Robert A. Meyers, 1–33. New York, NY: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_944-1.

Royte, Elizabeth. 2018. “Innovative Food Packaging, Explained.” Environment. September 14, 2018. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/food-packaging-plastics-recycle-solutions.

Ruggeri, Amanda. 2018. “How to Use Seawater to Grow Food – in the Desert.” BBC Future, September 23, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180822-this-jordan-greenhouse-uses-solar-power-to-grow-crops.

Santelices, Bernabé. 2007. “The Discovery of Kelp Forests in Deep-Water Habitats of Tropical Regions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (49): 19163–64. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708963104.

Sanz-Lazaro, Carlos, and Pablo Sanchez-Jerez. 2020. “Regional Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (RIMTA): Spatially Separated, Ecologically Linked.” Journal of Environmental Management, 271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110921.

Sarapas, Kendall, Alexis Duda, and Aaron Johnson. 2017. “Polyculture (IMTA), a Better Way to Produce Fish.” Debating Science (blog). April 19, 2017. https://blogs.umass.edu/natsci397a-eross/polyculture-imta-a-better-way-to-produce-fish/.

Satariano, Adam. 2020. “The Business of Burps: Scientists Smell Profit in Cow Emissions.” The New York Times, May 1, 2020, sec. Business. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/01/business/cow-methane-climate-change.html.

Sathya, B, H Indu, Seenivasan Ramasubbu, and S Geetha. 2010. “Influence of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer on the Growth and Biochemical Composition of Legume Crop, Cajanus Cajan (L.) Millsp.” Journal of Phytology 2 (5): 51–63.

“Science for Environment Policy: Salmon Aquaculture Could Incorporate Seaweed and Sea Urchins to Reduce Nitrogen Enrichment.” 2016. European Commission DG Environment News Alert Service, no. 443 (January): 1.

“Sea Country – an Indigenous Perspective The South-East Regional Marine Plan Assessment Reports.” 2002. National Oceans Office. https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/271c0bfc-34a2-4c6c-9b02-01204ebc0f43/files/indigenous.pdf.

“Sea Otters Activity Handout.” n.d. Accessed September 23, 2021. https://www.nps.gov/glba/learn/education/upload/SeaOtters_Activity3_Handout1.pdf.

“Seaweed – A Sustainable Source of Bioplastics.” 2017. CORDIS | European Commission. March 9, 2017. https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/170424-seaweed-a-sustainable-source-of-bioplastics.

“Seaweed Aquaculture for Food Security, Income Generation and Environmental Health in Tropical Developing Countries.” n.d. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/947831469090666344/pdf/107147-WP-REVISED-Seaweed-Aquaculture-Web.pdf.

Selvam, G Ganapathy, and K Sivakumar. 2013. “Effect of Foliar Spray from Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer of Ulva Reticulata (Forsk.) on Vigna Mungo L. and Their Elemental Composition Using SEM – Energy Dispersive Spectroscopic Analysis.” Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction 2 (2): 119–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2305-0500(13)60131-1.

Shapiro, Ari, and Monika Evstatieva. 2017. “Scientists Hope To Farm The Biofuel Of The Future In The Pacific Ocean.” NPR, August 22, 2017, sec. The Salt. https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/08/22/542903378/scientists-hope-to-farm-the-biofuel-of-the-future-in-the-pacific-ocean.

Siahaan, Evi, Ratih Pangestuti, and Se-Kwon Kim. 2018. “Seaweeds: Valuable Ingredients for the Pharmaceutical Industries.” In Grand Challenges in Marine Biotechnology, edited by Pabulo Henrique Rampelotto and Antonio Trincone, 49–95. Springer. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325150391_Seaweeds_Valuable_Ingredients_for_the_Pharmaceutical_Industries.

Silverstein, Alvin, Virginia B Silverstein, and Robert A Silverstein. 1995. The Sea Otter. Brookfield, Conn: The Millbrook Press. https://archive.org/details/seaotterendanger00alvi/page/38/mode/2up?q=soft+gold.

Silwer, Hanna. 2018. “Macroalgae as Feed Supplement for Reduction of Methane Emission in Livestock:  Overview of Current Knowledge and Potential Nordic Species.” Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/13616/.

Singh, Jyoti, and Dolly Wattal Dhar. 2019. “Overview of Carbon Capture Technology: Microalgal Biorefinery Concept and State-of-the-Art.” Frontiers in Marine Science 6: 29. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00029.

Slatkin, Eric. 2019. “A Plan for Climate Change Emissions More People Should Know About.” Age of Awareness (blog). March 1, 2019. https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/a-plan-for-climate-change-emissions-more-people-should-know-about-91073a71dc94.

Smith, Bren. 2020. Eat like a Fish: My Adventures Farming the Ocean to Fight Climate Change. Vintage Books, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC.

Smith, Brendan. 2011. “The Coming Green Wave: Ocean Farming to Fight Climate Change.” The Atlantic, November 23, 2011. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/11/the-coming-green-wave-ocean-farming-to-fight-climate-change/248750/.

Sneed, Annie. 2020. “Could Our Energy Come from Giant Seaweed Farms in the Ocean?” Scientific American. March 16, 2020. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/could-our-energy-come-from-giant-seaweed-farms-in-the-ocean/.

“State of the States: Status of U.S. Seaweed Aquaculture.” 2020. https://seaweedhub.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/SOS_Slides-with-Speaker-Notes_1.pdf.

Stopha, Mark. n.d. “Alaska Kelp Farming, Alaska Department of Fish and Game.” Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Accessed October 13, 2021. http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=949.

Suganya, T., M. Varman, H. H. Masjuki, and S. Renganathan. 2016. “Macroalgae and Microalgae as a Potential Source for Commercial Applications along with Biofuels Production: A Biorefinery Approach.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 55 (March): 909–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.026.

Sun, Yongge, Shengyi Mao, Feiyu Wang, Pingan Peng, and Pingxia Chai. 2013. “Identification of the Kukersite-Type Source Rocks in the Ordovician Stratigraphy from the Tarim Basin, NW China.” Chinese Science Bulletin 58 (35). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-013-5963-3.

“Sustainable Ancient Aquaculture.” 2013. National Geographic. 2013. https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2013/07/11/sustainable-ancient-aquaculture/.

“Symbrosia | Reducing Livestock Methane with Seaweed.” n.d. Symbrosia. Accessed August 30, 2021. https://symbrosia.co.

Taboada, M. C., R. Millán, and M. I. Miguez. 2013. “Nutritional Value of the Marine Algae Wakame (Undaria Pinnatifida) and Nori (Porphyra Purpurea) as Food Supplements.” Journal of Applied Phycology 25 (October): 1271–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-012-9951-9.

Temple, James. 2019. “How Seaweed Could Shrink Livestock’s Global Carbon Hoofprint.” MIT Technology Review (blog). January 2, 2019. https://medium.com/mit-technology-review/how-seaweed-could-shrink-livestocks-global-carbon-hoofprint-bed9ab701c7a.

“The Dangers of Industrial Ocean Fish Farming.” 2018. Washington D.C.: Friends of the Earth. https://foe.org/resources/dangers-industrial-ocean-fish-farming/#:~:text=From%20direct%20discharge%20of%20heavy,farms%20devastate%20the%20ocean%20ecosystem.

The Economist. 2019. “The Answer to Livestock That Burp Methane May Be Seaweed,” October 31, 2019. https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2019/10/31/the-answer-to-livestock-that-burp-methane-may-be-seaweed.

“The Global Status of Seaweed Production, Trade and Utilization.” 2018. Globefish Research Programme Volume 124. Rome: FAO.

“The Knowledge of Native Peoples in Coastal Science.” 2020. California Sea Grant. November 19, 2020. https://caseagrant.ucsd.edu/news/the-knowledge-of-native-peoples-in-coastal-science.

“The Magnitude and Impacts of Anthropogenic Atmospheric Nitrogen Inputs to the Ocean.” 2018. 97. GESAMP Reports and Studies. GESAMP. http://www.gesamp.org/publications/the-magnitude-and-impacts-of-anthropogenic-atmospheric-nitrogen-inputs-to-the-ocean.

The State of World Fisheries and Aquacullture 2018 - Meeting the Sustainablle Development Goals. 2018. The State of the World 2018. Rome.

The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020 - Sustainability in action. 2020. The State of the World 2020. Rome, Italy: FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9229en.

Theuerkauf, Seth J., James A. Morris, Tiffany J. Waters, Lisa C. Wickliffe, Heidi K. Alleway, and Robert C. Jones. 2019. “A Global Spatial Analysis Reveals Where Marine Aquaculture Can Benefit Nature and People.” Plos One 14 (10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222282.

Thorpe, Andy. 2009. “Enteric Fermentation and Ruminant Eructation: The Role (and Control?) Of Methane in the Climate Change Debate.” Climatic Change 93 (3–4): 407–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-008-9506-x.

Thurstan, Ruth H., Zoё Brittain, David S. Jones, Elizabeth Cameron, Jennifer Dearnaley, and Alecia Bellgrove. 2018. “Aboriginal Uses of Seaweeds in Temperate Australia: An Archival Assessment.” Journal of Applied Phycology 30 (3): 1821–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1384-z.

Tong, Tiffany. 2020. “Kelp Forests: Restoring a Lifeline for the Ocean’.” Earth.Org. May 11, 2020. https://earth.org/kelp-forests-lifeline-for-the-ocean/.

Toniello, Ginevra, Dana Lepofsky, Gavia Lertzman-Lepofsky, Anne K. Salomon, and Kirsten Rowell. 2019. “11,500 Y of Human–Clam Relationships Provide Long-Term Context for Intertidal Management in the Salish Sea, British Columbia.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 44: 22106–14. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905921116.

“Transforming Ocean Conservation in California.” 2021. The Nature Conservancy. August 31, 2021. https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/united-states/california/stories-in-california/california-oceans-program/.

Turner, Nancy J. 2001. “Coastal Peoples and Marine Plants on the Northwest Coast’.” In IAMSLIC Conference Proceedings, 8.

Turner, N.J., K. Recalma-Clutesi, and D. Deur. 2013. “Back to the Clam Gardens.” Ecotrust Magazine, 2013.

Turner, Vanessa jans-. 2020. “Seaweed 101: The Potential of Seaweed Aquaculture in the Blue Economy.” Investable Oceans. December 18, 2020. https://www.investableoceans.com/blogs/insights/seaweed-101-the-potential-of-seaweed-aquaculture-in-the-blue-economy.

“Understanding Global Warming Potentials.” 2016. Overviews and Factsheets. US EPA. January 12, 2016. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/understanding-global-warming-potentials.

University of California - Santa Cruz. 2021. “The Collapse of Northern California Kelp Forests Will Be Hard to Reverse.” ScienceDaily. March 5, 2021. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/03/210305080126.htm.

Upling, Jumah Yashier. 2020. “A Review on Waste Absorption Efficiency of Different Extractive Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) Species: Implications in Coastal and Offshore Aquaculture Waste Management.” GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 11 (2): 257–64. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.11.2.01.

Vaughan, Mehana Blaich. 2018. Kaiāulu: Gathering Tides. Oregon State University Press.

Vijayakumar, S., S. Durgadevi, P. Arulmozhi, S. Rajalakshmi, T. Gopalakrishnan, and N. Parameswari. 2019. “Effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of Capsicum Annum L.” Acta Ecologica Sinica 39 (5): 406–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.10.001.

“Volumes of the World’s Oceans from ETOPO1.” 2009. NCEI National Geophysical Data Center. March 27, 2009. https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/etopo1_ocean_volumes.html.

Wang, Brian. 2017. “So Long Global Warming and Thanks for All of the Fish.” Next Big Future (blog). July 31, 2017. https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2017/07/so-long-global-warming-and-thanks-for-all-of-the-fish.html.

Ward, Georgia M., Joseph P. Faisan, Elizabeth J. Cottier‐Cook, Claire Gachon, Anicia Q. Hurtado, Phaik E. Lim, Ivy Matoju, Flower E. Msuya, David Bass, and Juliet Brodie. 2019. “A Review of Reported Seaweed Diseases and Pests in Aquaculture in Asia.” Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 51 (4): 815–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12649.

Waters, T.J.Lionata, Prasetyo Wibowo H., Jones T., Theuerkauf R., Usman S., Amin S., I., and M. Ilman. 2019. “Coastal Conservation and Sustainable Livelihoods through Seaweed Aquaculture in Indonesia: A Guide for Buyers, Conservation Practitioners, and Farmers, Version 1.” Arlington VA, USA and Jakarta, Indonesia: The Nature Conservancy.

“We Need A Blue New Deal For Our Oceans.” n.d. Elizabeth Warren. Accessed October 7, 2021. https://elizabethwarren.com/plans/blue-new-deal.

Wheeler, Timothy B. 2020. “Oyster Growers Hope Polluters Will Shell out for Nutrient Credits.” Bay Journal. May 11, 2020. https://www.bayjournal.com/news/fisheries/oyster-growers-hope-polluters-will-shell-out-for-nutrient-credits/article_d5d4abac-8e1e-11ea-be85-8f3b710e121b.html.

Wilcox, Brian. 2017. “Robotic Kelp Farms Offer Hope for Cheaper Biofuels’.” Springwise. September 11, 2017. https://www.springwise.com/robotic-kelp-farms-offer-hope-cheaper-biofuels/.

Wood, Matt. 2017. “World War I-Era Maps Help Track History of Kelp Forests in Pacific Northwest.” December 21, 2017. https://news.uchicago.edu/story/world-war-i-era-maps-help-track-history-kelp-forests-pacific-northwest.

Woody, Todd. 2019. “Seaweed ‘Forests’ Can Help Fight Climate Change.” National Geographic. August 29, 2019. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/08/forests-of-seaweed-can-help-climate-change-without-fire/.

———. 2020. “California’s Critical Kelp Forests Are Disappearing in a Warming World. Can They Be Saved?” National Geographic. April 30, 2020. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/california-critical-kelp-forests-disappearing-warming-world-can-they-be-saved.

“World Cattle Inventory: Ranking Of 209 Countries (FAO).” 2020. Beef2Live. 2020. https://beef2live.com/story-world-cattle-inventory-ranking-209-countries-fao-247-127843.

Wozniacka, Gosia. 2019. “Can We Grow Enough Seaweed to Help Cows Fight Climate Change?” Civil Eats. June 3, 2019. https://civileats.com/2019/06/03/can-we-grow-enough-seaweed-to-help-cows-fight-climate-change/.

Xia, Bangmei, and Isabella A. Abbott. 1987. “Edible Seaweeds of China and Their Place in the Chinese Diet.” Economic Botany 41 (3): 341–53.

Xiao, Xi, Susana Agusti, Fang Lin, Ke Li, Yaoru Pan, Yan Yu, Yuhan Zheng, Jiaping Wu, and Carlos M. Duarte. 2017. “Nutrient Removal from Chinese Coastal Waters by Large-Scale Seaweed Aquaculture.” Scientific Reports 7 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46613.

Xie, Xiaomin, John K. Volkman, Jianzhong Qin, Tenger Borjigin, Lizeng Bian, and Lunju Zhen. 2014. “Petrology and Hydrocarbon Potential of Microalgal and Macroalgal Dominated Oil Shales from the Eocene Huadian Formation, NE China.” International Journal of Coal Geology 124 (April): 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2013.12.013.

Yang, Li-En, Qin-Qin Lu, and Juliet Brodie. 2017. “A Review of the Bladed Bangiales (Rhodophyta) in China: History, Culture and Taxonomy.” European Journal of Phycology 52 (3): 251–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2017.1309689.

Yu-Qing, Tang, Kaiser Mahmood, Ruqyia Shehzadi, and Muhammad Furqan Ashraf. 2016. “Ulva Lactuca and Its Polysaccharides: Food and Biomedical Aspects.” Journal of Biology 6 (1): 12.

Zhang, Lu, and Xiangyang Sun. 2017. “Addition of Seaweed and Bentonite Accelerates the Two-Stage Composting of Green Waste.” Bioresource Technology 243 (November): 154–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.099.

Zimmer, Carl. 2019. “How Did Plants Conquer Land? These Humble Algae Hold Clues.” The New York Times, November 14, 2019, sec. Science. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/14/science/plant-genes-evolution.html.

Mangroves

“2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4.” 2006. IPCC Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Initiatives. 2006. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html.

“2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands.” 2013. Switzerland: IPCC. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/wetlands/index.html.

Abram, Nicola K., Douglas C. MacMillan, Panteleimon Xofis, Marc Ancrenaz, Joseph Tzanopoulos, Robert Ong, and Benoit Goossens. 2016. “Identifying Where REDD+ Financially Out-Competes Oil Palm in Floodplain Landscapes Using a Fine-Scale Approach.” In PLoS ONE 11, 6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156481.

Ahmed, Nesar, and Marion Glaser. 2016. “Coastal Aquaculture, Mangrove Deforestation and Blue Carbon Emissions: Is REDD+ a Solution?” Marine Policy 66 (April): 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.01.011.

Alban, De, Jose Don Tungol, Johanness Jamaludin, Donovan Wen Wong, Maung Maung Than, and Edward Layman Webb. December. “Improved Estimates of Mangrove Cover and Change Reveal Catastrophic Deforestation in Myanmar.” Environmental Research Letters. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab666d.

Barclay, Eliza. 2019. “Supertrees: Meet Indonesia’s Mangrove, the Tree That Stores Carbon.” 2019. https://www.vox.com/2019/12/12/21009910/climate-change-indonesia-mangroves-palm-oil-shrimp-negative-emissions-blue-carbon.

“Blue-Billed Curassow.” 2021. American Bird Conservancy. January 29, 2021. https://abcbirds.org/bird/blue-billed-curassow/.

“Building with Nature Indonesia.” n.d. EcoShape. https://www.ecoshape.org/en/pilots/building-with-nature-indonesia/.

Byrd, Kristin B., Laurel Ballanti, Nathan Thomas, Dung Nguyen, James R. Holmquist, Marc Simard, and Lisamarie Windham-Myers. 2018. “A Remote Sensing-Based Model of Tidal Marsh Aboveground Carbon Stocks for the Conterminous United States.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 139 (May): 255–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.03.019.

Carney Almroth, Bethanie, and Håkan Eggert. 2019. “Marine Plastic Pollution: Sources, Impacts, and Policy                            Issues.” Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 13 (2): 317–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rez012.

“Communities in Madagascar Launch the World’s Largest Mangrove Carbon Conservation Project.” 2019. Blue Ventures. October 1, 2019. https://blueventures.org/communities-in-madagascar-launch-the-worlds-largest-mangrove-carbon-conservation-project/.

Cox, Lisa. 2019. “Dead Mangrove Forests in Northern Australia Found to Emit More Methane than Live Trees.” The Guardian, July 2, 2019, sec. Environment. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/02/dead-mangrove-forests-in-northern-australia-found-to-emit-more-methane-than-live-trees.

Dargie, G. C., S. L. Lewis, I. T. Lawson, E. T. A. Mitchard, S. E. Page, Y. E. Bocko, and S. A. Ifo. 2017. “Age, Extent and Carbon Storage of the Central Congo Basin Peatland Complex.” Nature 542 (7639): 86–90.

Dargie, Greta C., Ian T. Lawson, Tim J. Rayden, Lera Miles, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Susan E. Page, Yannick E. Bocko, Suspense A. Ifo, and Simon L. Lewis. 2019. “Congo Basin Peatlands: Threats and Conservation Priorities.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 24 (4): 669–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-017-9774-8.

“Deforestation and Climate Change.” 2019. Climate Council. 2019. https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/deforestation/#:~:text=When%20forests%20are%20cleared%20or.

Donato, Daniel C., J.Boone Kauffman, Daniel Murdiyarso, Sofyan Kurnianto, Melanie Stidham, and Markku Kanninen. 2011. “Mangroves among the Most Carbon-Rich Forests in the Tropics.” Nature Geoscience 4 (5): 293–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1123.

Duarte, Carlos M., Iñigo J. Losada, Iris E. Hendriks, Inés Mazarrasa, and Núria Marbà. 2013. “The Role of Coastal Plant Communities for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation.” Nature Climate Change 3 (11): 961–68. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1970.

Duarte, C.M., S. Agusti, and E. Barbier. 2020. “Rebuilding Marine Life.” Nature 580: 39–51.

Duke, Norman, Marilyn Ball, and Joanna Ellison. 1998. “Factors Influencing Biodiversity and Distributional Gradients in Mangroves.” Global Ecology & Biogeography Letters 7 (1): 27–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.1998.00269.x.

DW. 2018. Protecting Mangroves in Gambia. https://www.dw.com/en/protecting-mangroves-in-gambia/av-43552484.

Ellison, Aaron M., Elizabeth J. Farnsworth, and Rachel E. Merkt. 1999. “Origins of Mangrove Ecosystems and the Mangrove Biodiversity Anomaly.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 8 (2): 95–115. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822X.1999.00126.x.

“Environmental Justice Atlas.” n.d. EJ Atlas. https://ejatlas.org/print/mangrove-forest-conversion-for-oil-palm-plantations.

Flowers, Timothy J., and Timothy D. Colmer. 2015. “Plant Salt Tolerance: Adaptations in Halophytes.” Annals of Botany 115 (3): 327–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcu267.

Fourqurean, James W., Carlos M. Duarte, Hilary Kennedy, Núria Marbà, Marianne Holmer, Miguel Angel Mateo, Eugenia T. Apostolaki, et al. 2012. “Seagrass Ecosystems as a Globally Significant Carbon Stock.” Nature Geoscience 5 (7): 505–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1477.

Fritz, D., and F. Venter. 1988. “Heavy Metals In Some Vegetable Crops As Influenced By Municipal Waste Composts.” In Acta Horticulturae, 51–62. International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS), Leuven, Belgium. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1988.222.6.

Gallo, Natalya, David Victor, and Lisa Levin. 2017. “Ocean Commitments under the Paris Agreement.” Nature Climate Change 7 (November). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3422.

Giri, C., E. Ochieng, L. L. Tieszen, Z. Zhu, A. Singh, T. Loveland, J. Masek, and N. Duke. 2011. “Status and Distribution of Mangrove Forests of the World Using Earth Observation Satellite Data.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 20 (1): 154–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00584.x.

“Global Mangrove Watch (1996-2016).” n.d. UNEP WCMC. https://data.unep-wcmc.org/datasets/45.

Goldstein, Allie, Will Turner, Seth Spawn-Lee, Kristina Anderson-Teixeira, Susan Cook-Patton, Joseph Fargione, Holly Gibbs, et al. 2020. “Protecting Irrecoverable Carbon in Earth’s Ecosystems.” Nature Climate Change 10 (March). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0738-8.

Green, Edmund P., and Frederick T. Short. 2003. World Atlas of Seagrasses. UNEP-WCMC. http://archive.org/details/worldatlasofseag03gree.

Griscom, Bronson W., Justin Adams, Peter W. Ellis, Richard A. Houghton, Guy Lomax, Daniela A. Miteva, William H. Schlesinger, et al. 2017. “Natural Climate Solutions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (44): 11645–50. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114.

Hamilton, Stuart E., and Daniel Casey. 2016. “Creation of a High Spatio-Temporal Resolution Global Database of Continuous Mangrove Forest Cover for the 21st Century (CGMFC-21.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 25 (6): 729–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12449.

Hengl, Tomislav, and Ichsani Wheeler. 2018. “Soil Organic Carbon Stock in Kg/M2 for 5 Standard Depth Intervals (0–10, 10–30, 30–60, 60–100 and 100–200 Cm) at 250 m Resolution.” Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2536040.

Hogan, Linda. 1996. Dwellings: A Spiritual History of the Living World. 1. Touchstone ed. A Touchstone Book. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Hotlz, Michael. 2013. “Saved by the Mangroves? A Philippine Town Dodges Haiyan’s Storm Surge.” The World. November 29, 2013. https://www.pri.org/stories/2013-11-29/saved-mangroves-philippine-town-dodges-haiyans-storm-surge.

“How Four Communities’ Value and Protect Their Mangroves.” 2020. WWF (blog). July 23, 2020. https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/how-four-communities-value-and-protect-their-mangroves.

Howard, Jennifer, Ariana Sutton-Grier, Dorothée Herr, Joan Kleypas, Emily Landis, Elizabeth Mcleod, Emily Pidgeon, and Stefanie Simpson. 2017. “Clarifying the Role of Coastal and Marine Systems in Climate Mitigation.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 15 (1): 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1451.

Hu, Tianyu, YingYing Zhang, Yanjun Su, Yi Zheng, Guanghui Lin, and Qinghua Guo. 2020. “Mapping the Global Mangrove Forest Aboveground Biomass Using Multisource Remote Sensing Data.” Remote Sensing 12 (10): 1690. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12101690.

Hutchison, James, Andrea Manica, Ruth Swetnam, Andrew Balmford, and Mark Spalding. 2013. “Predicting Global Patterns in Mangrove Forest Biomass.” Conservation Letters 7 (3): 233–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12060.

“Indonesia Reduces Deforestation, Norway to Pay Up.” 2019. World Resources Institute. 2019. https://www.wri.org/blog/2019/02/indonesia-reduces-deforestation-norway-pay.

Inoue, Tomomi. 2019. “Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves.” In Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems: Carbon Dynamics, Policy, and Implementation, edited by Tomohiro Kuwae and Masakazu Hori, 73–99. Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3.

“International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem.” 2018. UNESCO. July 26, 2018. https://en.unesco.org/commemorations/mangroveday.

Irfan, Umair. 2020. “Can You Really Negate Your Carbon Emissions? Carbon Offsets, Explained.” Vox. 2020. https://www.vox.com/2020/2/27/20994118/carbon-offset-climate-change-net-zero-neutral-emissions.

Järviö, Natasha, Patrik J. G. Henriksson, and Jeroen B. Guinée. 2018. “Including GHG Emissions from Mangrove Forests LULUC in LCA: A Case Study on Shrimp Farming in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam.” The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 23 (5): 1078–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-017-1332-9.

Kamal, Shafagh, Jan Warnken, Majid Bakhtiyari, and Shing Yip Lee. 2017. “Sediment Distribution in Shallow Estuaries at Fine Scale: In Situ Evidence of the Effects of Three-Dimensional Structural Complexity of Mangrove Pneumatophores.” Hydrobiologia 803 (1): 121–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-017-3178-3.

Kamara, Samuel Mohamed. 2019. “Using Earth Observation Data to Save the Mangrove Ecosystem in Sierra Leone.” Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Data (blog). October 24, 2019. https://www.data4sdgs.org/news/using-earth-observation-data-save-mangrove-ecosystem-sierra-leone.

Kane, Cassandra. 2018. “Saving the Mangroves to Save the Clams — and a Way of Life.” Conservation International. June 21, 2018. https://www.conservation.org/blog/saving-the-mangroves-to-save-the-clams-and-a-way-of-life.

Kauffman, J. Boone, Virni B. Arifanti, Humberto Hernández Trejo, Maria del Carmen Jesús García, Jennifer Norfolk, Miguel Cifuentes, Deddy Hadriyanto, and Daniel Murdiyarso. 2017. “The Jumbo Carbon Footprint of a Shrimp: Carbon Losses from Mangrove Deforestation.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 15 (4): 183–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1482.

“Key Deer.” n.d. National Wildlife Federation. Accessed September 21, 2021. https://www.nwf.org/Home/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Mammals/Key-Deer.

Kinver, Mark. 2016. “Rice and Palm Oil Risk to Mangroves.” BBC News, 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35198675.

Kolb, Andrew. 2016. “6 Facts You Need to Know about Mangroves.” Conservation (blog). July 25, 2016. https://www.conservation.org/blog/6-things-you-need-to-know-about-mangroves-but-never-thought-to-ask.

“Land Cover CCI Climate Research Data Package (CRDP) Viewer.” n.d. European Space Agency. Accessed September 8, 2021. http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download.php.

Lavieren, Hanneke Van, Mark Spalding, Daniel M. Alongi, Mami Kainuma, Miguel Clüsener-Godt, and Zafar Adeel. 2012. “Securing the Future of Mangroves.” http://www.unesco.org/science/doc/mab/MangrovesPolicyBrief2012_FINAL_OCT17_WEB.pdf.

“Legalization of Indigenous Territories in Colombia: Advances in the Consolidation of Biocultural Corridors.” n.d. The Amazon Conservation Team. https://www.amazonteam.org/maps/colombia-land-rights/en/index.html.

Lovelock, Catherine E., and Carlos M. Duarte. 2019. “Dimensions of Blue Carbon and Emerging Perspectives.” Biology Letters 15 (3): 20180781. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0781.

“Mangrove Acted as Natural Barrier to Cyclone Amphan in Odisha.” 2020. The Statesman (blog). June 6, 2020. https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/bhubaneshwar/mangrove-acted-natural-barrier-cyclone-amphan-odisha-1502896964.html.

“Mangrove Forests - What You Should Know about These Forests.” n.d. Mangrove Alliance. http://www.mangrovealliance.org/mangrove-forests/.

“Mangrove Restoration and Women Empowerment.” n.d. MyClimate. Accessed August 31, 2021. https://www.myclimate.org/information/carbon-offset-projects/detail-carbon-offset-projects/mangrove-myanmar-7216/.

“Mangroves and Markets (MAM).” n.d. IUCN. https://www.iucn.org/regions/asia/our-work/regional-projects/mangroves-and-markets-mam.

“Mangroves: Nurseries for the World’s Seafood Supply.” 2017. IUCN. August 24, 2017. https://www.iucn.org/news/forests/201708/mangroves-nurseries-world%E2%80%99s-seafood-supply.

“Map of the Month: Where Are the World’s Wetlands?” 2019. Resource Watch (blog). April 17, 2019. https://blog.resourcewatch.org/2019/04/17/map-of-the-month-where-are-the-worlds-wetlands/#:~:text=Developed%20by%20the%20World%20Wildlife.

Mcleod, Elizabeth, Gail L. Chmura, Steven Bouillon, Rodney Salm, Mats Björk, Carlos M. Duarte, Catherine E. Lovelock, William H. Schlesinger, and Brian R. Silliman. 2011. “A Blueprint for Blue Carbon: Toward an Improved Understanding of the Role of Vegetated Coastal Habitats in Sequestering CO2.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9 (10): 552–60. https://doi.org/10.1890/110004.

Mcowen, Chris, Lauren Weatherdon, Jan-Willem Bochove, Emma Sullivan, Simon Blyth, Christoph Zockler, Damon Stanwell-Smith, et al. 2017. “A Global Map of Saltmarshes.” Biodiversity Data Journal 5 (March): e11764. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e11764.

McSweeney, Robert. 2019. “Mangrove Deforestation Emits as Much CO2 as Myanmar Each Year.” Carbon Brief. February 19, 2019. https://www.carbonbrief.org/mangrove-deforestation-emits-as-much-co2-as-myanmar-each-year.

Naha, Dipanjan, Yadvendradev V. Jhala, Qamar Qureshi, Manjari Roy, Kalyansundaram Sankar, and Rajesh Gopal. 2016. “Ranging, Activity and Habitat Use by Tigers in the Mangrove Forests of the Sundarban.” PLOS ONE 11 (4): e0152119. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152119.

Noon, Monica, Allie Goldstein, Juan Carlos Ledezma, Patrick Roehrdanz, Susan C. Cook-Patton, Seth Spawn-Lee, Timothy Maxwell Wright, et al. n.d. “Mapping the Irrecoverable Carbon in Earth’s Ecosystems - Submitted Manuscript.” Science.

Olson, David M., Eric Dinerstein, Eric D. Wikramanayake, Neil D. Burgess, George V. N. Powell, Emma C. Underwood, Jennifer A. D’amico, et al. 2001. “Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth: A New Global Map of Terrestrial Ecoregions Provides an Innovative Tool for Conserving Biodiversity.” BioScience 51 (11): 933–38. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2.

“On World Mangrove Day, a New Strategy to Protect the World’s Most Important Ecosystem.” n.d. Conservation. https://www.conservation.org/blog/on-world-mangrove-day-a-new-strategy-to-protect-the-worlds-most-important-ecosystem.

Oregon State University. 2018. “Amazon Mangroves Store Twice as Much Carbon per Acre as Region’s Famous Rainforest.” ScienceDaily. September 27, 2018. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/09/180927145314.htm#:~:text=Mangroves%20represent%200.6%20percent%20of.

Ouyang, Xiaoguang, and Fen Guo. 2016. “Paradigms of Mangroves in Treatment of Anthropogenic Wastewater Pollution.” Science of The Total Environment 544 (February): 971–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.013.

Pendleton, Linwood, Daniel C Donato, Brian C Murray, Stephen Crooks, W Aaron Jenkins, Samantha Sifleet, Christopher Craft, et al. 2012. “Estimating Global ‘Blue Carbon’ Emissions from Conversion and Degradation of Vegetated Coastal Ecosystems.” PloS One 7 (9): e43542. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043542.

Peters, Adele. 2019a. “Inside Apple’s Plan to Protect a 27,000-Acre Forest in Colombia.” Fast Company. 2019. https://www.fastcompany.com/90338108/inside-apples-plan-to-protect-a-27000-acre-forest-in-colombia.

———. 2019b. “These Tree-Planting Drones Are Firing Seed Missiles to Restore the World’s Forests.” Fast Company. April 2019. https://www.fastcompany.com/90329982/these-tree-planting-drones-are-firing-seed-missiles-to-restore-the-worlds-forests.

———. 2020. “The Planet Is Full of Land Holding ‘Irrecoverable Carbon’—and It’s at Risk.” Fast Company, March 31, 2020. https://www.fastcompany.com/90483832/the-planet-is-full-of-land-holding-irrecoverable-carbon-and-its-at-risk.

Pramudya, Eusebius Pantja, Otto Hospes, and C.J.A.M. Termeer. 2017. “The Disciplining of Illegal Palm Oil Plantations in Sumatra.” Third World Quarterly 39 (5): 920–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2017.1401462.

Queiroz, Luciana de Souza, Sergio Rossi, Laura Calvet-Mir, Isabel Ruiz-Mallén, Sara García-Betorz, Júlia Salvà-Prat, and Antônio Jeovah de Andrade Meireles. 2017. “Neglected Ecosystem Services: Highlighting the Socio-Cultural Perception of Mangroves in Decision-Making Processes.” Ecosystem Services 26 (August): 137–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.06.013.

“Review of Policy and Legislation Relating to Mangroves, the Use and Management of Mangroves in Tonga.” n.d. In , 57. Mangrove Ecosystems For Climate Change Adaptation And Livelihood (MESCAL). IUCN. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/content/documents/tonga_policy_and_legislative_review_report.pdf.

Richards, Daniel R., and Daniel A. Friess. 2015. “Rates and Drivers of Mangrove Deforestation in Southeast Asia, 2000–2012.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (2): 344–49. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510272113.

Romañach, Stephanie S., Donald L. DeAngelis, Hock Lye Koh, Yuhong Li, Su Yean Teh, Raja Sulaiman Raja Barizan, and Lu Zhai. 2018. “Conservation and Restoration of Mangroves: Global Status, Perspectives, and Prognosis.” Ocean & Coastal Management 154 (March): 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.01.009.

Sanderman, Jonathan. 2019. “Global Mangrove Soil Carbon: Dataset and Spatial Maps.” Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/OCYUIT.

Sanderman, Jonathan, Tomislav Hengl, Greg Fiske, Kylen Solvik, Maria Fernanda Adame, Lisa Benson, Jacob J. Bukoski, et al. 2018. “A Global Map of Mangrove Forest Soil Carbon at 30m Spatial Resolution.” Environmental Research Letters 13 (5): 055002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabe1c.

Sandilyan, S., and K. Kathiresan. 2012. “Mangrove Conservation: A Global Perspective.” Biodiversity and Conservation 21 (December): 3523–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0388-x.

Sengar, Shweta. 2020. “Wake Up Call: Destruction Of Mangroves & Unplanned Construction Is Why Mumbai Floods Every Year.” India Times, August 6, 2020. https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/destruction-of-mangroves-is-why-mumbai-floods-every-year-519711.html.

Sidik, Frida, and Catherine E. Lovelock. 2013. “CO2 Efflux from Shrimp Ponds in Indonesia.” PLOS ONE 8 (6): e66329. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066329.

Sievers, Michael, Christopher J. Brown, Vivitskaia J. D. Tulloch, Ryan M. Pearson, Jodie A. Haig, Mischa P. Turschwell, and Rod M. Connolly. 2019. “The Role of Vegetated Coastal Wetlands for Marine Megafauna Conservation.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 34 (9): 807–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.004.

Simard, M., T. Fatoyinbo, C. Smetanka, V. H. Rivera-Monroy, E. Castaneda, N. Thomas, and T. Van Der Stocken. 2019. “Global Mangrove Distribution, Aboveground Biomass, and Canopy Height.” ORNL DAAC, May. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1665.

Sippo, James Z., Damien T. Maher, Douglas R. Tait, Ceylena Holloway, and Isaac R. Santos. 2016. “Are Mangroves Drivers or Buffers of Coastal Acidification? Insights from Alkalinity and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Export Estimates across a Latitudinal Transect.” Global Biogeochemical Cycles 30 (5): 753–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gb005324.

Slobig, Zach, and Leah Glass. 2019. “Blue Carbon: A Pioneering Mangrove Conservation Project in Madagascar.” Skoll. November 1, 2019. https://skoll.org/2019/11/01/how-a-pioneering-mangrove-conservation-project-could-provide-decades-of-income-for-madagascar-coastal-communities/.

Sousa, Luis M. de, Laura Poggio, Niels H. Batjes, Gerard B. M. Heuvelink, Bas Kempen, Eloi Riberio, and David Rossiter. 2020. “SoilGrids 2.0: Producing Quality-Assessed Soil Information for Theglobe.” Preprint. Soils and the natural environment. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2020-65.

Spalding, Mark, Mami Kainuma, and Lorna Collins. 2010. World Atlas of Mangroves. Earthscan.

Spawn, S. A., and H. K. Gibbs. 2020. “Global Aboveground and Belowground Biomass Carbon Density Maps for the Year 2010.” ORNL DAAC, March. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1763.

Suwastoyo, Bhimanto. 2020. “Oil Palm Top Destroyer of Mangroves in North Sumatra.” The Palm Scribe. 2020. https://thepalmscribe.id/oil-palm-top-destroyer-of-mangroves-in-north-sumatra/.

Telesca, Luca, Andrea Belluscio, Alessandro Criscoli, Giandomenico Ardizzone, Eugenia T. Apostolaki, Simonetta Fraschetti, Michele Gristina, et al. 2015. “Seagrass Meadows (Posidonia Oceanica) Distribution and Trajectories of Change.” Scientific Reports 5 (1): 12505. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12505.

“The Power of Wetlands.” 2019. Britannica. April 16, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/explore/savingearth/wetland#:~:text=Wetland%20functions%20and%20ecosystem%20benefits&text=Since%20wetlands%20may%20provide%20food.

Thomas, Nathan, Richard Lucas, Peter Bunting, Andrew Hardy, Ake Rosenqvist, and Marc Simard. 2017. “Distribution and Drivers of Global Mangrove Forest Change, 1996–2010.” Edited by Shijo Joseph. PLOS ONE 12 (6): e0179302. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179302.

UNEP-WCMC, and Frederick T. Short. 2005. “Global Distribution of Seagrasses.” WMS; KML (.kml); Vector (polygon); Vector (point). United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). https://doi.org/10.34892/X6R3-D211.

Valiela, Ivan, Jennifer L. Bowen, and Joanna K. York. 2001. “Mangrove Forests: One of the World’s Threatened Major Tropical Environments: At Least 35% of the Area of Mangrove Forests Has Been Lost in the Past Two Decades, Losses That Exceed Those for Tropical Rain Forests and Coral Reefs, Two Other Well-Known Threatened Environments.” BioScience 51 (10): 807–15. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0807:MFOOTW]2.0.CO;2.

Waters, Hannah. 2018. “Mangrove Restoration: Letting Mother Nature Do The Work.” Ocean. 2018. https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/plants-algae/mangrove-restoration-letting-mother-nature-do-work.

“What Is Blue Carbon?” n.d. The Blue Carbon Initiative. Accessed September 25, 2021. https://www.thebluecarboninitiative.org/about-blue-carbon.

“Women Guardians of the Mangroves.” 2020. The Nature Conservancy. June 1, 2020. https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/asia-pacific/asia-and-the-pacific-women-in-conservation/women-guardians-of-the-mangroves/.

Xu, Jiren, Paul J. Morris, Junguo Liu, and Joseph Holden. 2017. “PEATMAP: Refining Estimates of Global Peatland Distribution Based on a Meta-Analysis.” University of Leeds. https://archive.researchdata.leeds.ac.uk/251/.

Yan, Wudan. 2019. “Shrimp Farms Threaten Myanmar’s Remaining Mangroves.” Asia Times. May 4, 2019. https://asiatimes.com/2019/05/shrimp-farms-threaten-myanmars-remaining-mangroves/.

Tidal Salt Marshes

“2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4.” 2006. IPCC Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Initiatives. 2006. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html.

“2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands.” 2013. Switzerland: IPCC. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/wetlands/index.html.

Able, Kenneth W., Christina J. Welsh, and Ryan Larum. 2018. Salt Marsh Peat Dispersal: Habitat for Fishes, Decapod Crustaceans, and Bivalves. IntechOpen. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/59349.

Abt Associates. 2019. “Case Study: Improving Marsh Resiilence through the Hurricane Sandy Coastal Resillience Program.” 5359. Nationall Fish and Wildlife Foundation, US Department of the Interior. https://www.nfwf.org/sites/default/files/hurricanesandy/Documents/hurricane-sandy-marsh-restoration-case-study.pdf.

Adam, Paul. 2019. “Salt Marsh Restoration.” In Coastal Wetlands, 817–61. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63893-9.00023-X.

Angelini, Christine, Tjisse van der Heide, John N. Griffin, Joseph P. Morton, Marlous Derksen-Hooijberg, Leon P. M. Lamers, Alfons J. P. Smolders, and Brian R. Silliman. 2015. “Foundation Species’ Overlap Enhances Biodiversity and Multifunctionality from the Patch to Landscape Scale in Southeastern United States Salt Marshes.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282 (1811). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0421.

Ashworth, Sharon. 2015. “Can Software Save Salt Marshes?” Ensia (blog). November 2015. https://ensia.com/articles/can-software-save-salt-marshes/.

Barbier, Edward B., Sally D. Hacker, Chris Kennedy, Evamaria W. Koch, Adrian C. Stier, and Brian R. Silliman. 2011. “The Value of Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystem Services.” Ecological Monographs 81 (2): 169–93. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-1510.1.

Bellucci, Luca Giorgio, Cristian Mugnai, Silvia Giuliani, Stefania Romano, Sonia Albertazzi, and Mauro Frignani. 2013. “PCDD/F Contamination of the Venice Lagoon: A History of Industrial Activities and Past Management Choices.” Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 16 (1): 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2013.752705.

Burden, A., A. Garbutt, and C.D. Evans. 2019. “Effect of Restoration on Saltmarsh Carbon Accumulation in Eastern England.” Biology Letters 15 (1): 20180773. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0773.

Burden, A., R.A. Garbutt, C.D. Evans, D.L. Jones, and D.M. Cooper. 2013. “Carbon Sequestration and Biogeochemical Cycling in a Saltmarsh Subject to Coastal Managed Realignment.” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 120 (March): 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.01.014.

Byrd, Kristin B., Laurel Ballanti, Nathan Thomas, Dung Nguyen, James R. Holmquist, Marc Simard, and Lisamarie Windham-Myers. 2018. “A Remote Sensing-Based Model of Tidal Marsh Aboveground Carbon Stocks for the Conterminous United States.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 139 (May): 255–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.03.019.

Chastain, Stephen G., Karen Kohfeld, and Marlow G. Pellatt. 2018. Carbon Stocks and Accumulation Rates in Salt Marshes Ofthe Pacific Coast of Canada. Preprint. Biogeochemistry: Wetlands. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-166.

Chmura, Gail L., Shimon C. Anisfeld, Donald R. Cahoon, and James C. Lynch. 2003. “Global Carbon Sequestration in Tidal, Saline Wetland Soils.” Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17 (4). https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001917.

Chmura, Gail, Fred Short, and Dante Torio. 2016. North America’s Blue Carbon. Montréal: Commission for Environmental Cooperation. http://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=4532544.

“Coastal Blue Carbon.” n.d. NOAA Fisheries. Accessed September 22, 2021. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/ecosystems/coastal-blue-carbon/.

“Coastal Blue Carbon: Methods for Assessing Carbon Stocks and Emissions Factors in Mangroves, Tidal Salt Marshes, and Seagrass Meadows.” 2014. Conservation International, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, International Union for Conservation of Nature. https://www.thebluecarboninitiative.org/manual.

Conrad, Hannah. 2020. “Drowning Salt Marshes Threaten Coastal Communities.” Futurity (blog). December 29, 2020. https://www.futurity.org/sea-levels-coastal-communities-salt-marshes-2493732/.

Crosby, Sarah C., Dov F. Sax, Megan E. Palmer, Harriet S. Booth, Linda A. Deegan, Mark D. Bertness, and Heather M. Leslie. 2016. “Salt Marsh Persistence Is Threatened by Predicted Sea-Level Rise.” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 181 (November): 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.08.018.

Dargie, G. C., S. L. Lewis, I. T. Lawson, E. T. A. Mitchard, S. E. Page, Y. E. Bocko, and S. A. Ifo. 2017. “Age, Extent and Carbon Storage of the Central Congo Basin Peatland Complex.” Nature 542 (7639): 86–90.

Dargie, Greta C., Ian T. Lawson, Tim J. Rayden, Lera Miles, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Susan E. Page, Yannick E. Bocko, Suspense A. Ifo, and Simon L. Lewis. 2019. “Congo Basin Peatlands: Threats and Conservation Priorities.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 24 (4): 669–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-017-9774-8.

Deegan, Linda A., R.Scott Warren David Samuel Johnson, Bruce J. Peterson, John W. Fleeger, Sergio Fagherazzi, and Wilfred M. Wollheim. 2012. “Coastal Eutrophication as a Driver of Salt Marsh Loss.” Nature 490 (7420): 388–92. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11533.

Derksen-Hooijberg, Marlous, Christine Angelini, Leon P. M. Lamers, Annieke Borst, Alfons Smolders, Jasper R. H. Hoogveld, Hélène de Paoli, Johan van de Koppel, Brian R. Silliman, and Tjisse van der Heide. 2018. “Mutualistic Interactions Amplify Saltmarsh Restoration Success.” Journal of Applied Ecology 55 (1): 405–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12960.

Derksen-Hooijberg, Marlous, Tjisse van der Heide, Leon P. M. Lamers, Annieke Borst, Alfons J. P. Smolders, Laura L. Govers, Jasper R. H. Hoogveld, and Christine Angelini. 2019. “Burrowing Crabs Weaken Mutualism Between Foundation Species.” Ecosystems 22 (4): 767–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-018-0301-x.

Drake, Katherine, Holly Halifax, Susan C. Adamowicz, and Christopher Craft. 2015. “Carbon Sequestration in Tidal Salt Marshes of the Northeast United States.” Environmental Management 56 (4): 998–1008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0568-z.

Drexler, Judith Z. 2016. “Marsh Drowning.” In Encyclopedia of Estuaries, edited by Michael J. Kennish, 417–417. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8801-4_370.

EPA. 2021. “Draft Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 1990-2019.” EPA 430-R-21-001. EPA. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-02/documents/us-ghg-inventory-2021-main-text.pdf.

Fagherazzi, Sergio, Shimon C. Anisfeld, Linda K. Blum, Emily V. Long, Rusty A. Feagin, Arnold Fernandes, William S. Kearney, and Kimberlyn Williams. 2019. “Sea Level Rise and the Dynamics of the Marsh-Upland Boundary.” Frontiers in Environmental Science 7: 25. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00025.

“Fiddler Crabs.” n.d. University of Rhode Island Environmental Data Center. Accessed September 25, 2021. http://www.edc.uri.edu/restoration/html/gallery/invert/fiddler.htm.

Fourqurean, James W., Carlos M. Duarte, Hilary Kennedy, Núria Marbà, Marianne Holmer, Miguel Angel Mateo, Eugenia T. Apostolaki, et al. 2012. “Seagrass Ecosystems as a Globally Significant Carbon Stock.” Nature Geoscience 5 (7): 505–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1477.

Gildesgame, Emma. 2018. “Tidal Marsh Restoration Could Be a Powerful Tool to Fight Global Warming.” Yale Environment Review. December 4, 2018. https://environment-review.yale.edu/tidal-marsh-restoration-could-be-powerful-tool-fight-global-warming.

Giuliani, Silvia, and Luca G. Bellucci. 2019. “Salt Marshes: Their Role in Our Society and Threats Posed to Their Existence.” In World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation, 79–101. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805052-1.00004-8.

Green, Edmund P., and Frederick T. Short. 2003. World Atlas of Seagrasses. UNEP-WCMC. http://archive.org/details/worldatlasofseag03gree.

Griscom, Bronson W., Justin Adams, Peter W. Ellis, Richard A. Houghton, Guy Lomax, Daniela A. Miteva, William H. Schlesinger, et al. 2017. “Natural Climate Solutions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (44): 11645–50. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114.

Hansen, Virginia D., and Kelly Chinners Reiss. 2015. “Chapter 16 - Threats to Marsh Resources and Mitigation.” In Coastal and Marine Hazards, Risks, and Disasters, edited by John F. Shroder, Jean T. Ellis, and Douglas J. Sherman, 467–94. Boston: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-396483-0.00016-9.

Hataway, James. 2018. “Eugene Odum: The Father of Modern Ecology.” UGA Today (blog). January 9, 2018. https://news.uga.edu/the-father-of-modern-ecology/.

Hengl, Tomislav, and Ichsani Wheeler. 2018. “Soil Organic Carbon Stock in Kg/M2 for 5 Standard Depth Intervals (0–10, 10–30, 30–60, 60–100 and 100–200 Cm) at 250 m Resolution.” Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2536040.

“History.” 2018. Marine Institute on Sapelo Island - University of Georgia. March 14, 2018. https://ugami.uga.edu/history/.

Hutchison, James, Andrea Manica, Ruth Swetnam, Andrew Balmford, and Mark Spalding. 2013. “Predicting Global Patterns in Mangrove Forest Biomass.” Conservation Letters 7 (3): 233–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12060.

“Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 1990-2019.” 2021. US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks.

Kirwan, Matthew L., and Simon M. Mudd. 2012. “Response of Salt-Marsh Carbon Accumulation to Climate Change.” Nature 489 (7417): 550–53. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11440.

Kroeger, Kevin D., Stephen Crooks, Serena Moseman-Valtierra, and Jianwu Tang. 2017. “Restoring Tides to Reduce Methane Emissions in Impounded Wetlands: A New and Potent Blue Carbon Climate Change Intervention.” Scientific Reports 7 (1): 11914. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12138-4.

“Land Cover CCI Climate Research Data Package (CRDP) Viewer.” n.d. European Space Agency. Accessed September 8, 2021. http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download.php.

Lindsey, Rebecca. 2021. “Climate Change: Global Sea Level.” Climate.Gov. January 25, 2021. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level.

Macreadie, Peter I., Q.R. Ollivier, J.J. Kelleway, O. Serrano, P.E. Carnell, C.J.Ewers Lewis, and T.B. Atwood. 2017. “Carbon Sequestration by Australian Tidal Marshes.” Scientific Reports 7 (1): 44071. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44071.

Mcleod, Elizabeth, Gail L Chmura, Steven Bouillon, Rodney Salm, Mats Björk, Carlos M Duarte, Catherine E Lovelock, William H Schlesinger, and Brian R Silliman. 2011. “A Blueprint for Blue Carbon: Toward an Improved Understanding of the Role of Vegetated Coastal Habitats in Sequestering CO2.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9 (10): 552–60. https://doi.org/10.1890/110004.

Mcowen, Chris, Lauren Weatherdon, Jan-Willem Bochove, Emma Sullivan, Simon Blyth, Christoph Zockler, Damon Stanwell-Smith, et al. 2017. “A Global Map of Saltmarshes.” Biodiversity Data Journal 5 (March): e11764. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e11764.

Morris, James T., Donald C. Barber, John C. Callaway, Randy Chambers, Scott C. Hagen, Charles S. Hopkinson, Beverly J. Johnson, et al. 2016. “Contributions of Organic and Inorganic Matter to Sediment Volume and Accretion in Tidal Wetlands at Steady State.” Earth’s Future 4 (4): 110–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015EF000334.

Mozdzer, Thomas J., Sophie E. Drew, Joshua S. Caplan, Paige E. Weber, and Linda A. Deegan. 2020. “Rapid Recovery of Carbon Cycle Processes after the Cessation of Chronic Nutrient Enrichment.” Science of The Total Environment 750 (January): 140927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140927.

NOAA. 2021. “What Is a Salt Marsh?” National Ocean Service. February 26, 2021. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/saltmarsh.html.

Olson, David M., Eric Dinerstein, Eric D. Wikramanayake, Neil D. Burgess, George V. N. Powell, Emma C. Underwood, Jennifer A. D’amico, et al. 2001. “Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth: A New Global Map of Terrestrial Ecoregions Provides an Innovative Tool for Conserving Biodiversity.” BioScience 51 (11): 933–38. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2.

Pendleton, Linwood, Daniel C. Donato, Brian C. Murray, W.Aaron Jenkins Stephen Crooks, Samantha Sifleet, and Christopher Craft. n.d. “Estimating Global ‘Blue Carbon’ Emissions from Conversion and Degradation of Vegetated Coastal Ecosystems.” PLOS ONE 7 (9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043542.

Peters, Adele. 2020. “The Planet Is Full of Land Holding ‘Irrecoverable Carbon’—and It’s at Risk.” Fast Company, March 31, 2020. https://www.fastcompany.com/90483832/the-planet-is-full-of-land-holding-irrecoverable-carbon-and-its-at-risk.

Posdalljian, Natalie. 2018. “The Key to Successfully Conserving Our Salt Marshes | Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation.” May 15. https://sioweb.ucsd.edu/centers/cmbc/2018/05/15/the-key-to-successfully-conserving-our-salt-marshes/.

Ray, Gary L. 2007. “Thin Layer Placement of Dredged Material on Coastal Wetlands: A Review of the Technical and Scientific Literature.” ERDC/EL TN-07-1. Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA475811.pdf.

“Ribbed Mussel (Geukensia Demissa).” 1998. Environmental Data Center | The University of Rhode Island. 1998. https://www.edc.uri.edu/restoration/html/gallery/invert/ribbed.htm.

“Salt Marsh Ecology in an Era of Sea Level Rise.” n.d. NCCOS Coastal Science Website. Accessed September 22, 2021. https://coastalscience.noaa.gov/project/salt-marsh-ecology-era-sea-level-rise/.

“Salt Marsh Preservation & Restoration.” 2020. https://apcc.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/salt-marsh-restoration-factsheet.pdf.

“Salt Marshes.” n.d. Ocean Health Index. Accessed September 22, 2021. http://www.oceanhealthindex.org/methodology/components/salt-marsh-area.

“Saltmarsh Sparrow.” n.d. All About Birds. Accessed September 23, 2021. https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Saltmarsh_Sparrow/overview.

“Saltmarsh Sparrow Overview.” n.d. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Accessed September 25, 2021. https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Saltmarsh_Sparrow/overview.

“Saltwater Marshes - Wetlands of the Bronx River Watershed.” n.d. NYC Parks. Accessed September 25, 2021. https://www.nycgovparks.org/greening/natural-resources-group/bronx-river-wetlands/estuary-section/reach-1/saltwater-marshes.

“Saltwater Marshes: Wetlands of the Bronx River Watershed.” n.d. NYC Parks. Accessed September 23, 2021. https://www.nycgovparks.org/greening/natural-resources-group/bronx-river-wetlands/estuary-section/reach-1/saltwater-marshes.

Sanderman, Jonathan. 2019. “Global Mangrove Soil Carbon: Dataset and Spatial Maps.” Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/OCYUIT.

Sanderman, Jonathan, Tomislav Hengl, Greg Fiske, Kylen Solvik, Maria Fernanda Adame, Lisa Benson, Jacob J. Bukoski, et al. 2018. “A Global Map of Mangrove Forest Soil Carbon at 30m Spatial Resolution.” Environmental Research Letters 13 (5): 055002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabe1c.

Savidge, William B., and Jackson O. Blanton. 2011. “Urban Runoff and Oxygen Dynamics on Salt Marsh Platforms.” http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.424.5696&rep=rep1&type=pdf.

Seabrook, Charles. 2019. “Tidal Marshes.” In New Georgia Encyclopedia. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/geography-environment/tidal-marshes.

Simard, M., T. Fatoyinbo, C. Smetanka, V. H. Rivera-Monroy, E. Castaneda, N. Thomas, and T. Van Der Stocken. 2019. “Global Mangrove Distribution, Aboveground Biomass, and Canopy Height.” ORNL DAAC, May. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1665.

“Smooth Cordgrass.” n.d. University of Rhode Island Environmental Data Center. Accessed September 25, 2021. https://www.edc.uri.edu/restoration/html/gallery/plants/smooth.htm.

“Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina Alterniflora).” n.d. Chesapeake Bay Program. Accessed September 23, 2021. https://www.chesapeakebay.net/S=0/fieldguide/critter/smooth_cordgrass.

Sousa, Luis M. de, Laura Poggio, Niels H. Batjes, Gerard B. M. Heuvelink, Bas Kempen, Eloi Riberio, and David Rossiter. 2020. “SoilGrids 2.0: Producing Quality-Assessed Soil Information for Theglobe.” Preprint. Soils and the natural environment. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2020-65.

Spawn, S. A., and H. K. Gibbs. 2020. “Global Aboveground and Belowground Biomass Carbon Density Maps for the Year 2010.” ORNL DAAC, March. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1763.

Tang, J., F. Wang, K. D. Kroeger, and M. E. Gonneea. 2017. “CO2 and CH4 Fluxes in a Spartina Salt Marsh and Brackish Phragmites Marsh in Massachusetts.” American Geophysical Union 2017 (December): B43E-2180.

Teal, John M., and Brian L. Howes. 2000. “Salt Marsh Values: Retrospection from the End of the Century.” In Concepts and Controversies in Tidal Marsh Ecology, edited by Michael P. Weinstein and Daniel A. Kreeger, 9–19. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47534-0_2.

Telesca, Luca, Andrea Belluscio, Alessandro Criscoli, Giandomenico Ardizzone, Eugenia T. Apostolaki, Simonetta Fraschetti, Michele Gristina, et al. 2015. “Seagrass Meadows (Posidonia Oceanica) Distribution and Trajectories of Change.” Scientific Reports 5 (1): 12505. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12505.

“The Role of Coastal Plant Communities for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation.” 2013. Nature Climate Change 3 (11): 961–68. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1970.

Thomas, Nathan, Richard Lucas, Peter Bunting, Andrew Hardy, Ake Rosenqvist, and Marc Simard. 2017. “Distribution and Drivers of Global Mangrove Forest Change, 1996–2010.” Edited by Shijo Joseph. PLOS ONE 12 (6): e0179302. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179302.

Tollefson, Jeff. 2018. “Climate Scientists Unlock Secrets of ‘Blue Carbon.’” Nature 553 (7687): 139–40. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-00018-4.

UNEP-WCMC, and Frederick T. Short. 2005. “Global Distribution of Seagrasses.” WMS; KML (.kml); Vector (polygon); Vector (point). United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). https://doi.org/10.34892/X6R3-D211.

“USDA Plants Database.” n.d. USDA NRCS. Accessed September 25, 2021. https://plants.usda.gov/home.

Wang, Faming, Xiaoliang Lu, Christian J. Sanders, and Jianwu Tang. 2019. “Tidal Wetland Resilience to Sea Level Rise Increases Their Carbon Sequestration Capacity in United States.” Nature Communications 10 (1): 5434. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13294-z.

Xu, Jiren, Paul J. Morris, Junguo Liu, and Joseph Holden. 2017. “PEATMAP: Refining Estimates of Global Peatland Distribution Based on a Meta-Analysis.” University of Leeds. https://archive.researchdata.leeds.ac.uk/251/.

Seagrasses

“2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4.” 2006. IPCC Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Initiatives. 2006. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html.

“2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands.” 2013. Switzerland: IPCC. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/wetlands/index.html.

“Al Wadj Bank, Saudi Arabia.” 2008. Text.Article. Earth Observatory. March 24, 2008. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/8593/al-wadj-bank-saudi-arabia.

Arias-Ortiz, A., O. Serrano, and P. Masqué. 2018. “A Marine Heatwave Drives Massive Losses from the World’s Largest Seagrass Carbon Stocks.” Nature Clim Change 8: 338–44.

Arnaud-Haond, Sophie, Carlos M. Duarte, Elena Diaz-Almela, Núria Marbà, Tomas Sintes, and Ester A. Serrão. 2012. “Implications of Extreme Life Span in Clonal Organisms: Millenary Clones in Meadows of the Threatened Seagrass Posidonia Oceanica.” PLoS ONE 7 (2): e30454. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030454.

Baden, Susanne, Andreas Emanuelsson, Leif Pihl, Carl-Johan Svensson, and Per Åberg. 2012. “Shift in Seagrass Food Web Structure over Decades Is Linked to Overfishing.” Marine Ecology Progress Series 451 (April): 61–73. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09585.

Bainbridge, Z. 2018. “Fine Sediment and Particulate Organic Matter: A Review and Case Study on Ridge-to-Reef Transport, Transformations, Fates, and Impacts on Marine Ecosystems.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 135 (October): 1205-1220 ,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.002.

Bayraktarov, Elisa, Megan I. Saunders, Sabah Abdullah, Morena Mills, Jutta Beher, Hugh P. Possingham, Peter J. Mumby, and Catherine E. Lovelock. 2016. “The Cost and Feasibility of Marine Coastal Restoration.” Ecological Applications 26 (4): 1055–74. https://doi.org/10.1890/15-1077.

Bedulli, Camila, Paul S. Lavery, Matt Harvey, Carlos M. Duarte, and Oscar Serrano. 2020. “Contribution of Seagrass Blue Carbon Toward Carbon Neutral Policies in a Touristic and Environmentally-Friendly Island.” Frontiers in Marine Science 7: 1. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00001.

“Blue Swimmer Crab Management.” 2020. Government of Western Australia Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development. August 19, 2020. https://www.fish.wa.gov.au/Species/Blue-Swimmer-Crabs/Pages/Blue-Swimmer-Crab-Management.aspx.

Byrd, Kristin B., Laurel Ballanti, Nathan Thomas, Dung Nguyen, James R. Holmquist, Marc Simard, and Lisamarie Windham-Myers. 2018. “A Remote Sensing-Based Model of Tidal Marsh Aboveground Carbon Stocks for the Conterminous United States.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 139 (May): 255–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.03.019.

Chartrand, Kathryn M., Michael Rasheed, Katherina Petrou, and Peter Ralph. 2012. “Establishing Tropical Seagrass Light Requirements in a Dynamic Port Environment.” In Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium. Cairns, Australia. http://www.icrs2012.com/proceedings/manuscripts/ICRS2012_15B_1.pdf.

“Choices Made Now Are Critical for the Future of Our Ocean and Cryosphere.” 2019. IPCC Choices Made Now Are Critical for the Future of Our Ocean and Cryosphere Comments. September 25, 2019. https://www.ipcc.ch/2019/09/25/srocc-press-release/.

Courage, Katerine Harmon. 2020. “Why Seagrass Could Be the Ocean’s Secret Weapon Against Climate Change.” Smithsonian Magazine, December 2020. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/seagrass-ocean-secret-weapon-climate-change-180976235/.

Cullen-Unsworth, Leanne C., and Richard K. F. Unsworth. 2016. “Strategies to Enhance the Resilience of the World’s Seagrass Meadows.” Journal of Applied Ecology 53 (4): 967–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12637.

Dargie, G. C., S. L. Lewis, I. T. Lawson, E. T. A. Mitchard, S. E. Page, Y. E. Bocko, and S. A. Ifo. 2017. “Age, Extent and Carbon Storage of the Central Congo Basin Peatland Complex.” Nature 542 (7639): 86–90.

Dargie, Greta C., Ian T. Lawson, Tim J. Rayden, Lera Miles, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Susan E. Page, Yannick E. Bocko, Suspense A. Ifo, and Simon L. Lewis. 2019. “Congo Basin Peatlands: Threats and Conservation Priorities.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 24 (4): 669–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-017-9774-8.

Demers, Marie-Claire A. 2013. “A Comparison of the Impact of ‘Seagrass-Friendly’ Boat Mooring Systems on Posidonia Australis.” Marine Environmental Research 83: 54-62 ,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.10.010.

Dhir, Bhupinder. 2015. “Status of Aquatic Macrophytes in Changing Climate: A Perspective.” Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 8 (4): 139-148 ,. https://doi.org/10.3923/jest.2015.139.148.

Duarte, Carlos M. 2013. “Assessing the Capacity of Seagrass Meadows for Carbon Burial: Current Limitations and Future Strategies.” Ocean & Coastal Management 83 (October): 32-38 ,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2011.09.001.

“Dugong.” n.d. World Wildlife Fund. www.worldwildlife.org/species/dugong.

Erftemeijer, Paul La, and Roy R.Robin Lewis. 2006. “Environmental Impacts of Dredging on Seagrasses: A Review.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 52 (12): 1553-1572 ,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.09.006.

Fourqurean, James W., Carlos M. Duarte, Hilary Kennedy, Núria Marbà, Marianne Holmer, Miguel Angel Mateo, Eugenia T. Apostolaki, et al. 2012. “Seagrass Ecosystems as a Globally Significant Carbon Stock.” Nature Geoscience 5 (7): 505–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1477.

“FP122: Blue Action Fund (BAF): GCF Ecosystem Based Adaptation Programme in the Western Indian Ocean.” 2019. Green Climate Fund. Green Climate Fund. 2019. https://www.greenclimate.fund/project/fp122.

Fu, Chuancheng, Yuan Li, Lin Zeng, Haibo Zhang, Chen Tu, Qian Zhou, Kuanxu Xiong, et al. 2020. “Stocks and Losses of Soil Organic Carbon from Chinese Vegetated Coastal Habitats.” Global Change Biology 27 (September). https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15348.

Grech, A. 2011. “A Broad-Scale Assessment of the Risk to Coastal Seagrasses from Cumulative Threats.” Marine Policy 35 (5): 560-567 ,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2011.03.003.

Green, Edmund P., and Frederick T. Short. 2003. World Atlas of Seagrasses. UNEP-WCMC. http://archive.org/details/worldatlasofseag03gree.

Greening, Holly, A. Janicki, and Edward Sherwood. 2016. “Seagrass Recovery in Tampa Bay, Florida (USA).” In , 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6173-5_269-1.

Griscom, Bronson W., Justin Adams, Peter W. Ellis, Richard A. Houghton, Guy Lomax, Daniela A. Miteva, William H. Schlesinger, et al. 2017. “Natural Climate Solutions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (44): 11645–50. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114.

Harvey, Chelsea. 2021. “Seagrass Forests Counteract Ocean Acidification.” Scientific American. April 5, 2021. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/seagrass-forests-counteract-ocean-acidification/.

Hausman, Sandy. 2020. “Seagrass Meadows Restored Off Eastern Shore.” WVTF. November 5, 2020. https://www.wvtf.org/news/2020-11-05/seagrass-meadows-restored-off-eastern-shore.

Hengl, Tomislav, and Ichsani Wheeler. 2018. “Soil Organic Carbon Stock in Kg/M2 for 5 Standard Depth Intervals (0–10, 10–30, 30–60, 60–100 and 100–200 Cm) at 250 m Resolution.” Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2536040.

Hernawan, Udhi E., Nurul DM Sjafrie, Indarto H. Supriyadi, Suyarso, Marindah Yulia Iswari, Kasih Anggraini, and Rahmat. n.d. “Status Padang Lamun Indonesia 2017.” LIPI-17049. Indonesian Institute of Sciences. Accessed October 10, 2021. http://lipi.go.id/publikasi/Status-Padang-Lamun-Indonesia-2017/1063.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2019. “The Ocean as a Solution to Climate Change: Five Opportunities for Action.” Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. http://www.oceanpanel.org/climate.

Hutchison, James, Andrea Manica, Ruth Swetnam, Andrew Balmford, and Mark Spalding. 2013. “Predicting Global Patterns in Mangrove Forest Biomass.” Conservation Letters 7 (3): 233–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12060.

“Indian River Lagoon 2011 Superbloom - Plan of Investigation.” 2012. https://www.sjrwmd.com/static/waterways/irl-technical/2011superbloom_investigationplan_June_2012.pdf.

“Indigenous Knowledge Influences Seagrass Restoration.” 2020. University of Western Australia. November 10, 2020. https://www.uwa.edu.au/news/article/2020/november/indigenous-knowledge-influences-seagrass-restoration.

Iuculano, Francesca, Carlos M. Duarte, Jaime Otero, Xosé Antón Álvarez-Salgado, and Susana Agustí. 2020. “Posidonia Oceanica as a Source of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter for the Oligotrophic NW Mediterranean Coast.” Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8 (11): 911. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110911.

Jackson, Jeremy B.C., M. Kirby, W. Berger, K. Bjorndal, L. Botsford, B. Bourque, and R. Warner. 2001. “Historical Overfishing and the Recent Collapse of Coastal Ecosystems.” Science 293 (5530): 629–38.

James, Rebecca K., Rodolfo Silva, Brigitta I. Tussenbroek, Mireille Escudero-Castillo, Ismael Mariño-Tapia, Henk A. Dijkstra, René M. Westen, Julie D. Pietrzak, and Adam S. Candy. 2019. “Caroline A Katsman.” Edited by Carine G. Boog, Riccardo E.M. Riva, Cornelis Slobbe, Roland Klees, Johan Stapel, Tjisse Heide, Marieke M. Katwijk, Peter M.J. Herman, and Tjeerd J. Bouma. Maintaining Tropical Beaches with Seagrass and Algae: A Promising Alternative to Engineering Solutions, BioScience 69 (ue 2): 136-142,.

Kassam, Ashifa. 2021. “The Rice of the Sea: How a Tiny Grain Could Change the Way Humanity Eats.” The Guardian. April 9, 2021. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/apr/09/sea-rice-eelgrass-marine-grain-chef-angel-leon-marsh-climate-crisis.

Kelly, J.J., D. Orr, and J.Y. Takekawa. 2019. “Quantification of Damage to Eelgrass (Zostera Marina) Beds and Evidence-Based Management Strategies for Boats Anchoring in San Francisco Bay.” Environmental Management 64: 20–26.

Kendrick, Gary A. 2019. “A Systematic Review of How Multiple Stressors From an Extreme Event Drove Ecosystem-Wide Loss of Resilience in an Iconic Seagrass Community.” Frontiers in Marine Science 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00455.

Kendrick, Gary, Elizabeth Sinclair, and John Statton. n.d. “Project E6 – Assisting the Restoration of Seagrasses at Shark Bay.” Marine Biodiversity Hub. https://www.nespmarine.edu.au/project/project-e6-%E2%80%93-assisting-restoration-seagrasses-shark-bay#:~:text=Hub%20researchers%20are%20working%20with,Shark%20Bay%20World%20Heritage%20Area.

“Key Industries.” n.d. Shire of Shark Bay. www.sharkbay.wa.gov.au/business/economic-profile/industry-sectors.aspx.

Lafratta, A., O. Serrano, P. Masqué, M. A. Mateo, M. Fernandes, S. Gaylard, and P. S. Lavery. 2019. “Seagrass Soil Archives Reveal Centennial-Scale Metal Smelter Contamination While Acting as Natural Filters.” Science of The Total Environment 649 (February): 1381–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.400.

Lamb, Joleah B., Jeroen A. J. M. van de Water, David G. Bourne, Craig Altier, Margaux Y. Hein, Evan A. Fiorenza, Nur Abu, Jamaluddin Jompa, and C. Drew Harvell. 2017. “Seagrass Ecosystems Reduce Exposure to Bacterial Pathogens of Humans, Fishes, and Invertebrates.” Science 355 (6326): 731–33. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal1956.

Lamm, Ben. 2019. “Algae Might Be a Secret Weapon to Combatting Climate Change.” Quartz. October 2019. https://qz.com/1718988/algae-might-be-a-secret-weapon-to-combatting-climate-change/.

“Land Cover CCI Climate Research Data Package (CRDP) Viewer.” n.d. European Space Agency. Accessed September 8, 2021. http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download.php.

Lauer, Matthew, and Shankar Aswani. 2010. “Indigenous Knowledge and Long-Term Ecological Change: Detection, Interpretation, and Responses to Changing Ecological Conditions in Pacific Island Communities.” Environmental Management 45 (5): 985–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-010-9471-9.

Lenanton, R. C. J., C. E. Dowling, K. A. Smith, D. V. Fairclough, and G. Jackson. 2017. “Potential Influence of a Marine Heatwave on Range Extensions of Tropical Fishes in the Eastern Indian Ocean—Invaluable Contributions from Amateur Observers.” Regional Studies in Marine Science 13 (May): 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2017.03.005.

Liedekerke, Valerie de, Ottilia Thoreson, Sian Owen, and Hannah Griffiths Berggren. 2020. “A Sea under Pressure: Bottom Trawling Impacts in the Baltic.” WWF Baltic Ecoregion Programme 2020. WWF. https://www.wwfbaltic.org/report/a-sea-under-pressure-bottom-trawling-impacts-in-the-baltic/.

Macreadie, Peter I., Andrea Anton, John A. Raven, Nicola Beaumont, Rod M. Connolly, Daniel A. Friess, Jeffrey J. Kelleway, et al. 2019. “The Future of Blue Carbon Science.” Nature Communications 10 (1): 3998. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11693-w.

Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Panmao Zhai, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Debra Roberts, Jim Skea, Priyadarshi R. Shukla, Anna Pirani, et al. 2019. “Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C IPCC.” IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/download/#full.

McKenzie, Len J., Lina M. Nordlund, Benjamin L. Jones, Leanne C. Cullen-Unsworth, Chris Roelfsema, and Richard K. F. Unsworth. 2020. “The Global Distribution of Seagrass Meadows.” Environmental Research Letters 15 (7): 074041. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab7d06.

Mcowen, Chris, Lauren Weatherdon, Jan-Willem Bochove, Emma Sullivan, Simon Blyth, Christoph Zockler, Damon Stanwell-Smith, et al. 2017. “A Global Map of Saltmarshes.” Biodiversity Data Journal 5 (March): e11764. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e11764.

Millington, Ben. 2020. “Replanting Seagrass, One Shoot at a Time, to Save a Vital Marine Habitat.” ABC News, December 6, 2020. https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=3159370437623318.

Milman, Oliver. 2021. “Feeding Cows Seaweed Could Cut Their Methane Emissions by 82%, Scientists Say.” The Guardian. March 18, 2021. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/mar/18/cows-seaweed-methane-emissions-scientists.

Monnier, Briac, Julie Lapaquellerie, Charles Boudouresque, Fabien Cantaloube, Miguel Angel, Philippe Clabaut, Gerard Pergent, and Christine Pergent-Martini. 2019. “The Posidonia Oceanica Matte: A Reservoir of Environmental Information.” In . Marmaris, Turkey. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336994636_The_Posidonia_oceanica_Matte_a_Reservoir_of_Environmental_Information.

Mvungi, Esther F., and Deena Pillay. 2019. “Eutrophication Overrides Warming as a Stressor for a Temperate African Seagrass (Zostera Capensis.” Plos One 14 (4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215129.

Nace, Trevor. 2019. “London Marathon Runners Were Handed Seaweed Pouches Instead Of Plastic Bottles.” Forbes. April 29, 2019. https://www.forbes.com/sites/trevornace/2019/04/29/london-marathon-runners-were-handed-seaweed-pouches-instead-of-plastic-bottles/.

“Native Hawaiian Culture.” n.d. Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary. hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov/heritage/native-culture.html.

Newmaster, AF, KJ Berg, S. Ragupathy, M. Palanisamy, K. Sambandan, and SG Newmaster. 2011. “Local Knowledge and Conservation of Seagrasses in the Tamil Nadu State of India.” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 7 (1): 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-7-37.

“NOAA Designates 29th National Estuarine Research Reserve.” 2017. NOAA National Ocean Service. January 23, 2017. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/news/jan17/new-hawaii-reserve.html.

Nordlund, Lina Mtwana, Evamaria W. Koch, Edward B. Barbier, and Joel C. Creed. 2016. “Seagrass Ecosystem Services and Their Variability across Genera and Geographical Regions.” PLOS ONE 11 (10): e0163091. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163091.

Nosowitz, Dan. 2012. “200,000-Year-Old Patch of Seagrass Is the World’s Oldest Living Organism.” Popular Science (blog). February 8, 2012. https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-02/200000-year-old-patch-seagrass-worlds-oldest-living-organism/.

“Notpla.” n.d. Accessed September 23, 2021. https://www.notpla.com/.

O’Bryne, Nicoal. 2020. “Unhappy Bedfellows? Interactions between the Invasive Species Sargassum Muticum and Threatened Seagrass Beds (Zostera Spp).” Envision. November 9, 2020. http://www.envision-dtp.org/2020/unhappy-bedfellows-interactions-between-the-invasive-species-sargassum-muticum-and-threatened-seagrass-beds-zostera-spp/.

Ogden, John. 2006. “Seagrasses: Biology, Ecology and Conservation.” Marine Ecology 27 (4): 431–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00138.x.

Olsen, Jeanine L., Pierre Rouzé, Bram Verhelst, Yao-Cheng Lin, Till Bayer, Jonas Collen, Emanuela Dattolo, et al. 2016. “The Genome of the Seagrass Zostera Marina Reveals Angiosperm Adaptation to the Sea.” Nature 530 (7590): 331–35. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16548.

Olson, David M., Eric Dinerstein, Eric D. Wikramanayake, Neil D. Burgess, George V. N. Powell, Emma C. Underwood, Jennifer A. D’amico, et al. 2001. “Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth: A New Global Map of Terrestrial Ecoregions Provides an Innovative Tool for Conserving Biodiversity.” BioScience 51 (11): 933–38. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2.

“Opportunities and Challenges for Community-Based Seagrass Conservation.” 2020. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org/resources/report/opportunities-and-challenges-community-based-seagrass-conservation.

Oreska, Matthew P. J., Karen J. McGlathery, Lillian R. Aoki, Amélie C. Berger, Peter Berg, and Lindsay Mullins. 2020. “The Greenhouse Gas Offset Potential from Seagrass Restoration.” Scientific Reports 10 (1): 7325. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64094-1.

Orth, Robert J. 2017. “Boat Propeller Scarring of Seagrass Beds in Lower Chesapeake Bay, USA: Patterns, Causes, Recovery, and Management.” Estuaries and Coasts 40 (6): 1666-1676 ,. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-017-0239-9.

Orth, Robert J., Jonathan S. Lefcheck, Karen S. McGlathery, Lillian Aoki, Mark W. Luckenbach, Kenneth A. Moore, Matthew P. J. Oreska, Richard Snyder, David J. Wilcox, and Bo Lusk. n.d. “Restoration of Seagrass Habitat Leads to Rapid Recovery of Coastal Ecosystem Services.” Science Advances 6 (41): eabc6434. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc6434.

“Out of the Blue: The Value of Seagrasses to the Environment and to People.” 2020. Nairobi: UNEP. https://www.unep.org/resources/report/out-blue-value-seagrasses-environment-and-people.

Palaniappan, P. 2015. “Fabrication of Nano-Silver Particles Using Cymodocea Serrulata and Its Cytotoxicity Effect against Human Lung Cancer A549 Cells Line.” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 138: 885-890 ,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.10.072.

Pendleton, Linwood, Daniel C. Donato, Brian C. Murray, Stephen Crooks, W. Aaron Jenkins, Samantha Sifleet, Christopher Craft, et al. 2012. “Estimating Global ‘Blue Carbon’ Emissions from Conversion and Degradation of Vegetated Coastal Ecosystems.” PLOS ONE 7 (9): e43542. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043542.

Polidoro, Joseph. 2020. “How Planting 70 Million Eelgrass Seeds Led to an Ecosystem’s Rapid Recovery.” Science News. October 20, 2020.

Potouroglou, M., J.C. Bull, and K.W. Krauss. 2017. “Measuring the Role of Seagrasses in Regulating Sediment Surface Elevation.” Sci Rep 7: 11917.

Rajamani, Leela, and Helene Marsh. 2015. “Mapping Seagrass Cost-Effectively in the Coral Triangle: Sabah, Malaysia as a Case Study.” Pacific Conservation Biology 21 (2): 113. https://doi.org/10.1071/pc14908.

“Record-Breaking La Niña Events: An Analysis of the La Niña Life Cycle and the Impacts and Significance of the 2010–11 and 2011–12 La Niña Events in Australia.” 2012. Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/enso/history/La-Nina-2010-12.pdf.

Repolho, Tiago, Bernardo Duarte, Gisela Dionísio, José Ricardo Paula, Ana R. Lopes, Inês C. Rosa, Tiago F. Grilo, Isabel Caçador, Ricardo Calado, and Rui Rosa. 2017. “Seagrass Ecophysiological Performance under Ocean Warming and Acidification.” Scientific Reports 7 (1): 41443. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41443.

Reynolds, Pamela L. 2018. “Seagrass and Seagrass Beds.” Smithsonian Ocean. December 18, 2018. https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/plants-algae/seagrass-and-seagrass-beds#:~:text=A%20single%20acre%20of%20seagrass,at%20Fort%20Pierce%20in%20Florida.

Ruiz-Frau, A. 2017. “Current State of Seagrass Ecosystem Services: Research and Policy Integration.” Ocean & Coastal Management 149 (November): 107–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.10.004.

Russo, Arianna. 2018. “Seagrasses Nurture a Rich Underwater Biodiversity.” The Daily Times, October 2, 2018.

Sanderman, Jonathan. 2019. “Global Mangrove Soil Carbon: Dataset and Spatial Maps.” Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/OCYUIT.

Sanderman, Jonathan, Tomislav Hengl, Greg Fiske, Kylen Solvik, Maria Fernanda Adame, Lisa Benson, Jacob J. Bukoski, et al. 2018. “A Global Map of Mangrove Forest Soil Carbon at 30m Spatial Resolution.” Environmental Research Letters 13 (5): 055002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabe1c.

Sandoval-Gil, Jose. 2016. “Nitrogen Uptake and Internal Recycling in Zostera Marina Exposed to Oyster Farming: Eelgrass Potential as a Natural Biofilter.” Estuaries and Coasts 39 (6): 1694–1708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-016-0102-4.

“SAV Program Monitors and Restores Bay Grasses.” n.d. Virginia Institute of Marine Science. www.vims.edu/features/programs/sav.php.

Schuegraf, Monica J. 2003. “Establishment of Seagrass Decline and Causative Mechanisms in Pearl Lagoon, Nicaragua through Use of Traditional Ecological Knowledge, Sediment Coring and Direct Visual Census.” https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/handle/10315/18083.

“Seagrass Overview.” n.d. Ocean Health Index. Accessed October 10, 2021. http://www.oceanhealthindex.org/methodology/components/seagrass-area.

“Seagrasses.” n.d. Marine World Heritage. Accessed October 4, 2021a. http://www.vliz.be/projects/marineworldheritage/Features/feature4c.php?item=The%20Indian%20Ocean.

“———.” n.d. CALS | The University of Arizona. Accessed October 4, 2021b. https://cals.arizona.edu/azaqua/aquaplants/notes/SEAGRASS.HTM.

“Seagrasses | Multi-Species Recovery Plan for South Florida.” n.d. https://www.fws.gov/verobeach/msrppdfs/seagrass.pdf.

Serrano, O., M. A. Mateo, A. Dueñas-Bohórquez, P. Renom, J. A. López-Sáez, and A. Martínez Cortizas. 2011. “The Posidonia Oceanica Marine Sedimentary Record: A Holocene Archive of Heavy Metal Pollution.” Science of The Total Environment 409 (22): 4831–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.08.001.

Serrano, Oscar, Paul S. Lavery, Lourdes López-Merino, Enric Ballesteros, and Miguel A. Mateo. 2016. “Location and Associated Carbon Storage of Erosional Escarpments of Seagrass Posidonia Mats.” Frontiers in Marine Science 3: 42. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00042.

“Shark Bay Blue Swimmer Crab Fishery.” n.d. WAFIC (blog). Accessed October 10, 2021. https://www.wafic.org.au/fishery/shark-bay-blue-swimmer-crab-fishery/.

Sheaves, Marcus. 2015. “Enhancing the Value and Validity of EIA: Serious Science to Protect Australia’s Great Barrier Reef.” Conservation Letters 9 (5): 377-383 ,. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12219.

Short, F., T. Carruthers, W. Dennison, and M. Waycott. 2007. “Global Seagrass Distribution and Diversity: A Bioregional Model.” Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, The Biology and Ecology of Seagrasses, 350 (1): 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2007.06.012.

Short, Frederick T. 2011. “Extinction Risk Assessment of the World’s Seagrass Species.” Biological Conservation 144 (7): 1961-1971 ,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.04.010.

Short, Frederick T., and Hilary A. Neckles. 1999. “The Effects of Global Climate Change on Seagrasses.” Aquatic Botany 63 (3): 169–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(98)00117-X.

Simard, M., T. Fatoyinbo, C. Smetanka, V. H. Rivera-Monroy, E. Castaneda, N. Thomas, and T. Van Der Stocken. 2019. “Global Mangrove Distribution, Aboveground Biomass, and Canopy Height.” ORNL DAAC, May. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1665.

Singh, Jyoti, and Dolly Wattal Dhar. 2019. “Overview of Carbon Capture Technology: Microalgal Biorefinery Concept and State-of-the-Art.” Frontiers in Marine Science 6: 29. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00029.

Sousa, Luis M. de, Laura Poggio, Niels H. Batjes, Gerard B. M. Heuvelink, Bas Kempen, Eloi Riberio, and David Rossiter. 2020. “SoilGrids 2.0: Producing Quality-Assessed Soil Information for Theglobe.” Preprint. Soils and the natural environment. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2020-65.

Spawn, S. A., and H. K. Gibbs. 2020. “Global Aboveground and Belowground Biomass Carbon Density Maps for the Year 2010.” ORNL DAAC, March. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1763.

Tan, Yi Mei, Oliver Dalby, Gary A. Kendrick, John Statton, Elizabeth A. Sinclair, Matthew W. Fraser, Peter I. Macreadie, et al. 2020. “Seagrass Restoration Is Possible: Insights and Lessons From Australia and New Zealand.” Frontiers in Marine Science 7: 617. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00617.

Telesca, Luca, Andrea Belluscio, Alessandro Criscoli, Giandomenico Ardizzone, Eugenia T. Apostolaki, Simonetta Fraschetti, Michele Gristina, et al. 2015. “Seagrass Meadows (Posidonia Oceanica) Distribution and Trajectories of Change.” Scientific Reports 5 (1): 12505. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12505.

Temple, James. 2019. “How Seaweed Could Shrink Livestock’s Global Carbon Hoofprint.” MIT Technology Review (blog). January 2, 2019. https://medium.com/mit-technology-review/how-seaweed-could-shrink-livestocks-global-carbon-hoofprint-bed9ab701c7a.

Terrados, Jorge, and Jens Borum. n.d. “Why Are Seagrasses Important? - Goods and Services Provided by Seagrass Meadows.” In European Seagrasses: An Introduction to Monitoring and Management, 8–10. http://www.vliz.be/en/imis?module=ref&refid=70497&printversion=1&dropIMIStitle=1.

Thomas, Nathan, Richard Lucas, Peter Bunting, Andrew Hardy, Ake Rosenqvist, and Marc Simard. 2017. “Distribution and Drivers of Global Mangrove Forest Change, 1996–2010.” Edited by Shijo Joseph. PLOS ONE 12 (6): e0179302. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179302.

Torre-Castro, M. de la, and P. Rönnbäck. 2004. “Links between Humans and Seagrasses—an Example from Tropical East Africa.” Ocean & Coastal Management 47 (7–8): 361-387 ,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2004.07.005.

Torre-Castro, Maricela de la. 2006. “Humans and Seagrasses in East Africa. A Social-Ecological Approach.” Stockholm University Department of Systems Ecology. http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A189345&dswid=-5989.

UNEP Ecosystems Division and GRID-Arendal. 2020. “Foresight Brief: Seagrasses, the Forgotten Ecosystems.” UNEP. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/32643/FB16.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

UNEP-WCMC, and Frederick T. Short. 2005. “Global Distribution of Seagrasses.” WMS; KML (.kml); Vector (polygon); Vector (point). United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). https://doi.org/10.34892/X6R3-D211.

Unsworth, Richard K. F., Stephanie L. Hinder, Owen G. Bodger, and Leanne C. Cullen-Unsworth. 2014. “Food Supply Depends on Seagrass Meadows in the Coral Triangle.” Environmental Research Letters 9 (9): 094005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/9/094005.

Unsworth, Richard K.F., Lina Mtwana Nordlund, and Leanne C. Cullen-Unsworth. 2019. “Seagrass Meadows Support Global Fisheries Production.” Conservation Letters 12 (1): e12566. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12566.

“Virginia Coast Reserve Long-Term Ecological Research.” n.d. Accessed September 22, 2021. https://www.vcrlter.virginia.edu/home2/.

Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 2020. “Seagrass Restoration Speeds Recovery of Ecosystem Services.” ScienceDaily. October 7, 2020. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/10/201007154308.htm.

Watts, Jonathan. 2020. “Climate Change Is Turning Parts of Antarctica Green, Say Scientists.” The Guardian. May 20, 2020. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/20/climate-change-turning-parts-antarctica-green-say-scientists-algae.

Waycott, M. 2009. “Accelerating Loss of Seagrasses across the Globe Threatens Coastal Ecosystems.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (30): 12377-12381 ,. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905620106.

“What Is Blue Carbon?” n.d. The Blue Carbon Initiative. Accessed October 4, 2021. https://www.thebluecarboninitiative.org/about-blue-carbon.

“White’s Seahorse (Hippocampus Whitei).” n.d. NSW Department of Primary Industries. https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fishing/threatened-species/what-current/endangered-species2/whites-seahorse.

Whitfield, P., W. Kenworthy, K. Hammerstrom, and M. Fonseca. 2002. “The Role of a Hurricane in the Expansion of Disturbances Initiated by Motor Vessels on Seagrass Banks.” Journal of Coastal Research, 86–99.

“Workshopping Seagrass (Wirriya Jalyanu) Restoration in Shark Bay (Gathaagudu).” 2020. Marine Biodiversity Hub. November 6, 2020. https://www.nespmarine.edu.au/news/workshopping-seagrass-wirriya-jalyanu-restoration-shark-bay-gathaagudu.

WorldFish, C. Gomese, J. Saeni-Oeta, J. van der Ploeg, and D. Boso. 2018. “Conservation Strategy for Dugongs and Seagrass Habitats in Solomon Islands.” Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish. https://fish.cgiar.org/publications/conservation-strategy-dugongs-and-seagrass-habitats-solomon-islands.

Xu, Jiren, Paul J. Morris, Junguo Liu, and Joseph Holden. 2017. “PEATMAP: Refining Estimates of Global Peatland Distribution Based on a Meta-Analysis.” University of Leeds. https://archive.researchdata.leeds.ac.uk/251/.

Zimmer, Carl. 2019. “How Did Plants Conquer Land? These Humble Algae Hold Clues.” The New York Times, November 14, 2019, sec. Science. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/14/science/plant-genes-evolution.html.

Azolla Fern

Allen, George H., and Tamlin M. Pavelsky. 2018. “Global River Widths from Landsat (GRWL) Database.” Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1297434.

Amaral-Phillips, Donna. n.d. “What Does It Cost You to Feed Your Cows?” University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. https://afs.ca.uky.edu/files/what_does_it_cost_you_to_feed_your_cows.pdf.

Ansari, M. A., and V. P. Sharma. 1991. “Role of Azolla in Controlling Mosquito Breeding in Ghaziabad District Villages (U.P.).” Indian Journal of Malariology 28 (1): 51–54.

“Aquatic Weed Harvesters.” n.d. Aquamarine. https://www.aquamarine.ca/aquatic-weed-harvesters/.

Arora, A., and S. Saxena. 2005. “Cultivation of Azolla Microphylla Biomass on Secondary-Treated Delhi Municipal Effluents.” Biomass and Bioenergy 29: 60–64.

“Assessment Results.” 2018. Co2removal.Org (blog). May 2018. https://co2removal.org/assessment/results/.

Awodun, M. 2008. “Effect of Azolla (Azolla Species) on Physiochemical Properties of the Soil.” World J Agric Sci 4: 157–60.

Aziz, Abdul. 2012. “New Method of Large-Scale Production of Azolla Pinnata.” International Journal of Applied Agricultural Research 7 (1): 1–9.

“Azolla.” n.d. Feedipedia. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/565.

“———.” n.d. Climate Foundation. https://www.climatefoundation.org/azolla.html.

“Azolla Aquatic Weed I.D.” n.d. The Pond Shop®. Accessed August 10, 2021. https://thepondshop.com/pages/azolla.

“Azolla Caroliniana (Eastern Mosquito Fern, Fairy Moss, Mosquito Fern).” n.d. North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. Accessed August 10, 2021. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/azolla-caroliniana/.

“Azolla Cristata.” n.d. CABI. Accessed August 10, 2021. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/121923.

“Azolla Farming Project Report, Cost, and Profits.” n.d. Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/azolla-farming-project-report.

“Azolla Filiculoides.” n.d. The Azolla Foundation. https://theazollafoundation.org/azolla/azolla-as-an-invasive-species/azolla-filiculoides/.

“Azolla Filiculoides (Water Fern).” n.d. CABI. Accessed August 10, 2021. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/8119.

“Azolla Mexicana.” n.d. CABI. Accessed August 10, 2021. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/112634.

“Azolla Pinnata.” n.d. The Azolla Foundation. https://theazollafoundation.org/azolla/azolla-as-an-invasive-species/azolla-pinnata/.

“Azolla Pinnata (Mosquito Fern).” n.d. CABI. Accessed August 10, 2021. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/8120.

Barke, Judith. 2010. Palaeoecological and Palaeoclimatological Implications of the Eocene Northern Hemisphere Azolla Phenomenon. LPP Foundation. https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/1874/188383/1/barke.pdf.

Barke, Judith, Johan van der Burgh, Johanna H. A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, Margaret E. Collinson, Martin A. Pearce, Jonathan Bujak, Claus Heilmann-Clausen, et al. 2012. “Freshwater Fern Azolla in and around Arctic and Nordic Seas.” Supplement to: Barke, J et al. (2012): Coeval Eocene Blooms of the Freshwater Fern Azolla in and around Arctic and Nordic Seas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 337-338, 108-119, Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/j.Palaeo.2012.04.002. PANGAEA. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.787105.

Bennicelli, R., Z. Stępniewska, A. Banach, K. Szajnocha, and J. Ostrowski. 2004. “The Ability of Azolla Caroliniana to Remove Heavy Metals (Hg(II), Cr(III), Cr(VI)) from Municipal Waste Water.” Chemosphere 55 (1): 141–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.11.015.

Berkhout, Natalie. 2019. “Azolla Ferns Replace Imported Livestock Feed. All About Feed.” 2019. https://www.allaboutfeed.net/New-Proteins/Articles/2019/9/Azolla-ferns-replace-imported-livestock-feed-470760E/.

Bharati, K., S.R. Mohanty, D.P. Singh, V.R. Rao, and T.K. Adhya. 2000. “Influence of Incorporation or Dual Cropping of Azolla on Methane Emission from a Flooded Alluvial Soil Planted to Rice in Eastern India.” Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 79: 73–83.

“Biofertilizer.” n.d. The Azolla Foundation. http://theazollafoundation.org/azollas-uses/as-a-biofertilizer/.

Brinkhuis, H. and P.B. 2014. “Fern of the Future?” GeoQ 10: 5–6.

Brinkhuis, Henk, Stefan Schouten, Margaret E. Collinson, Appy Sluijs, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, Gerald R. Dickens, Matthew Huber, et al. 2006. “Episodic Fresh Surface Waters in the Eocene Arctic Ocean.” Nature 441 (7093): 606–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04692.

Brouwer, Paul, Adrie van der Werf, Henriette Schluepmann, Gert-Jan Reichart, and Klaas G. J. Nierop. 2016. “Lipid Yield and Composition of Azolla Filiculoides and the Implications for Biodiesel Production.” BioEnergy Research 9 (1): 369–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-015-9665-3.

Carrapiço, Francisco. 2015. “Chapter 10: The Azolla–Anabaena–Bacteria Association: A Case of Symbiotic Abduction?” In Algal and Cyanobacteria Symbioses, 329–45. WORLD SCIENTIFIC (EUROPE). https://doi.org/10.1142/9781786340580_0010.

Chatterjee, A., M.K.Ghosh Puneet Sharma, M. Mandal, and P.K. Roy. 2013. “Utilization of Azolla Microphylla as Feed Supplement for Crossbred Cattle.” International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science Technology 4 (3): 207–14.

Cheng, W., H. Sakai, M. Matsushima, K. Yagi, and T. Hasegawa. 2010. “Response of the floating aquatic fern Azolla filiculoides to elevated CO2, temperature, and phosphorus levels.” Hydrobiologia 656: 5–14.

Choudhury, A. T. M. A., and I. R. Kennedy. 2004. “Prospects and Potentials for Systems of Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Sustainable Rice Production.” Biology and Fertility of Soils 39 (4): 219–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-003-0706-2.

Chumchal, Matthew M., Ray W. Drenner, and Kimberly J. Adams. 2017. “Abundance and Size Distribution of Permanent and Temporary Farm Ponds in the Southeastern Great Plains.” Inland Waters 6 (2): 258–64. https://doi.org/10.5268/IW-6.2.954.

Cissé, M., and P.L.G. Vlek. 2003. “Conservation of Urea-N by Immobilization-Remobilization in a Rice-Azolla Intercrop.” Plant and Soil 250: 95–104.

“CO2 Sequestration.” n.d. The Azolla Foundation. Accessed August 16, 2021. http://theazollafoundation.org/azollas-uses/as-a-co2-sequester/.

Cohen, M.F., J. Williams, and H. Yamasaki. 2002. “Biodegradation of Diesel Fuel by an Azolla-Derived Bacterial Consortium.” Journal of Environmental Science and Health 37: 1593–1606.

Collinson, Margaret E., Judith Barke, Johan van der Burgh, and Johanna H. A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert. 2009. “A New Species of the Freshwater Fern Azolla (Azollaceae) from the Eocene Arctic Ocean.” Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 155 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2008.12.014.

“Controlling Azolla in Farm Dams.” 2018. Strzelecki Hills: Western Port Catchment Landcare Network. http://www.wpcln.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Controlling-Azolla-in-farm-dams.pdf.

Coupe, Richard H., and Paul D. Capel. 2016. “Trends in Pesticide Use on Soybean, Corn and Cotton since the Introduction of Major Genetically Modified Crops in the United States.” Pest Management Science 72 (5): 1013–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4082.

“Cultivating Azolla as a Livestock Feed.” n.d. The Azolla Foundation. http://theazollafoundation.org/growing-azolla/cultivation-of-azolla-as-a-livestock-feed/.

Das, Mousumi, Ferdous Ibn Rahim, and Md Amzad Hossain. 2018. “Evaluation of Fresh Azolla Pinnata as a Low-Cost Supplemental Feed for Thai Silver Barb Barbonymus Gonionotus.” Fishes 3 (1): 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3010015.

De Macale, M.A.R., and P.L.G. Vlek. 2004. “The Role of Azolla Cover in Improving the Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Lowland Rice.” Plant and Soil 263: 311–21.

Deng, Mei-Hua, Xiao-Jun Shi, Yu-Hua Tian, Bin Yin, Shao-Lin Zhang, Zhao-Liang Zhu, and S. D. Kimura. 2012. “Optimizing Nitrogen Fertilizer Application for Rice Production in the Taihu Lake Region, China.” Pedosphere 22 (1): 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(11)60190-2.

Devendra, C., and R.A. Leng. 2011. “Feed Resources for Animals in Asia: Issues, Strategies for Use, Intensification and Integration for Increased Productivity.” Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 24: 303–21.

Downing, J. A., Y. T. Prairie, J. J. Cole, C. M. Duarte, L. J. Tranvik, R. G. Striegl, W. H. McDowell, et al. 2006. “The Global Abundance and Size Distribution of Lakes, Ponds, and Impoundments.” Limnology and Oceanography 51 (5): 2388–97. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.5.2388.

Duckett, J. G., R. Toth, and S. L. Soni. 1975. “An Ultrastructural Study of the Azolla, Anabaena Azollae Relationship.” New Phytologist 75 (1): 111–18.

“Estimated Global Land-Surface TAVG Based on the Complete Berkeley Dataset.” 2021. Berkeley Earth. September 3, 2021. http://berkeleyearth.lbl.gov/auto/Global/Complete_TAVG_complete.txt.

“Farm Ponds - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics.” n.d. Accessed February 15, 2021. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/farm-ponds.

Fasakin, E. A. 1999. “Nutrient Quality of Leaf Protein Concentrates Produced from Water Fern (Azolla Africana Desv) and Duckweed (Spirodela Polyrrhiza L. Schleiden).” Bioresource Technology 69 (2): 185–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(98)00123-0.

Feliciano, Diana, Alicia Ledo, Jon Hillier, and Dali Rani Nayak. 2018. “Which Agroforestry Options Give the Greatest Soil and above Ground Carbon Benefits in Different World Regions?” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 254 (February): 117–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.11.032.

“Fertilizer Use and Price.” 2019. USDA ERS. October 30, 2019. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/fertilizer-use-and-price.aspx.

Forni, C., C. Patrizi, and C. Migliore. 2007. “FLOATING AQUATIC MACROPHYTES AS A DECONTAMINATION TOOL FOR ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS.” Soil and Water Pollution Monitoring, Protection and Remediation, 467–77.

Gangadhar, B., N. Sridhar, S. Saurabh, C.H. Raghavendra, K.P. Hemaprasanth, M.R. Raghunath, and P. Jayasankar. 2015. “Effect of Azolla-Incorporated Diets on the Growth and Survival of Labeo Fimbriatus during Fry-to-Fingerling Rearing.” Edited by Pedro González-Redondo. Cogent Food & Agriculture 1 (1): 1055539. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2015.1055539.

Ghobrial, M. G., and E. E. Siam. 1998. “The Use of the Water Velvet Azolla Filiculoides in Wastewater Treatment.” Water and Environment Journal 12 (4): 250–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1998.tb00180.x.

GmbH, finanzen net. n.d. “Soybean Meal Price.” Markets Insider. Accessed September 9, 2021. https://markets.businessinsider.com/commodities/soybean-meal-price.

Hamdi, Y. A. 1982. “Application of Nitrogen-Fixing Systems in Soil Management.” 49. FAO Soil Bulletin. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/da59bc5b-3b5a-5e20-9a0e-16c79f798cf0/.

Heide, Tjisse van der, Rudi M. M. Roijackers, Egbert H. van Nes, and Edwin T. H. M. Peeters. 2006. “A Simple Equation for Describing the Temperature Dependent Growth of Free-Floating Macrophytes.” Aquatic Botany 84 (2): 171–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2005.09.004.

Houghton, R. A., Brett Byers, and Alexander A. Nassikas. 2015. “A Role for Tropical Forests in Stabilizing Atmospheric CO2.” Nature Climate Change 5 (12): 1022–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2869.

Huang, Shu-Li, Ying-Chieh Lee, William W. Budd, and Min-Chia Yang. 2012. “Analysis of Changes in Farm Pond Network Connectivity in the Peri-Urban Landscape of the Taoyuan Area, Taiwan.” Environmental Management 49 (4): 915–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9824-7.

Hui, Deng, Wu Ho Shang, Chen Xi pan, and Gu Rong sain. 1987. “Cultivation of Azolla filiculoides for the reclamation and utilization of heavy saline soil.” https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=PH19900020592.

Huizen, Jennifer. 2014. “Can the Fern That Cooled the Planet Do It Again? Scientific American.” 2014. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-the-fern-that-cooled-the-planet-do-it-again/.

Jakovac, Catarina C., Agnieszka Ewa Latawiec, Eduardo Lacerda, Isabella Leite Lucas, Katarzyna Anna Korys, Alvaro Iribarrem, Gustavo Abreu Malaguti, R. Kerry Turner, Tiziana Luisetti, and Bernardo Baeta Neves Strassburg. 2020. “Costs and Carbon Benefits of Mangrove Conservation and Restoration: A Global Analysis.” Ecological Economics 176 (October): 106758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106758.

Jeyapandiyan, N. and A.L. 2014. “Influence of Azolla and Blue Green Algae in Residual Nitrogen and Uptake in Different Rice Cultivation Systems.” Trends in Biosci 7: 1504–6.

Katayama, N., M. Yamashita, Y. Kishida, C.C. Liu, I. Watanabe, and H. Wada. 2008. “Azolla as a Component of the Space Diet during Habitation on Mars.” Acta Astronautica 63: 1093–99.

Kathirvelan, C., S. Banupriya, and M.R. Purushothaman. 2015. “Azolla- an Alternative and Sustainable Feed for Livestock.” International Journal of Science 4 (11): 1153–57.

Kern, M.A., and P.V.Z. E. 2007. “Azolla as a Technology to Improve the Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Lowland Rice.” Agric Rural Dev 2: 57–59.

Kimber, Elizabeth. 2017. “Invasive Non-Native Species (UK) – Water Fern.” Inside Ecology. 2017. https://insideecology.com/2017/11/01/invasive-non-native-species-uk-water-fern/.

Kollah, Bharati, Ashok Kumar Patra, and Santosh Ranjan Mohanty. 2016. “Aquatic Microphylla Azolla: A Perspective Paradigm for Sustainable Agriculture, Environment and Global Climate Change.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23 (5): 4358–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5857-9.

Kondo, M., M. Kobayashi, and E. Takahashi. 1989. “Effect of Phosphorus on Azolla and Its Utilization in Rice Culture in Niger.” Plant and Soil 120: 165–70.

Laranjeira, C. M., and G. Nadais. 2008. “Eichhornia Crassipes Control in the Largest Portuguese Natural Freshwater Lagoon1.” EPPO Bulletin 38 (3): 487–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2008.01268.x.

Li, Fay-Wei, and Paul Brouwer. 2018. “Fern Genomes Elucidate Land Plant Evolution and Cyanobacterial Symbioses.” Nature Plants 4 (July): 460–72.

“List of Locks and Dams of the Upper Mississippi River.” 2021. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_locks_and_dams_of_the_Upper_Mississippi_River&oldid=1026158448.

L.J., Querubin, Alcantara P.F, Luis E.S., and Princesa A.O. 1988. “Azolla (Azolla Microphylla) Silage for Growing Pigs.” Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 4 (03): 54–55.

Lockett, Will. 2021. “The Plant That Could Save The World.” Predict (blog). February 5, 2021. https://medium.com/predict/the-plant-that-could-save-the-world-7490ef7cda2f.

Lu, Xiao-Ming, and Peng-Zhen Lu. 2019. “Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in soil amended using Azolla imbricata and its driving mechanisms.” Science Total Environment 692 (07): 422–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.285.

Lumpkin, Thomas A., and Donald L. Plucknett. 1980. “Azolla: Botany, Physiology, and Use as a Green Manure.” Economic Botany 34 (2): 111–53.

Ma, Suhui, Feng He, Di Tian, Dongting Zou, Zhengbing Yan, Yulong Yang, Tiancheng Zhou, Kaiyue Huang, Haihua Shen, and Jingyun Fang. 2018. “Variations and Determinants of Carbon Content in Plants: A Global Synthesis.” Biogeosciences 15 (3): 693–702. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-693-2018.

Mahanthesh, M. T., H. Aparna Hebbar, C. Kotresh Prasad, Deepandita Barman, P. R. Badariprasad, G. Narappa, and B. S. Pradeep Nag. 2018. “Impact of Azolla (Azolla Pinnata) as a Feed Ingredient in Commercial Broiler Production.” International Journal of Livestock Research 8 (4): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20170924073515.

Mahapatra, B.S., and G.L. Sharma. 1989. “Integrated Management of Sesbania, Azolla and Urea Nitrogen in Lowland Rice under a Rice-Wheat Cropping System.” The Journal of Agricultural Science 113: 203–6.

“Major Rivers of the World | Data Catalog.” 2017. World Bank. July 24, 2017. https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/major-rivers-world.

Mandal, B., P.L.G. Vlek, and L.N. Mandal. 1999. “Beneficial Effects of Blue-Green Algae and Azolla, Excluding Supplying Nitrogen, on Wetland Rice Fields: A Review.” Biology and Fertility of Soils 28: 329–42.

Miranda, Ana F., Bijoy Biswas, Narasimhan Ramkumar, Rawel Singh, Jitendra Kumar, Anton James, Felicity Roddick, et al. 2016. “Aquatic Plant Azolla as the Universal Feedstock for Biofuel Production.” Biotechnology for Biofuels 9 (October): 221. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-016-0628-5.

Miranda, Cherryl, R. M. V. Prasad, and P. Jayalaxmi. 2013. “A Study on Economics of Inclusion of Azolla Pinnata in Swine Rations.” International Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medecine 1 (January): 50–56.

“Mississippi River Facts - Mississippi National River and Recreation Area.” n.d. U.S. National Park Service). Accessed September 9, 2021. https://www.nps.gov/miss/riverfacts.htm.

“Molecular Weight Calculator (Molar Mass).” n.d. Lenntech. Accessed September 9, 2021. https://www.lenntech.com/calculators/molecular/molecular-weight-calculator.htm.

Mosha, Sebastian S. 2018. “A Review on Significance of Azolla Meal as a Protein Plant Source in Finfish Culture.” Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development 9 (7). https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9546.1000544.

Mwingira, V.S., B.K. Mayala, K.P. Senkoro, S.F. Rumisha, E.H. Shayo, M.R. Mlozi, and L.E. Mboera. 2009. “Mosquito Larval Productivity in Rice-Fields Infested with Azolla in Mvomero District, Tanzania.” Tanzania Journal of Health Research 11: 17–22.

Neville, Lisa A., Stephen E. Grasby, and David H. McNeil. 2019. “Limited Freshwater Cap in the Eocene Arctic Ocean.” Scientific Reports 9 (1): 4226. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40591-w.

Nitul, Saikia, Sapcota D., and Hazarika Rupjyoti. 2015. “Effect of Feeding Azolla (Azolla Pinnata) Meal to Broilers: A Field Study in Assam-Indian Journals.” Indian Journal of Poultry Science 49 (1): 113–14.

Owen, K.C., A.D. Melin, F.A. Campos, L.M. Fedigan, T.W. Gillespie, and D.J. Mennill. 2020. “Bioacoustic Analyses Reveal That Bird Communities Recover with Forest Succession in Tropical Dry Forests.” Avian Conservation and Ecology 15: 25.

Panigrahi, S., D. Choudhury, J. K. Sahoo, S. S. Das, and R. K. Rath. 2014. “Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Azolla on Growth and Survibility of Labeo Rohita Fingerlings.” Asian Journal of Animal Science 9 (1): 33–37.

Pearson, Paul N., and Martin R. Palmer. 2000. “Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations over the Past 60 Million Years.” Nature 406 (6797): 695–99. https://doi.org/10.1038/35021000.

Pelletier, N. 2008. “Environmental Performance in the US Broiler Poultry Sector: Life Cycle Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas, Ozone Depleting, Acidifying and Eutrophying Emissions.” Agricultural Systems 98 (2): 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2008.03.007.

Pereira, Ana L. 2017. “The Unique Symbiotic System between a Fern and a Cyanobacterium, Azolla-Anabaena Azollae: Their Potential as Biofertilizer, Feed, and Remediation.” In Symbiosis. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70466.

Petruccelli, R., C. Briccoli Bati, P. Carlozzi, G. Padovani, N. Vignozzi, and G. Bartolini. 2015. “Use of Azolla as a Growing Medium Component in the Nursery Production of Olive Trees.” International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 4: 333.

Pillai, P., S. Premalatha, and S. Rajamony. 2005. “Azolla: A Sustainable Feed for Livestock.” Leisa Magazine, 2005.

Pinero-Rodríguez, María Jesús, Rocío Fernández-Zamudio, Rosa Arribas, Iván Gomez-Mestre, and Carmen Díaz-Paniagua. 2020. “The Invasive Aquatic Fern Azolla Filiculoides Negatively Impacts Water Quality, Aquatic Vegetation and Amphibian Larvae in Mediterranean Environments.” Biological Invasions 23 (3): 755–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02402-6.

Qiu, Yin-Long, and Jun Yu. 2003. “Azolla — A Model Organism for Plant Genomic Studies.” Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics 1 (1): 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1672-0229(03)01004-0.

Rai, P.K. 2008. “Phytoremediation of Hg and Cd from Industrial Effluents Using an Aquatic Free Floating Macrophyte Azolla Pinnata.” International Journal of Phytoremediation 10: 430–39.

Rai, Prabhat Kumar. 2007. “Wastewater Management through Biomass of Azolla Pinnata: An Eco-Sustainable Approach.” Ambio 36 (5): 426–28. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[426:wmtboa]2.0.co;2.

Raja, Wasif, Pavan Rathaur, Suchit John, and Pramod Ramteke. 2012. “Azolla: An Aquatic Pteridophyte with Great Potential.” Int. J. Res. Biol. Sci. 2 (January): 68–72.

Rajendran, R., and R. Reuben. 1988. “Laboratory Evaluation of the Water Fern, Azolla Pinnata for Mosquito Control.” Journal of Biological Control 2: 114–16.

Rana, Ankur Singh, Fahad Iqbal, Anwar Shahzad Siddiqui, and Mini Shaji Thomas. 2019. “Hybrid Methodology to Analyse Reliability and Techno-Economic Evaluation of Microgrid Configurations.” IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 13 (21): 4778–87. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.6733.

“Rice Production.” n.d. The Azolla Foundation. Accessed August 10, 2021. http://theazollafoundation.org/azollas-uses/in-rice-production/.

Ritchie, Hannah. 2019. “Where in the World Do People Emit the Most CO2?” Our World in Data. 2019. https://ourworldindata.org/per-capita-co2.

“River Conditions - Missouri National Recreational River.” 2019. U.S. National Park Service. February 11, 2019. https://www.nps.gov/mnrr/planyourvisit/riverconditions.htm.

Roncoroni, John A. 2011. “Pacific Mosquitofern (Azolla Filculoides).” UC Weed Science (blog). March 16, 2011. https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=4402.

Ruggiero, Antonio, Régis Céréghino, Jordi Figuerola, Pierre Marty, and Sandrine Angélibert. 2008. “Farm Ponds Make a Contribution to the Biodiversity of Aquatic Insects in a French Agricultural Landscape.” Comptes Rendus Biologies 331 (4): 298–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.01.009.

Salmo, Severino G., Vanessa Malapit, Maria Carmela A. Garcia, and Homer M. Pagkalinawan. 2019. “Establishing Rates of Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves from an Earthquake Uplift Event.” Biology Letters 15 (3): 20180799. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0799.

Samiksha, J. 2017. “Azolla: Sporophyte and Sporocarp (With Diagram) | Pteridophyta | Botany.” Botany Library (blog). December 20, 2017. https://www.botanylibrary.com/pteridophyta/class-filicineae/azolla-sporophyte-and-sporocarp-with-diagram-pteridophyta-botany/14997.

ScienceMedia. 2013. Project Azolla: From Floating Fern to Renewable Resource. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O34gTsxyDq8&feature=emb_logo.

Sela, M., J. Garty, and E. Tel-Or. 1989. “The Accumulation and the Effect of Heavy Metals on the Water Fern Azolla Filiculoides.” New Phytologist 112: 7–12.

Shi, Ding-Ji, and David O. Hall. 1988. “The Azolla-Anabaena Association: Historical Perspective, Symbiosis and Energy Metabolism.” The Botanical Review 54 (4): 353–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858416.

Singh, P.K., B.C. Panigrahi, and K.B. Satapathy. 1981. “Comparative Efficiency of Azolla, Blue-Green Algae and Other Organic Manures in Relation to N and P Availability in a Flooded Rice Soil.” Plant and Soil 62: 35–44.

Sood, Anjuli, Perm L. Uniyal, Radha Prasanna, and Amrik S. Ahluwalia. 2012. “Phytoremediation Potential of Aquatic Macrophyte, Azolla.” Ambio 41 (2): 122–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-011-0159-z.

“Soy.” n.d. Global Forest Atlas. Accessed August 10, 2021. https://globalforestatlas.yale.edu/amazon/land-use/soy;

“Soybeans and Soybean Byproducts for Dairy Cattle.” 2016. Penn State Extension. May 9, 2016. https://extension.psu.edu/soybeans-and-soybean-byproducts-for-dairy-cattle.

Speelman, E. N., M. M. L. Van Kempen, J. Barke, H. Brinkhuis, G. J. Reichart, A. J. P. Smolders, J. G. M. Roelofs, et al. 2009. “The Eocene Arctic  Azolla  Bloom: Environmental Conditions,  Productivity and Carbon Drawdown.” Geobiology 7 (2): 155–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4669.2009.00195.x.

Subedi, Purushottam, and Jiban Shrestha. 2015. “Improving Soil Fertility through Azolla Application in Low Land Rice: A Review.” Azarian Journal of Agriculture 2 (2): 35–39.

Surenthiran, Sinthu, and Puvaneswary Loganathan. n.d. “Carbon Sequestration of Azolla and Soil Nitrogen Mineralization.” Proceedings of the International Forestry and Environment Symposium 2012, Sri Lanka: University of Sri Jayewardenepura. http://192.248.32.137/~sjpjourn/index.php/fesympo/article/viewFile/647/193.

Swartz, Timothy M., and James R. Miller. 2019. “Managing Farm Ponds as Breeding Sites for Amphibians: Key Trade-Offs in Agricultural Function and Habitat Conservation.” Ecological Applications 29 (7): e01964. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1964.

Tekle, H.A., and E.V. Doku. 1995. “Comparison of Azolla Mexicana and N and P Fertilization on Paddy Taro (Colocasia Esculenta) Yield.” Tropical Agriculture 72 (1): 70–72.

Tekle-Haimanot, A., and E. V. Doku. 1995. “Comparison of Azolla Mexicana and N and P Fertilization on Paddy Taro (Colocasia Esculenta) Yield.” Tropical Agriculture 72 (1). https://journals.sta.uwi.edu/ojs/index.php/ta/article/view/2613.

“TIGER/Line Shapefiles.” 2019. The United States Census Bureau. 2019. https://www.census.gov/geographies/mapping-files/time-series/geo/tiger-line-file.html.

US EPA, OW. 2018. “Learn about Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins.” Overviews and Factsheets. June 6, 2018. https://www.epa.gov/cyanohabs/learn-about-cyanobacteria-and-cyanotoxins.

Vajda, V., and S. McLoughlin. 2005. “A New Maastrichtian-Paleocene Azolla Species from of Bolivia, with a Comparison of the Global Record of Coeval Azolla Microfossils.” Alcheringa 29: 305–29.

Voiland, Adam. 2018. “How Wide Are the World’s Rivers?” NASA Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. July 18, 2018. https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2767/how-wide-are-the-worlds-rivers.

Wagner, Gregory M. 1997. “Azolla: A Review of Its Biology and Utilization.” The Botanical Review 63 (1): 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02857915.

Wagner, Stephen C. 2011. “Biological Nitrogen Fixation.” Nature Education Knowledge, 2011.

Watanabe, Iwao, and Nilda S. Berja. 1983. “The Growth of Four Species of Azolla as Affected by Temperature.” Aquatic Botany 15 (2): 175–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(83)90027-X.

“Weather Averages Memphis, Tennessee.” n.d. U.S. Climate Data. Accessed September 9, 2021. https://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/memphis/tennessee/united-states/ustn0325.

Whaley, Jane. 2007a. “Azolla Story: Climate Change and Hydrocarbons.” Geo ExPro 09. https://assets.geoexpro.com/legacy-files/articles/The%20Azolla%20Story%20Climate%20Change%20and%20Arctic%20Hydrocarbons.pdf.

———. 2007b. “The Azolla Story: Climate Change and Arctic Hydrocarbons.” GEO ExPro, September 2007. https://assets.geoexpro.com/legacy-files/articles/The%20Azolla%20Story%20Climate%20Change%20and%20Arctic%20Hydrocarbons.pdf.

“Why Is Azolla Unique?” n.d. The Azolla Foundation. http://theazollafoundation.org/azolla/the-azolla-anabaena-symbiosis-2/.

Yao, Yuanlin, Min Zhang, Yuhua Tian, Miao Zhao, Ke Zeng, Bowen Zhang, Meng Zhao, and Bin Yin. 2018. “Azolla Biofertilizer for Improving Low Nitrogen Use Efficiency in an Intensive Rice Cropping System.” Field Crops Research 216 (February): 158–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.11.020.

Forests

Introduction

“15.3 By 2030, Combat Desertification, Restore Degraded Land and Soil, Including Land Affected by Desertification, Drought and Floods, and Strive to Achieve a Land Degradation-Neutral World.” n.d. Indicators and Monitoring Framework | SDSN. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://indicators.report/targets/15-3/.

“2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4.” 2006. IPCC Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Initiatives. 2006. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html.

“2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands.” 2013. Switzerland: IPCC. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/wetlands/index.html.

Barber, Charles V, Rachael Petersen, Virginia Young, Brendan Mackey, and Cyril Kormos. 2020. “The Nexus Report: Nature Based Solutions to the Biodiversity and Climate Crisis.” F20 Foundations, Campaign for Nature and SEE Foundation. https://www.foundations-20.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/The-Nexus-Report.pdf.

Beaulne, Joannie, Michelle Garneau, Gabriel Magnan, and Étienne Boucher. 2021. “Peat Deposits Store More Carbon than Trees in Forested Peatlands of the Boreal Biome.” Scientific Reports 11 (1): 2657. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82004-x.

Beech, E., M. Rivers, S. Oldfield, and P. P. Smith. 2017. “GlobalTreeSearch: The First Complete Global Database of Tree Species and Country Distributions.” Journal of Sustainable Forestry 36 (5): 454–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2017.1310049.

Berger, John J. 2019. “Can Soil Microbes Slow Climate Change?” Scientific American. March 26, 2019. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-soil-microbes-slow-climate-change/.

Briggs, Helen. 2020. “Wildlife in ‘catastrophic Decline’ Due to Human Destruction, Scientists Warn.” BBC News, September 10, 2020, sec. Science & Environment. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54091048.

British Ecological Society. 2021. “Nature Has Enormous Potential to Fight Climate Change and Biodiversity Loss in the UK: Findings from a New Comprehensive Report on Nature-Based Solutions by the British Ecological Society.” ScienceDaily. May 11, 2021. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/05/210511201126.htm.

Byrd, Kristin B., Laurel Ballanti, Nathan Thomas, Dung Nguyen, James R. Holmquist, Marc Simard, and Lisamarie Windham-Myers. 2018. “A Remote Sensing-Based Model of Tidal Marsh Aboveground Carbon Stocks for the Conterminous United States.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 139 (May): 255–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.03.019.

Calvin, William H. 2019. “Avoiding ‘Too Little, Too Late.’” Calvin on Climate (blog). October 7, 2019. https://medium.com/calvin-on-climate/avoiding-too-little-too-late-11f365d0b083.

Cantello, Will Baldwin. 2020. “More Evidence Backs Role of Forests in Tackling Climate Change, but When Will We Get Action?” Medium (blog). February 4, 2020. https://wwf.medium.com/more-evidence-backs-role-of-forests-in-tackling-climate-change-but-when-will-we-get-action-ec177ee7024a.

Cimons, Marlene. 2018. “Rising Temperatures Are Causing Soil to Dump More Carbon Dioxide Into the Air.” Nexus Media News, August 9, 2018. https://nexusmedianews.com/rising-temperatures-are-causing-soil-to-dump-more-carbon-dioxide-into-the-air-9f2b9b28a638/.

CNN. 2020. “A Ticking Time-Bomb for the Climate Crisis?” CNN. December 2020. https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2020/12/world/ticking-time-bomb.

Cooke, Phoebe. 2020. “Investigation: The Problem with Big Oil’s ‘Forest Fever.’” DeSmog (blog). July 6, 2020. https://www.desmog.com/2020/07/06/big-oil-forest-fever/.

Dargie, G. C., S. L. Lewis, I. T. Lawson, E. T. A. Mitchard, S. E. Page, Y. E. Bocko, and S. A. Ifo. 2017. “Age, Extent and Carbon Storage of the Central Congo Basin Peatland Complex.” Nature 542 (7639): 86–90.

Dargie, Greta C., Ian T. Lawson, Tim J. Rayden, Lera Miles, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Susan E. Page, Yannick E. Bocko, Suspense A. Ifo, and Simon L. Lewis. 2019. “Congo Basin Peatlands: Threats and Conservation Priorities.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 24 (4): 669–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-017-9774-8.

Dirzo, Rodolfo, and Peter H. Raven. 2003. “Global State of Biodiversity and Loss.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28: 137–67. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105532.

Dodds, Rosanna. 2021. “The Cause: Sugi’s ‘Forests of Healing and Learning.’” Financial Times, June 29, 2021. https://www.ft.com/content/14a54185-7d34-4e0b-ba56-219d0b3c1420.

Dudgeon, David, Angela H. Arthington, Mark O. Gessner, Zen-Ichiro Kawabata, Duncan J. Knowler, Christian Lévêque, Robert J. Naiman, et al. 2006. “Freshwater Biodiversity: Importance, Threats, Status and Conservation Challenges.” Biological Reviews 81 (2): 163–82. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793105006950.

Ellis, Erle C., Mark Maslin, and Simon Lewis. 2020. “Opinion | Planting Trees Won’t Save the World.” The New York Times, February 12, 2020, sec. Opinion. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/12/opinion/trump-climate-change-trees.html.

ETH Zurich. 2019. “How Trees Could Save the Climate.” ScienceDaily. July 4, 2019. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190704191350.htm.

FAO. 2020. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020: Main Report. Rome, Italy: FAO. https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9825en.

FAO and UNEP. 2020. The State of the World’s Forests 2020: Forests, biodiversity and people. The State of the World’s Forests (SOFO) 2020. Rome, Italy: FAO and UNEP. http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca8642en.

Forseth, Irwin N. n.d. “Terrestrial Biomes.” Nature Education Knowledge 3 (10): 11.

Fourqurean, James W., Carlos M. Duarte, Hilary Kennedy, Núria Marbà, Marianne Holmer, Miguel Angel Mateo, Eugenia T. Apostolaki, et al. 2012. “Seagrass Ecosystems as a Globally Significant Carbon Stock.” Nature Geoscience 5 (7): 505–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1477.

Friedlingstein, Pierre, Myles Allen, Josep G. Canadell, Glen P. Peters, and Sonia I. Seneviratne. 2019. “Comment on ‘The Global Tree Restoration Potential.’” Science 366 (6463). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay8060.

Giam, Xingli. 2017. “Global Biodiversity Loss from Tropical Deforestation.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (23): 5775–77. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706264114.

“Global Tree Search.” n.d. Botanic Gardens Conservation International. https://tools.bgci.org/global_tree_search.php.

Goldstein, Allie, Will R. Turner, Seth A. Spawn, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Susan Cook-Patton, Joseph Fargione, Holly K. Gibbs, et al. 2020. “Protecting Irrecoverable Carbon in Earth’s Ecosystems.” Nature Climate Change 10 (4): 287–95. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0738-8.

Gorzelak, Monika A., Amanda K. Asay, Brian J. Pickles, and Suzanne W. Simard. 2015. “Inter-Plant Communication through Mycorrhizal Networks Mediates Complex Adaptive Behaviour in Plant Communities.” AoB PLANTS 7 (plv050). https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plv050.

Green, Edmund P., and Frederick T. Short. 2003. World Atlas of Seagrasses. UNEP-WCMC. http://archive.org/details/worldatlasofseag03gree.

Greenfield, Patrick. 2020. “World Fails to Meet a Single Target to Stop Destruction of Nature – UN Report.” The Guardian, September 15, 2020, sec. Environment. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/15/every-global-target-to-stem-destruction-of-nature-by-2020-missed-un-report-aoe.

Gregory, Madeleine, and Sarah Emerson. 2019. “Planting ‘Billions of Trees’ Isn’t Going to Stop Climate Change.” VICE. July 15, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en/article/7xgymg/planting-billions-of-trees-isnt-going-to-stop-climate-change.

Griscom, Bronson W., Justin Adams, Peter W. Ellis, Richard A. Houghton, Guy Lomax, Daniela A. Miteva, William H. Schlesinger, et al. 2017. “Natural Climate Solutions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (44): 11645–50. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114.

Harris, Nancy L., David A. Gibbs, Alessandro Baccini, Richard A. Birdsey, Sytze de Bruin, Mary Farina, Lola Fatoyinbo, et al. 2021. “Global Maps of Twenty-First Century Forest Carbon Fluxes.” Nature Climate Change 11 (3): 234–40. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00976-6.

Hengl, Tomislav, and Ichsani Wheeler. 2018. “Soil Organic Carbon Stock in Kg/M2 for 5 Standard Depth Intervals (0–10, 10–30, 30–60, 60–100 and 100–200 Cm) at 250 m Resolution.” Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2536040.

“How ‘Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks’ Could Make Global Warming Worse.” 2020. Resilience. April 16, 2020. https://www.resilience.org/stories/2020-04-16/how-carbon-cycle-feedbacks-could-make-global-warming-worse/.

Hutchison, James, Andrea Manica, Ruth Swetnam, Andrew Balmford, and Mark Spalding. 2013. “Predicting Global Patterns in Mangrove Forest Biomass.” Conservation Letters 7 (3): 233–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12060.

Jabr, Ferris. 2020. “The Social Life of Forests.” The New York Times, December 3, 2020, sec. Magazine. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/02/magazine/tree-communication-mycorrhiza.html.

“Land Cover CCI Climate Research Data Package (CRDP) Viewer.” n.d. European Space Agency. Accessed September 8, 2021. http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download.php.

Lewis, Simon L., Charlotte E. Wheeler, Edward T. A. Mitchard, and Alexander Koch. 2019. “Restoring Natural Forests Is the Best Way to Remove Atmospheric Carbon.” Nature 568 (7750): 25–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01026-8.

Liu, Xiaojuan, Stefan Trogisch, Jin-Sheng He, Pascal A. Niklaus, Helge Bruelheide, Zhiyao Tang, Alexandra Erfmeier, et al. 2018. “Tree Species Richness Increases Ecosystem Carbon Storage in Subtropical Forests.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285 (August). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1240.

Lo, Michaela, James Reed, Leandro Castello, E Ashley Steel, Emmanuel A Frimpong, and Amy Ickowitz. 2020. “The Influence of Forests on Freshwater Fish in the Tropics: A Systematic Review.” BioScience 70 (5): 404–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa021.

MacKenzie, Kate. 2021. “Too Many Companies Are Banking on Carbon Capture to Reach Net Zero.” Bloomberg.Com, January 15, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-15/too-many-companies-are-banking-on-carbon-capture-to-reach-net-zero.

Mackey, Brendan, Cyril F. Kormos, Heather Keith, William R. Moomaw, Richard A. Houghton, Russell A. Mittermeier, David Hole, and Sonia Hugh. 2020. “Understanding the Importance of Primary Tropical Forest Protection as a Mitigation Strategy.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 25 (5): 763–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-019-09891-4.

McGill University. 2020. “Environmental Groups Moving beyond Conservation.” Phys Org. May 28, 2020. https://phys.org/news/2020-05-environmental-groups.html.

Mcowen, Chris, Lauren Weatherdon, Jan-Willem Bochove, Emma Sullivan, Simon Blyth, Christoph Zockler, Damon Stanwell-Smith, et al. 2017. “A Global Map of Saltmarshes.” Biodiversity Data Journal 5 (March): e11764. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e11764.

Moomaw, William R., Susan A. Masino, and Edward K. Faison. 2019. “Intact Forests in the United States: Proforestation Mitigates Climate Change and Serves the Greatest Good.” Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 2: 27. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2019.00027.

O’Connor, M. R. 2019. “A Day in the Life of a Tree.” The New Yorker. August 27, 2019. https://www.newyorker.com/science/elements/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-tree.

Olson, David M., Eric Dinerstein, Eric D. Wikramanayake, Neil D. Burgess, George V. N. Powell, Emma C. Underwood, Jennifer A. D’amico, et al. 2001. “Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth: A New Global Map of Terrestrial Ecoregions Provides an Innovative Tool for Conserving Biodiversity.” BioScience 51 (11): 933–38. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2.

Paudyal, Rupesh. 2020. “Planting Trees Is Vital, but It Won’t Stop Climate Change. We Must Reduce Fossil Fuel Use.” TalkPlant (blog). January 10, 2020. https://medium.com/talkplant/planting-trees-is-vital-but-it-wont-stop-climate-change-we-must-reduce-fossil-fuel-use-5edcaed0f72b.

Plotkin, Joshua B., Matthew D. Potts, Douglas W. Yu, Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, Richard Condit, Robin Foster, Stephen Hubbell, et al. 2000. “Predicting Species Diversity in Tropical Forests.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97 (20): 10850–54. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.20.10850.

Popkin, Gabriel. 2018. “Forests Emerge as a Major Overlooked Climate Factor.” Quanta Magazine. October 9, 2018. https://www.quantamagazine.org/forests-emerge-as-a-major-overlooked-climate-factor-20181009/.

“Protecting Our Wilderness Legacy to Safeguard Our Future.” n.d. Wild Heritage. Accessed August 26, 2021. https://wild-heritage.org/.

Raven, Peter H. 1988. “Our Diminishing Tropical Forests.” In Biodiversity, edited by E.O Wilson and Frances M Peter. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. https://www.nap.edu/read/989/chapter/5.

Rees, Matt. 2019. “Climate Solutions: Working with Nature.” European Investment Bank CONNECT (blog). October 28, 2019. https://medium.com/eib-connect/climate-solutions-working-with-nature-8d3957853c0f.

Rogers, Adam. 2017. “All the Trees Will Die, and Then So Will You.” Wired, May 9, 2017. https://www.wired.com/2017/05/trees-will-die-will/.

Sanderman, Jonathan. 2019. “Global Mangrove Soil Carbon: Dataset and Spatial Maps.” Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/OCYUIT.

Sanderman, Jonathan, Tomislav Hengl, Greg Fiske, Kylen Solvik, Maria Fernanda Adame, Lisa Benson, Jacob J. Bukoski, et al. 2018. “A Global Map of Mangrove Forest Soil Carbon at 30m Spatial Resolution.” Environmental Research Letters 13 (5): 055002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabe1c.

Simard, M., T. Fatoyinbo, C. Smetanka, V. H. Rivera-Monroy, E. Castaneda, N. Thomas, and T. Van Der Stocken. 2019. “Global Mangrove Distribution, Aboveground Biomass, and Canopy Height.” ORNL DAAC, May. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1665.

Sousa, Luis M. de, Laura Poggio, Niels H. Batjes, Gerard B. M. Heuvelink, Bas Kempen, Eloi Riberio, and David Rossiter. 2020. “SoilGrids 2.0: Producing Quality-Assessed Soil Information for Theglobe.” Preprint. Soils and the natural environment. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2020-65.

Spawn, S. A., and H. K. Gibbs. 2020. “Global Aboveground and Belowground Biomass Carbon Density Maps for the Year 2010.” ORNL DAAC, March. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1763.

“TARGET 15 - Technical Rationale Extended (Provided in Document COP/10/INF/12/Rev.1).” 2012. Convention on Biological Diversity. May 25, 2012. https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/rationale/target-15/.

Telesca, Luca, Andrea Belluscio, Alessandro Criscoli, Giandomenico Ardizzone, Eugenia T. Apostolaki, Simonetta Fraschetti, Michele Gristina, et al. 2015. “Seagrass Meadows (Posidonia Oceanica) Distribution and Trajectories of Change.” Scientific Reports 5 (1): 12505. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12505.

“The Bonn Challenge.” n.d. Accessed September 13, 2021. https://www.bonnchallenge.org/.

“The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative.” n.d. Forest Ecology Network. Accessed August 26, 2021. http://www.forestecologynetwork.org/climate_change/sequestration_facts.html.

Thomas, Nathan, Richard Lucas, Peter Bunting, Andrew Hardy, Ake Rosenqvist, and Marc Simard. 2017. “Distribution and Drivers of Global Mangrove Forest Change, 1996–2010.” Edited by Shijo Joseph. PLOS ONE 12 (6): e0179302. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179302.

UNEP-WCMC, and Frederick T. Short. 2005. “Global Distribution of Seagrasses.” WMS; KML (.kml); Vector (polygon); Vector (point). United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). https://doi.org/10.34892/X6R3-D211.

University of East Anglia. 2019. “How Wildfires Trap Carbon for Centuries to Millennia.” ScienceDaily. August 5, 2019. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190805134012.htm.

University of Manchester. 2020. “New Research Reveals ‘megatrends’ That Will Affect Forests in the next Decade.” ScienceDaily. December 1, 2020. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/12/201201124117.htm.

Welz, Adam. 2019. “Listening to Nature: The Emerging Field of Bioacoustics.” Yale E360, November 5, 2019. https://e360.yale.edu/features/listening-to-nature-the-emerging-field-of-bioacoustics.

World Resources Institute. 1992. Global Biodiversity Strategy. World Resources Institute. https://www.wri.org/research/global-biodiversity-strategy.

Xu, Jiren, Paul J. Morris, Junguo Liu, and Joseph Holden. 2017. “PEATMAP: Refining Estimates of Global Peatland Distribution Based on a Meta-Analysis.” University of Leeds. https://archive.researchdata.leeds.ac.uk/251/.

Proforestation

“10 Oldest Trees in the World.” 2017. Oldest.Org (blog). November 11, 2017. https://www.oldest.org/nature/trees/.

“11 Oldest Forests in the World (Updated 2021).” 2012. Oldest.Org (blog). 2012. https://www.oldest.org/geography/forests/.

Ashworth, Kirsti, Christophe Boissard, Gerd Folberth, Juliette Lathière, and Guy Schurgers. 2013. “Global Modelling of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions.” Tree Physiology Biology, Controls and Models of Tree Volatile Organic Compound Emissions, 451–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6606-8_16.

Barlow, J., T.A. Gardner, I.S. Araujo, T.C. Avila-Pires, A.B. Bonaldo, J.E. Costa, M.C. Esposito, et al. 2007. “Quantifying the Biodiversity Value of Tropical Primary, Secondary, and Plantation Forests.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (47): 18555–60. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703333104.

Barras, Collin. 2019. “Scientists Have Discovered the World’s Oldest Forest—and Its Radical Impact on Life.” Science. December 19, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba6333.

Bastin, Jean-Francois, Yelena Finegold, Claude Garcia, Danilo Mollicone, Marcelo Rezende, Devin Routh, Constantin M. Zohner, and Thomas W. Crowther. 2019. “The Global Tree Restoration Potential.” Science 365 (6448): 76–79. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax0848.

Beals, Rachel Koning. 2020. “P&G Plays Climate-Change Catch up but Critics Say Worrisome Tree-to-Toilet Pipeline Has to Go.” MarketWatch. July 17, 2020. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/pg-plays-climate-change-catch-up-but-critics-say-worrisome-tree-to-toilet-pipeline-has-to-go-2020-07-16.

Bonner, Mark T.L., Diane E. Allen, Richard Brackin, Tim E. Smith, Tom Lewis, Luke P. Shoo, and Susanne Schmidt. 2019. “Tropical Rainforest Restoration Plantations Are Slow to Restore the Soil Biological and Organic Carbon Characteristics of Old Growth Rainforest.” Microbial Ecology 79 (2): 432–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-019-01414-7.

Bruggers, James. 2020. “The Wood Pellet Business Is Booming. Scientists Say That’s Not Good for the Climate.” Inside Climate News (blog). July 13, 2020. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/13072020/wood-pellet-business-booming-scientists-say-s-not-good-climate/.

Büntgen, Ulf, Paul J. Krusic, Alma Piermattei, David A. Coomes, Jan Esper, Vladimir S. Myglan, Alexander V. Kirdyanov, J.Julio Camarero, Alan Crivellaro, and Christian Körner. 2019. “Limited Capacity of Tree Growth to Mitigate the Global Greenhouse Effect under Predicted Warming.” Nature Communications 10 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10174-4.

Buotte, Polly C., Beverly E. Law, William J. Ripple, and Logan T. Berner. 2020. “Carbon Sequestration and Biodiversity Co-Benefits of Preserving Forests in the Western United States.” Ecological Applications 30 (2): e02039. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2039.

“Burning Trees for Power: The Truth about Woody Biomass, Energy & Wildlife.” 2018. Charlottesville, VA: Souther Environmental Law Center. https://www.southernenvironment.org/wp-content/uploads/legacy/words_docs/Biomass_Biodiversity_white_paper.pdf.

Cannon, John C. 2020. “Indigenous Lands Hold 36% or More of Remaining Intact Forest Landscapes.” Mongabay Environmental News. January 16, 2020. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/01/indigenous-lands-hold-36-or-more-of-remaining-intact-forest-landscapes/.

Carrington, Damian. 2019. “Tree Planting ‘has Mind-Blowing Potential’ to Tackle Climate Crisis.” The Guardian, July 4, 2019, sec. Environment. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/04/planting-billions-trees-best-tackle-climate-crisis-scientists-canopy-emissions.

Cox, Sarah. 2020. “‘It’s like Paradise for Us’: The Cree Nation’s Fight to Save the Broadback Forest.” The Narwhal (blog). August 22, 2020. https://thenarwhal.ca/broadback-forest-cree-nation/.

Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity. 1999. United Nations Environment Programme. http://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/9190/Cultural_Spiritual_thebible.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1.

Elbein, Saul. 2020. “A New Way to Profit from Ancient Alaskan Forests-Leave Them Standing.” National Geographic. February 7, 2020. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/new-way-to-profit-from-ancient-alaskan-forests-leave-them-standing/.

Erb, Karl-Heinz, Thomas Kastner, Christoph Plutzar, Anna Liza S. Bais, Nuno Carvalhais, Tamara Fetzel, and Simone Gingrich. 2018. “Unexpectedly Large Impact of Forest Management and Grazing on Global Vegetation Biomass.” Nature 553 (7686): 73–76. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25138.

Fa, John E., James Em Watson, Ian Leiper, Peter Potapov, Tom D. Evans, Neil D. Burgess, Zsolt Molnár, et al. 2020. “Importance of Indigenous Peoples’ Lands for the Conservation of Intact Forest Landscapes.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 18 (3): 135–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2148.

FAO. 2018. “Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020: Terms and Definitions.” The Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) Working Paper Series. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/I8661EN/i8661en.pdf.

Ferreira, Joice, Gareth D. Lennox, Toby A. Gardner, James R. Thomson, Erika Berenguer, Alexander C. Lees, Ralph Mac Nally, et al. 2018. “Carbon-Focused Conservation May Fail to Protect the Most Biodiverse Tropical Forests.” Nature Climate Change 8 (8): 744–49. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0225-7.

Frechette, Alain, Chloe Ginsburg, and Wayne Walker Rep. 2018. “A Global Baseline of Carbon Storage in Collective Lands: Indigenous and Local Community Contributions To Climate Change Mitigation.” Rights and Resources Initiative. https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/A-Global-Baseline_RRI_Sept-2018.pdf.

Friedlingstein, Pierre, Myles Allen, Josep G. Canadell, Glen P. Peters, and Sonia I. Seneviratne. 2019. “Comment on ‘The Global Tree Restoration Potential.’” Science 366 (6463). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay8060.

Funk, Jason M., Naikoa Aguilar-Amuchastegui, William Baldwin-Cantello, Jonah Busch, Evgeny Chuvasov, Tom Evans, Bryna Griffin, et al. 2019. “Securing the Climate Benefits of Stable Forests.” Climate Policy 19 (7): 845–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.15988.

Goldstein, Allie, Will R. Turner, Seth A. Spawn, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Susan Cook-Patton, Joseph Fargione, Holly K. Gibbs, et al. 2020. “Protecting Irrecoverable Carbon in Earth’s Ecosystems.” Nature Climate Change 10 (4): 287–95. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0738-8.

Gray, Andrew, and Thomas Whittier. 2017. “There’s Carbon in Them Thar Hills: But How Much? Could Pacific Northwest Forests Store More?” USDA Forest Service - Pacific Northwest Research Station, April 2017.

“Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions.” n.d. Climate Watch. Accessed September 25, 2021. https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions?chartType=area&end_year=2018&gases=co2&start_year=1990.

Griscom, Bronson W., Justin Adams, Peter W. Ellis, Richard A. Houghton, Guy Lomax, Daniela A. Miteva, William H. Schlesinger, et al. 2017. “Natural Climate Solutions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (44): 11645–50. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114.

Grossman, Daniel. 2020. “The Congo Rainforest Is Losing Ability to Absorb Carbon Dioxide. That’s Bad for Climate Change.” Washington Post, March 4, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/the-congo-rainforest-is-losing-its-ability-to-absorb-carbon-dioxide-thats-bad-for-climate-change/2020/03/03/3363d218-5ca9-11ea-9055-5fa12981bbbf_story.html.

Guarino, Ben. 2020. “How Planting Trees Can Help in the Fight against Climate Change.” Washington Post, January 22, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/climate-solutions/trillion-tree-reforestation-climate-change-philippines/.

Haapanala, S., H. Hakola, H. Hellén, M. Vestenius, J. Levula, and J. Rinne. 2012. “Is Forest Management a Significant Source of Monoterpenes into the Boreal Atmosphere?” Biogeosciences 9 (4): 1291–1300. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1291-2012.

Harris, N.L., S.C. Hagen, S.S. Saatchi, T.R.H. Pearson, C.W. Woodall, and G.M. Domke. 2016. “Attribution of Net Carbon Change by Disturbance Type across Forest Lands of the Conterminous United States.” Carbon Balance Manag 11 (24). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-016-0066-5.

Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove, Daniela Jacob, Michael Taylor, Marco Bindi, Sally Brown, Ines Camilloni, Arona Diedhiou, et al. 2018. “Impacts of 1.5°C of Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems.” In Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C above Pre-Industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty, 175–311. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Chapter3_Low_Res.pdf.

Holbrook, Emily. 2017. “Procter & Gamble Use Scrap Wood & Renewables To Make TP.” Environment + Energy Leader (blog). September 26, 2017. https://www.environmentalleader.com/2017/09/scrap-wood-steam-proctor-gamble-using-renewable-energy-make-toilet-paper/.

Houghton, Richard A., and Alexander A. Nassikas. 2017. “Negative Emissions from Stopping Deforestation and Forest Degradation, Globally.” Global Change Biology 24 (1): 350–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13876.

“How to Save a Forest Toolkit.” n.d. In Old-Growth Forest Network. https://www.oldgrowthforest.net/how-to-save-a-forest.

Huang, Maoyi, and Gregory P. Asner. 2010. “Long-Term Carbon Loss and Recovery Following Selective Logging in Amazon Forests.” Global Biogeochemical Cycles 24 (3). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gb003727.

Hudiburg, Tara W., Beverly E. Law, William R. Moomaw, Mark E. Harmon, and Jeffrey E. Stenzel. 2019. “Meeting GHG Reduction Targets Requires Accounting for All Forest Sector Emissions.” Environmental Research Letters 14 (9): 095005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab28bb.

“IUCN Policy Statement on Primary Forests Including Intact Forest Landscapes.” 2020. IUCN. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/content/documents/iucn_pf-ifl_policy_2020_approved_version.pdf.

Keeton, W.S., A.A. Whitman, G.C. McGee, and C.L. Goodale. 2011. “Late-Successional Biomass Development in Northern Hardwood-Conifer Forests of the Northeastern United States.” Forest Sci 57: 489–505. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/57.6.489.

Keith, Heather, Brendan G. Mackey, and David B. Lindenmayer. 2009. “Re-Evaluation of Forest Biomass Carbon Stocks and Lessons from the World’s Most Carbon-Dense Forests.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (28): 11635–40. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901970106.

Körner, Christian. 2017. “A Matter of Tree Longevity.” Science 355 (6321): 130–31. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal2449.

Kun, Zoltán, Dominick Dellasala, Heather Keith, Cyril Kormos, Bernard Mercer, William R. Moomaw, and Michal Wiezik. 2020. “Recognizing the Importance of Unmanaged Forests to Mitigate Climate Change.” GCB Bioenergy 12 (12): 1034–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12714.

Law, Beverly E., Tara W. Hudiburg, Logan T. Berner, Jeffrey J. Kent, Polly C. Buotte, and Mark E. Harmon. 2018. “Land Use Strategies to Mitigate Climate Change in Carbon Dense Temperate Forests.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (14): 3663–68. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720064115.

Leverett, Robert T., Susan A. Masino, and William R. Moomaw. 2020. “Older Eastern White Pine Trees and Stands Sequester Carbon for Many Decades and Maximize Cumulative Carbon.” https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.27.358044.

Lewis, Simon L., Charlotte E. Wheeler, Edward T. A. Mitchard, and Alexander Koch. 2019. “Restoring Natural Forests Is the Best Way to Remove Atmospheric Carbon.” Nature 568 (7750): 25–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01026-8.

Liang, Jingjing, and Javier G.P. Gamarra. 2020. “The Importance of Sharing Global Forest Data in a World of Crises.” Scientific Data 7 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00766-x.

Lindenmayer, David B., and William F. Laurance. 2016. “The Ecology, Distribution, Conservation and Management of Large Old Trees.” Biological Reviews 92 (3): 1434–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12290.

Liu, Xiaojuan, Stefan Trogisch, Jin-Sheng He, Pascal A. Niklaus, Helge Bruelheide, Zhiyao Tang, Alexandra Erfmeier, et al. 2018. “Tree Species Richness Increases Ecosystem Carbon Storage in Subtropical Forests.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285 (1885). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1240.

Lutz, James A., Tucker J. Furniss, Daniel J. Johnson, Stuart J. Davies, David Allen, Alfonso Alonso, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, et al. 2018. “Sylvester Tan, Duncan W.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 27 (7): 849–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12747.

Luyssaert, Sebastiaan, E.-Detlef Schulze, Annett Börner, Alexander Knohl, Dominik Hessenmöller, Beverly E. Law, Philippe Ciais, and John Grace. 2008. “Old-Growth Forests as Global Carbon Sinks.” Nature 455 (7210): 213–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07276.

MacDicken, K., Ö. Jonsson, L. Piña, L. Marklund, S. Maulo, V. Contessa, and Y. Adikari. 2016. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015: How Are the World’s Forests Changing? 2nd ed. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4793e.pdf.

Mackey, Brendan, Dominick A. Dellasala, Cyril Kormos, David Lindenmayer, Noelle Kumpel, Barbara Zimmerman, Sonia Hugh, et al. 2014. “Policy Options for the World’s Primary Forests in Multilateral Environmental Agreements.” Conservation Letters 8 (2): 139–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12120.

Mackey, Brendan, and Kate Dooley. 2019. “Want to Beat Climate Change? Protect Our Natural Forests.” The Conversation. August 7, 2019. http://theconversation.com/want-to-beat-climate-change-protect-our-natural-forests-121491.

Mackey, Brendan, Cyril F. Kormos, Heather Keith, William R. Moomaw, Richard A. Houghton, Russell A. Mittermeier, David Hole, and Sonia Hugh. 2020. “Understanding the Importance of Primary Tropical Forest Protection as a Mitigation Strategy.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 25 (5): 763–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-019-09891-4.

McKibben, Bill. 2019. “Don’t Burn Trees to Fight Climate Change—Let Them Grow.” The New Yorker, August 15, 2019. https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/dont-burn-trees-to-fight-climate-changelet-them-grow.

Mcmullin, R.Troy, and Yolanda F. Wiersma. 2019. “Out with OLD Growth, in with Ecological Contin NEW Ity: New Perspectives on Forest Conservation.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 17 (3): 176–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2016.

Mildrexler, David J., Logan T. Berner, Beverly E. Law, Richard A. Birdsey, and William R. Moomaw. 2020. “Large Trees Dominate Carbon Storage in Forests East of the Cascade Crest in the United States Pacific Northwest.” Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 3: 127. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2020.594274.

Minasny, Budiman, Brendan P. Malone, Alex B. McBratney, Denis A. Angers, Dominique Arrouays, Adam Chambers, Vincent Chaplot, et al. 2017. “Soil Carbon 4 per Mille.” Geoderma 292 (April): 59–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.01.002.

Montaigne, Fen. 2019. “Why Keeping Mature Forests Intact Is Key to the Climate Fight.” Yale E360. October 15, 2019. https://e360.yale.edu/features/why-keeping-mature-forests-intact-is-key-to-the-climate-fight.

Moomaw, Bill, and Danna Smith Rep. 2017. “The Great American Stand: US Forests and the Climate Emergency.” Dogwood Alliance. 2017. https://www.dogwoodalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/The-Great-American-Stand-Report.pdf.

Moomaw, William. 2017. “To Curb Climate Change, We Need to Protect and Expand US Forests.” The Conversation. May 8, 2017. https://theconversation.com/to-curb-climate-change-we-need-to-protect-and-expand-us-forests-76380.

Moomaw, William R., Beverly E. Law, and Scott J. Goetz. 2020. “Focus on the Role of Forests and Soils in Meeting Climate Change Mitigation Goals: Summary.” Environmental Research Letters 15 (4): 045009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab6b38.

Moomaw, William R., Susan A. Masino, and Edward K. Faison. 2019. “Intact Forests in the United States: Proforestation Mitigates Climate Change and Serves the Greatest Good.” Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 2: 27. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2019.00027.

Navarrete-Segueda, Armando, Miguel Martínez-Ramos, Guillermo Ibarra-Manríquez, Lorenzo Vázquez-Selem, and Christina Siebe. 2018. “Variation of Main Terrestrial Carbon Stocks at the Landscape-Scale Are Shaped by Soil in a Tropical Rainforest.” Geoderma 313: 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.10.023.

Nepstad, Daniel. 2014. “Scientists Rebut NYTimes Op-Ed ‘To Save the Planet, Don’t Plant Trees.’” Mongabay Environmental News, September 22, 2014. https://news.mongabay.com/2014/09/scientists-rebut-nytimes-op-ed-to-save-the-planet-dont-plant-trees/.

Pearce, Fred. 2017. “Carbon Loophole: Why Is Wood Burning Counted as Green Energy?” Yale E360. December 19, 2017. https://e360.yale.edu/features/carbon-loophole-why-is-wood-burning-counted-as-green-energy.

“Policy Recommendations for Old-Growth Forest Protection, Support for First Nations, and Sustainable Forestry Jobs in BC.” 2018. Ancient Forest Alliance. August 31, 2018. https://www.ancientforestalliance.org/policy-recommendations-for-old-growth-forest-protection-support-for-first-nations-and-sustainable-forestry-jobs-in-bc/#_ftn5.

Popkin, Gabriel. 2018. “Forests Emerge as a Major Overlooked Climate Factor.” Quanta Magazine. October 9, 2018. https://www.quantamagazine.org/forests-emerge-as-a-major-overlooked-climate-factor-20181009/.

Potapov, Peter, Matthew C. Hansen, Lars Laestadius, Svetlana Turubanova, Alexey Yaroshenko, Christoph Thies, Wynet Smith, et al. n.d. “The Last Frontiers of Wilderness: Tracking Loss of Intact Forest Landscapes from 2000 to 2013.” Science Advances 3 (1): e1600821. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600821.

“Procter & Gamble Puts up Police Barricades to Avoid Criticism on National Toilet Paper Day.” 2020. Stand.Earth. August 26, 2020. https://www.stand.earth/latest/forest-conservation/charmin-toilet-paper/procter-gamble-puts-police-barricades-avoid.

“Rights and Resources Initiative. Rights-Based Conservation: The Path to Preserving Earth’s Biological and Cultural Diversity?” 2020. https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Final_Rights_Conservation_RRI_12-7.pdf.

Rights, and Resources Initiative. 2018. “At a Crossroads: Consequential Trends In Recognition of Community -Based Forest Tenure From 2002-2017.” https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/At-A-Crossroads_RRI_Nov-2018.pdf.

Rosane, Olivia. 2019. “Planting Billions of Trees Is the ‘Best Climate Change Solution Available Today,’ Study Finds.” EcoWatch. July 5, 2019. https://www.ecowatch.com/climate-change-planting-trees-2639092782.html.

Rueter, Gero, and Ruby Russell. 2018. “Europe Breaks Own Renewables Record — but Can’t Keep up with China | DW | 31.01.2018.” DW.COM. January 31, 2018. https://www.dw.com/en/europe-breaks-own-renewables-record-but-cant-keep-up-with-china/a-42386502.

Seymour, Frances, and Jonah Busch. 2016. Why Forests? Why Now?: The Science, Economics, and Politics of Tropical Forests and Climate Change. Center for Global Development.

Skene, Jennifer, and Shelley Vinyard. 2019. “Unrolling Charmin’s Sustainability Claims.” NRDC. March 12, 2019. https://www.nrdc.org/experts/shelley-vinyard/unrolling-charmins-sustainability-claims.

———. 2020. “The Issue with Tissue.” NRDC. June 24, 2020. https://www.nrdc.org/resources/issue-tissue-how-americans-are-flushing-forests-down-toilet.

Smith, Pete, Steven J. Davis, Felix Creutzig, Sabine Fuss, Jan Minx, Benoit Gabrielle, Etsushi Kato, et al. 2016. “Biophysical and Economic Limits to Negative CO2 Emissions.” Nature Climate Change 6 (January): 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2870.

Stephenson, N. L., A. J. Das, R. Condit, S. E. Russo, P. J. Baker, N. G. Beckman, D. A. Coomes, et al. 2014. “Rate of Tree Carbon Accumulation Increases Continuously with Tree Size.” Nature 507 (7490): 90–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12914.

Stephenson, N.L. 2014. “Rate of Tree Carbon Accumulation Increases Continuously with Tree Size.” Nature 507 (7490): 90–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12914.

“Taman Negara.” n.d. Taman Negara. Accessed September 15, 2021. https://www.tamannegara.asia/.

“The Best Sustainable And Eco Friendly Toilet Paper Products.” n.d. Charmin. Accessed August 12, 2021. https://www.charmin.com/en-us/eco-friendly-toilet-paper.

“The Economic Impact of Privately-Owned Forests.” 2009. Forest2Market Inc., National Alliance of Forest Owners. https://grist.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/f2m_economic_impact_study_2009.pdf.

“The State of the World’s Forests 2020.” n.d. FAO. http://www.fao.org/state-of-forests/en/.

Thomson, Jimmy. 2019. “Why Canada’s Boreal Forest Is Gaining International Attention.” The Narwhal. February 26, 2019. https://thenarwhal.ca/why-canadas-boreal-forest-is-gaining-international-attention/.

Unger, Nadine. 2014. “Opinion | To Save the Planet, Don’t Plant Trees.” The New York Times, September 19, 2014, sec. Opinion. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/20/opinion/to-save-the-planet-dont-plant-trees.html.

University of Texas at Austin. 2020. “Long-Living Tropical Trees Play Outsized Role in Carbon Storage.” April 9, 2020. https://phys.org/news/2020-04-long-living-tropical-trees-outsized-role.html.

Watts, Andrea, David D’Amore, and A.David McGuire. 2020. “Forestry as a Natural Climate Solution: The Positive Outcomes of Negative Carbon Emissions.” Science Findings 225: 5.

West Virginia University. 2021. “Biologists Uncover Forests’ Unexpected Role in Climate Change.” ScienceDaily. February 8, 2021. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/02/210208185117.htm.

Wisner, Alexandra, Robert K Musil, Shom Tiwari, Sarah Sung, and William McAuliff. 2019. “Clear Cut: Wood Pellet Production, the Destruction of Forests, and the Case for Environmental Justice.” Bethesda, MD: Rachel Carson Council. https://www.sec.gov/rules/petitions/2019/ptn4-741-exb.pdf.

Wolfson, Sam. 2019. “Wiped out: America’s Love of Luxury Toilet Paper Is Destroying Canadian Forests.” The Guardian, March 1, 2019, sec. World news. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/01/canada-boreal-forest-toilet-paper-us-climate-change-impact-report.

Zhou, D., S.Q. Zhao, S. Liu, and J. Oeding. 2013. “A Meta-Analysis on the Impacts of Partial Cutting on Forest Structure and Carbon Storage.” Biogeosciences 10 (6): 3691–3703. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3691-2013.

Tropical Forests

“2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4.” 2006. IPCC Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Initiatives. 2006. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html.

“2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands.” 2013. Switzerland: IPCC. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/wetlands/index.html.

A Sourcebook of Methods and Procedures for Monitoring and Reporting Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals Associated with Deforestation, Gains and Losses of Carbon Stocks in Forests Remaining Forests, and Forestation. 2016. GOFC-GOLD Report Version COP22-1. GOFC-GOLD Land Cover Project Office, Wageningen University, The Netherlands: GOFC-GOLD. http://www.gofcgold.wur.nl/redd/sourcebook/GOFC-GOLD_Sourcebook.pdf.

Aguilar, Daniela. 2018. “Ecuador: Waorani People Map Their Rainforest to Save It.” Mongabay Environmental News. June 6, 2018. https://news.mongabay.com/2018/06/ecuador-waorani-people-map-their-rainforest-to-save-it/.

Anderson, Jon Lee. 2019. “Blood Gold in the Brazilian Rain Forest.” The New Yorker. December 2019. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/11/11/blood-gold-in-the-brazilian-rain-forest.

Andrade, Rafael B. de, Jennifer K. Balch, Amoreena L. Parsons, Dolors Armenteras, Rosa Maria Roman-Cuesta, and Janette Bulkan. 2017. “Scenarios in Tropical Forest Degradation: Carbon Stock Trajectories for REDD+.” Carbon Balance and Management 12 (1): 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-017-0074-0.

Asher, Claire. 2020. “Forest Degradation Outpaces Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: Study.” Mongabay Environmental News, October 5, 2020, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/10/forest-degradation-outpaces-deforestation-in-the-brazilian-amazon-study/.

Barber, Charles V, Rachael Petersen, Virginia Young, Brendan Mackey, and Cyril Kormos. 2020. “The Nexus Report: Nature Based Solutions to the Biodiversity and Climate Crisis.” F20 Foundations, Campaign for Nature and SEE Foundation. https://www.foundations-20.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/The-Nexus-Report.pdf.

Barber, Charles Victor, Rachael Petersen, Virginia Young, Brendan Mackey, and Cyril Kormos. n.d. “The Nexus Report: Nature Based Solutions to the Biodiversity and Climate Crisis.” F20 Foundations, Campaign for Nature and SEE Foundation. https://www.foundations-20.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/The-Nexus-Report.pdf.

Bartoszek, Louisa. 2020. “How Forests Could Help Africa Eradicate Extreme Poverty.” Medium (blog). May 6, 2020. https://ljbartoszek.medium.com/how-forests-could-help-africa-eradicate-extreme-poverty-dd2ffb6c8a67.

Berenguer, Erika, Joice Ferreira, Toby Alan Gardner, Luiz Eduardo Oliveira Cruz Aragão, Plínio Barbosa De Camargo, Carlos Eduardo Cerri, Mariana Durigan, Raimundo Cosme De Oliveira Junior, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, and Jos Barlow. 2014. “A Large-Scale Field Assessment of Carbon Stocks in Human-Modified Tropical Forests.” Global Change Biology 20 (12): 3713–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12627.

Bonnell, Tyler R., Rafael Reyna-Hurtado, and Colin A. Chapman. 2011. “Post-Logging Recovery Time Is Longer than Expected in an East African Tropical Forest.” Forest Ecology and Management 261 (4): 855–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.12.016.

Büscher, Bram, Robert Fletcher, Dan Brockington, Chris Sandbrook, William Adams, Lisa Campbell, Catherine Corson, et al. 2017. “Half Earth or Whole Earth? Radical Ideas for Conservation, and Their Implications.” Oryx, February. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.6551.

Butler, Rhett A. 2013a. “3.5 Million Ha of Indonesian and Malaysian Forest Converted for Palm Oil in 20 Years.” Mongabay Environmental News. November 12, 2013. https://news.mongabay.com/2013/11/3-5-million-ha-of-indonesian-and-malaysian-forest-converted-for-palm-oil-in-20-years/.

———. 2013b. “Malaysia Has the World’s Highest Deforestation Rate, Reveals Google Forest Map.” Mongabay Environmental News. November 15, 2013. https://news.mongabay.com/2013/11/malaysia-has-the-worlds-highest-deforestation-rate-reveals-google-forest-map/.

———. 2019. “People in the Amazon Rainforest.” Mongabay. April 1, 2019. https://rainforests.mongabay.com/amazon/amazon_people.html.

———. 2020a. “Everything You Need to Know about the Amazon Rainforest: An Interview with Mark Plotkin.” Mongabay Environmental News, May 5, 2020, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/05/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-amazon-rainforest-an-interview-with-mark-plotkin/.

———. 2020b. “Amazon Deforestation Increases for 13th Straight Month in Brazil.” Mongabay Environmental News, May 9, 2020, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/05/amazon-deforestation-increases-for-13th-straight-month-in-brazil/.

Butler, Rhett A. 2020c. “How Much Rainforest Is Being Destroyed?” Mongabay Environmental News, June 10, 2020, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/how-much-rainforest-is-being-destroyed/.

Byrd, Kristin B., Laurel Ballanti, Nathan Thomas, Dung Nguyen, James R. Holmquist, Marc Simard, and Lisamarie Windham-Myers. 2018. “A Remote Sensing-Based Model of Tidal Marsh Aboveground Carbon Stocks for the Conterminous United States.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 139 (May): 255–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.03.019.

“Calculating Tree Carbon.” n.d. University of New Mexico. http://www.unm.edu/~jbrink/365/Documents/Calculating_tree_carbon.pdf.

Campbell, Olivia. 2020. “The Scientists Saving the Rainforests by Listening to Them.” OneZero (blog). February 13, 2020. https://onezero.medium.com/the-scientists-saving-the-rainforests-by-listening-to-them-8b6a69f5873f.

“Carbon Stored by Biome.” n.d. GRID-Arendal. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://www.grida.no/resources/7554.

Carvalho, Bruno, and Carlos Nobre. 2020. “Opinion | Amazon 4.0. How to Reinvent the Rainforest.” The New York Times, October 2, 2020, sec. Opinion. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/02/opinion/amazon-rainforest-climate-change.html.

Chazdon, Robin. 2021. “Conservation Seminar: Natural Regeneration of Tropical Forests: A Cost-Effective Nature-Based Solution for Conservation and Restoration.” Cambridge Conservation Initative. June 31, 2021. https://www.cambridgeconservation.org/event/conservation-seminar-natural-regeneration-of-tropical-forests-a-cost-effective-nature-based-solution-for-conservation-and-restoration/.

Chazdon, Robin L., Eben N. Broadbent, Danaë M. A. Rozendaal, Frans Bongers, Angélica María Almeyda Zambrano, T. Mitchell Aide, Patricia Balvanera, et al. 2016. “Carbon Sequestration Potential of Second-Growth Forest Regeneration in the Latin American Tropics.” Science Advances 2 (5): e1501639. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501639.

Clarke, Elizabeth. 2019. “Our Planet: The Need for Sustainable and Deforestation-Free Palm Oil.” WWF -Together Possible (blog). April 25, 2019. https://medium.com/wwftogetherpossible/our-planet-the-need-for-sustainable-and-deforestation-free-palm-oil-8177a3bab2b6.

Coates, Karen. 2016. “The Myth of the Virgin Rainforest.” SAPIENS, April 21, 2016. https://www.sapiens.org/culture/the-myth-of-the-virgin-rainforest/.

Connecticut, University of. 2016. “Natural Regeneration of Tropical Forests Reaps Benefits.” Phys Org. May 13, 2016. https://phys.org/news/2016-05-natural-regeneration-tropical-forests-reaps.html.

Covey, Kristofer, Fiona Soper, Sunitha Pangala, Angelo Bernardino, Zoe Pagliaro, Luana Basso, Henrique Cassol, et al. 2021. “Carbon and Beyond: The Biogeochemistry of Climate in a Rapidly Changing Amazon.” Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 4 (November): 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2021.618401.

Crowther, T. W., H. B. Glick, K. R. Covey, C. Bettigole, D. S. Maynard, S. M. Thomas, J. R. Smith, et al. 2015. “Mapping Tree Density at a Global Scale.” Nature 525 (7568): 201–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14967.

Curtis, Philip G., Christy M. Slay, Nancy L. Harris, Alexandra Tyukavina, and Matthew C. Hansen. 2018. “Classifying Drivers of Global Forest Loss.” Science 361 (6407): 1108–11. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau3445.

Dargie, G. C., S. L. Lewis, I. T. Lawson, E. T. A. Mitchard, S. E. Page, Y. E. Bocko, and S. A. Ifo. 2017. “Age, Extent and Carbon Storage of the Central Congo Basin Peatland Complex.” Nature 542 (7639): 86–90.

Dargie, Greta C., Ian T. Lawson, Tim J. Rayden, Lera Miles, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Susan E. Page, Yannick E. Bocko, Suspense A. Ifo, and Simon L. Lewis. 2019. “Congo Basin Peatlands: Threats and Conservation Priorities.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 24 (4): 669–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-017-9774-8.

Darlington, Shasta. 2020. “Deforestation in Brazilian Amazon Surges to 12-Year High.” CNN, December 1, 2020. https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/01/americas/deforestation-brazil-amazon-bolsonaro-intl/index.html.

Dunn, Robert R. 2004. “Recovery of Faunal Communities During Tropical Forest Regeneration.” Conservation Biology 18 (2): 302–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00151.x.

Dunne, Daisy. 2020a. “Tropical Forests Losing Ability to Absorb CO2, Study Says.” Carbon Brief. January 27, 2020. https://www.carbonbrief.org/tropical-forests-losing-ability-to-absorb-co2-study-says.

———. 2020b. “Tropical Forests Losing Ability to Absorb CO2, Study Says.” Carbon Brief. January 27, 2020. https://www.carbonbrief.org/tropical-forests-losing-ability-to-absorb-co2-study-says.

Ellis, Peter W., Trisha Gopalakrishna, Rosa C. Goodman, Francis E. Putz, Anand Roopsind, Peter M. Umunay, Joey Zalman, et al. 2019. “Reduced-Impact Logging for Climate Change Mitigation (RIL-C) Can Halve Selective Logging Emissions from Tropical Forests.” Forest Ecology and Management 438 (April): 255–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.02.004.

EPA. 2018. “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (1990-2016).” https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks.

“Fires Raged in the Amazon Again in 2020.” 2021. Text.Article. Earth Observatory. February 19, 2021. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/147946/fires-raged-in-the-amazon-again-in-2020.

“Forest 500 Report Laments ‘Painfully Slow’ Progress of Brands to Tackle Supply Chain Deforestation.” 2020. February 19, 2020. https://www.earthsight.org.uk/news/idm/forest-500-report-slow-progress-brand-supply-chain-deforestation.

Forsyth, Adrian, Ken Miyata, and Dr Thomas Lovejoy. 1987. Tropical Nature: Life and Death in the Rain Forests of Central and South America. Reprint edition. New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

“Fortress Conservation Hurts Our Planet.” 2018. Rainforest Foundation US. August 9, 2018. https://rainforestfoundation.org/fortress-conservation-hurts-our-planet/.

Fountain, Henry. 2020. “‘Going in the Wrong Direction’: More Tropical Forest Loss in 2019.” The New York Times, June 2, 2020, sec. Climate. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/02/climate/deforestation-climate-change.html.

———. 2021. “Tropical Forest Destruction Accelerated in 2020.” The New York Times, March 31, 2021, sec. Climate. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/31/climate/deforestation-amazon-brazil.html.

Fourqurean, James W., Carlos M. Duarte, Hilary Kennedy, Núria Marbà, Marianne Holmer, Miguel Angel Mateo, Eugenia T. Apostolaki, et al. 2012. “Seagrass Ecosystems as a Globally Significant Carbon Stock.” Nature Geoscience 5 (7): 505–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1477.

Frechette, Alain, Chloe Ginsburg, and Wayne Walker. 2018. “A Global Baseline of Carbon Storage in Collective Lands: Indigenous and Local Community Contributions to Climate Change Mitigation.” Rights and Resources. https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/A-Global-Baseline_RRI_Sept-2018.pdf.

Fritts, Rachel. 2018. “What’s Causing Deforestation? New Study Reveals Global Drivers.” Mongabay Environmental News. September 14, 2018. https://news.mongabay.com/2018/09/whats-causing-deforestation-new-study-reveals-global-drivers/.

Gardner, Toby A., Jos Barlow, Robin Chazdon, Robert M. Ewers, Celia A. Harvey, Carlos A. Peres, and Navjot S. Sodhi. 2009. “Prospects for Tropical Forest Biodiversity in a Human-Modified World.” Ecology Letters 12 (6): 561–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01294.x.

Gardner, Toby, Jos Barlow, Robin Chazdon, Robert Ewers, Celia Harvey, Carlos Peres, and Navjot Sodhi. 2009. “Prospects for Tropical Forest Diversity in a Human-Modified World.” Ecology Letters 12 (July): 561–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01294.x.

Giliver, Liam. 2020. “‘Ground-Breaking’ Documentary Links Amazon Fires And Deforestation To Animal Agriculture.” Plant Based News. July 30, 2020. http://plantbasednews.org/culture/documentary-links-amazon-fires-and-deforestation-to-animal-agriculture/.

“Global Brands Ignoring Deforestation Caused by Commodities They Use.” 2020. Forest 500. February 12, 2020. https://forest500.org/analysis/insights/global-brands-ignoring-deforestation-caused-commodities-they-use.

“Global Safety Net.” n.d. Global Safety Net. Accessed September 2, 2021. http://www.globalsafetynet.app.

Green, Edmund P., and Frederick T. Short. 2003. World Atlas of Seagrasses. UNEP-WCMC. http://archive.org/details/worldatlasofseag03gree.

Greenpeace International. 2018. “World’s Biggest Brands Still Linked to Rainforest Destruction in Indonesia.” Greenpeace International. September 19, 2018. https://www.greenpeace.org/international/press-release/18485/greenpeace-investigation-wilmar-brands-palm-oil-deforestation-indonesia.

Griscom, Bronson W., Justin Adams, Peter W. Ellis, Richard A. Houghton, Guy Lomax, Daniela A. Miteva, William H. Schlesinger, et al. 2017. “Natural Climate Solutions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (44): 11645–50. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114.

Guarino, Ben. 2020a. “How Planting Trees Can Help in the Fight against Climate Change.” Washington Post, January 22, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/climate-solutions/trillion-tree-reforestation-climate-change-philippines/.

———. 2020b. “The Audacious Effort to Reforest the Planet.” Washington Post, January 22, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/climate-solutions/trillion-tree-reforestation-climate-change-philippines/.

Harris, Nancy, and David Gibbs. 2021. “Forests Absorb Twice As Much Carbon As They Emit Each Year.” World Resources Institute. January 21, 2021. https://www.wri.org/insights/forests-absorb-twice-much-carbon-they-emit-each-year.

Harris, Nancy L., David A. Gibbs, Alessandro Baccini, Richard A. Birdsey, Sytze de Bruin, Mary Farina, Lola Fatoyinbo, et al. 2021. “Global Maps of Twenty-First Century Forest Carbon Fluxes.” Nature Climate Change 11 (3): 234–40. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00976-6.

Harvey, Fiona. 2020a. “Tropical Forests Losing Their Ability to Absorb Carbon, Study Finds.” The Guardian, March 4, 2020, sec. Environment. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/04/tropical-forests-losing-their-ability-to-absorb-carbon-study-finds.

———. 2020b. “Amazon near Tipping Point of Switching from Rainforest to Savannah – Study.” The Guardian, October 5, 2020, sec. Environment. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/05/amazon-near-tipping-point-of-switching-from-rainforest-to-savannah-study.

Hengl, Tomislav, and Ichsani Wheeler. 2018. “Soil Organic Carbon Stock in Kg/M2 for 5 Standard Depth Intervals (0–10, 10–30, 30–60, 60–100 and 100–200 Cm) at 250 m Resolution.” Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2536040.

“Home Page.” n.d. Yale E360. Accessed August 24, 2021. https://e360.yale.edu/.

Hubau, Wannes, Simon L. Lewis, Oliver L. Phillips, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Hans Beeckman, Aida Cuní-Sanchez, Armandu K. Daniels, et al. 2020. “Asynchronous Carbon Sink Saturation in African and Amazonian Tropical Forests.” Nature 579 (7797): 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2035-0.

Hunt, Louise. 2020. “Chinese Demand and Domestic Instability Are Wiping out Senegal’s Last Forests.” Mongabay Environmental News, November 5, 2020, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/11/chinese-demand-and-domestic-instability-are-wiping-out-senegals-last-forests/.

Hurowitz, Glenn. n.d. “How Pressuring Corporations Can Save the Amazon from Destruction.” Yale E360. Accessed August 16, 2021. https://e360.yale.edu/features/how-pressuring-corporations-can-save-the-amazon-from-destruction.

Hutchison, James, Andrea Manica, Ruth Swetnam, Andrew Balmford, and Mark Spalding. 2013. “Predicting Global Patterns in Mangrove Forest Biomass.” Conservation Letters 7 (3): 233–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12060.

“Illegal Deforestation Monitor.” n.d. Accessed August 16, 2021. https://www.earthsight.org.uk/illegal-deforestation-monitor.

“Innovation by Ancient Farmers Adds to Biodiversity of the Amazon.” n.d. ScienceDaily. Accessed August 16, 2021. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200618120147.htm.

International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. 2020. “Why Are We Still Failing to Stop Deforestation?” May 26, 2020. https://phys.org/news/2020-05-deforestation.html.

“Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks.” 2017. Reports and Assessments. EPA. February 8, 2017. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks.

Irfan, Umair. 2020a. “Can You Really Negate Your Carbon Emissions? Carbon Offsets, Explained.” Vox. February 27, 2020. https://www.vox.com/2020/2/27/20994118/carbon-offset-climate-change-net-zero-neutral-emissions.

———. 2020b. “‘Extinction Breeds Extinctions’: How Losing One Species Can Wipe out Many More.” Vox. June 6, 2020. https://www.vox.com/2020/6/6/21280720/endangered-species-extinction-ecosystem-climate-change-biodiversity-crisis.

Jenner, Lynn. 2019. “Indonesia’s Bangka-Belitung Islands and Kalimantan On Fire.” Text. NASA. September 11, 2019. http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2019/indonesias-bangka-belitung-islands-and-kalimantan-on-fire.

Jong, Hans Nicholas. 2018. “RSPO Fails to Deliver on Environmental and Social Sustainability, Study Finds.” Mongabay Environmental News. July 11, 2018. https://news.mongabay.com/2018/07/rspo-fails-to-deliver-on-environmental-and-social-sustainability-study-finds/.

Juniper, Tony. 2019. Rainforest: Dispatches from Earth’s Most Vital Frontlines. Illustrated edition. Washington, DC: Island Press.

“Katingan Mentaya Project.” n.d. Katingan Mentaya Project. Accessed August 25, 2021. https://katinganproject.com/.

Katwala, Amit. n.d. “These Are the Climate Tipping Points We Simply Can’t Cross.” Wired UK. Accessed August 16, 2021. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/global-tipping-points-for-2020.

Kauchur, Torah. 2017. “They’re Getting Better: As Trees Age, Their Climate Benefit Grows.” CBC, August 18, 2017. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/how-old-trees-help-climate-1.4252888.

Kho, Lip Khoon, and Martin Rudbeck Jepsen. 2015. “Carbon Stock of Oil Palm Plantations and Tropical Forests in Malaysia: A Review.” Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 36 (2): 249–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjtg.12100.

Kinjap, Peter S. 2019. “Sustaining Indigenous Forests with Blockchain Technology.” TheBeamMagazine (blog). July 27, 2019. https://medium.com/thebeammagazine/sustaining-indigenous-forests-with-blockchain-technology-519cdfb60223.

Köhl, Michael, Prem R. Neupane, and Neda Lotfiomran. 2017. “The Impact of Tree Age on Biomass Growth and Carbon Accumulation Capacity: A Retrospective Analysis Using Tree Ring Data of Three Tropical Tree Species Grown in Natural Forests of Suriname.” PLOS ONE 12 (8): e0181187. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181187.

Kopnina, Helen. 2016. “Half the Earth for People (or More)? Addressing Ethical Questions in Conservation.” Biological Conservation 203 (November): 176–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.09.019.

“Land Cover CCI Climate Research Data Package (CRDP) Viewer.” n.d. European Space Agency. Accessed September 8, 2021. http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download.php.

Lestari, Puji. n.d. “Biomass Burning and Air Quality in Indonesia.” Indonesia. https://iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/researchPrograms/air/6_Biomass_Burnng_and_Air_Quality_in_Indonesia-PL.pdf.

Liebsch, Dieter, Marcia C. M. Marques, and Renato Goldenberg. 2008. “How Long Does the Atlantic Rain Forest Take to Recover after a Disturbance? Changes in Species Composition and Ecological Features during Secondary Succession.” Biological Conservation 141 (6): 1717–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.013.

Little, Jane Braxton. 2008. “Regrowing Borneo’s Rainforest--Tree by Tree.” Scientific American. December 1, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanearth1208-64.

Locosselli, Giuliano Maselli, Roel J. W. Brienen, Melina de Souza Leite, Manuel Gloor, Stefan Krottenthaler, Alexandre A. de Oliveira, Jonathan Barichivich, et al. 2020. “Global Tree-Ring Analysis Reveals Rapid Decrease in Tropical Tree Longevity with Temperature.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 (52): 33358–64. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003873117.

Lovejoy, Thomas E., and Carlos Nobre. n.d. “Amazon Tipping Point: Last Chance for Action.” Science Advances 5 (12). Accessed September 23, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba2949.

“MAAP #109: Fires and Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, 2019.” 2019. MAAP (blog). September 10, 2019. https://maaproject.org/2019/fires-deforestation-brazil-2019/.

Mackey, Brendan, Cyril F. Kormos, Heather Keith, William R. Moomaw, Richard A. Houghton, Russell A. Mittermeier, David Hole, and Sonia Hugh. 2020a. “Understanding the Importance of Primary Tropical Forest Protection as a Mitigation Strategy.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 25 (5): 763–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-019-09891-4.

———. 2020b. “Understanding the Importance of Primary Tropical Forest Protection as a Mitigation Strategy.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 25 (5): 763–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-019-09891-4.

Majendie, Adam, Pablo Robles, Kevin Varley, Adrian Leung, and Hannah Dormido. 2020. “The Last of the World’s Rainforests Are at Risk of Burning Away.” Bloomberg.Com, September 14, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-the-last-of-the-rainforest/.

Martin, Maggie. 2020. “Procter & Gamble Can Do Better!” Rainforest Action Network. October 8, 2020. https://www.ran.org/the-understory/procter-and-gamble-must-act/.

Martin, Philip A., Adrian C. Newton, and James M. Bullock. 2013. “Carbon Pools Recover More Quickly than Plant Biodiversity in Tropical Secondary Forests.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280 (1773): 20132236. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2236.

Maxwell, Sean L., Tom Evans, James E. M. Watson, Alexandra Morel, Hedley Grantham, Adam Duncan, Nancy Harris, et al. n.d. “Degradation and Forgone Removals Increase the Carbon Impact of Intact Forest Loss by 626%.” Science Advances 5 (10). Accessed September 23, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax2546.

Mcowen, Chris, Lauren Weatherdon, Jan-Willem Bochove, Emma Sullivan, Simon Blyth, Christoph Zockler, Damon Stanwell-Smith, et al. 2017. “A Global Map of Saltmarshes.” Biodiversity Data Journal 5 (March): e11764. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e11764.

Mendes, Karla. 2019. “Brazilian Amazon Fires Scientifically Linked to 2019 Deforestation: Report.” Mongabay Environmental News, September 11, 2019. https://news.mongabay.com/2019/09/brazilian-amazon-fires-scientifically-linked-to-2019-deforestation-report/.

“Method & Condition For Success.” n.d. Akira Miyawaki. Accessed October 5, 2021. http://akiramiyawaki.com/research-and-development/methods-and-conditions-for-success-of-miyawaki-method/.

Metuktire, Raoni. 2019. “We, the Peoples of the Amazon, Are Full of Fear. Soon You Will Be Too.” The Guardian, September 2, 2019, sec. Opinion. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/sep/02/amazon-destruction-earth-brazilian-kayapo-people.

Moas, Amy. 2013. “Sustainable Palm Oil? No, Not Really!” Greenpeace USA (blog). September 6, 2013. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/sustainable-palm-oil-no-not-really/.

Mongabay, and The Gecko Project. 2020. “New Player Begins Clearing Rainforest for World’s Largest Palm Oil Plantation.” EcoWatch. March 25, 2020. https://www.ecowatch.com/worlds-largest-palm-oil-plantation-2645576807.html.

Montaigne, Fen. 2019a. “Will Deforestation and Warming Push the Amazon to a Tipping Point?” Yale E360, September 4, 2019. https://e360.yale.edu/features/will-deforestation-and-warming-push-the-amazon-to-a-tipping-point.

———. 2019b. “Will Deforestation and Warming Push the Amazon to a Tipping Point?” Yale E360, September 4, 2019. https://e360.yale.edu/features/will-deforestation-and-warming-push-the-amazon-to-a-tipping-point.

Mooney, Chris, and Brady Dennis. 2019. “Top Scientists Warn of an Amazon ‘Tipping Point.’” Washington Post, December 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/top-scientists-warn-of-an-amazon-tipping-point/2019/12/20/9c9be954-233e-11ea-bed5-880264cc91a9_story.html.

“Notes from the Ethnoground.” n.d. https://ethnoground.blogspot.com/.

O’Connor, M. R. 2019. “A Day in the Life of a Tree.” The New Yorker, August 27, 2019. https://www.newyorker.com/science/elements/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-tree.

Olson, David M., Eric Dinerstein, Eric D. Wikramanayake, Neil D. Burgess, George V. N. Powell, Emma C. Underwood, Jennifer A. D’amico, et al. 2001. “Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth: A New Global Map of Terrestrial Ecoregions Provides an Innovative Tool for Conserving Biodiversity.” BioScience 51 (11): 933–38. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2.

Pearce, Fred. 2020. “Parks vs. People: In Guatemala, Communities Take Best Care of the Forest.” Yale E360. June 18, 2020. https://e360.yale.edu/features/parks-vs-people-in-guatemala-communities-take-best-care-of-the-forest.

———. n.d. “Amazon Watch: What Happens When the Forest Disappears?” Yale E360. Accessed August 16, 2021. https://e360.yale.edu/features/amazon-watch-what-happens-when-the-forest-disappears.

Peters, Adele. 2020. “The Planet Is Full of Land Holding ‘Irrecoverable Carbon’—and It’s at Risk.” Fast Company, March 31, 2020. https://www.fastcompany.com/90483832/the-planet-is-full-of-land-holding-irrecoverable-carbon-and-its-at-risk.

Pinkstone, Joe. 2018. “Cadbury Bars and Oreos Are among Products from TWELVE Companies Driving Orangutans to the ‘brink of Extinction’ with the Use of Palm Oil.” Mail Online, November 13, 2018, sec. Science. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-6383997/Palm-oil-TWELVE-companies-driving-orangutans-brink-extinction.html.

“PM Haze.” n.d. PM Haze. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://www.pmhaze.org.

Popova, Maria. 2016. “The Secret Life of Trees: The Astonishing Science of What Trees Feel and How They Communicate.” Brain Pickings (blog). September 26, 2016. https://www.brainpickings.org/2016/09/26/the-hidden-life-of-trees-peter-wohlleben/.

“Products with Palm Oil.” n.d. Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism                    at Brandeis University. Accessed August 31, 2021. https://www.schusterinstituteinvestigations.org/products-with-palm-oil.

Pulgar-Vidal, Manuel. 2018. “To Curb Climate Change, We Must Focus on Forests, Food and Land.” WWF-Together Possible (blog). September 14, 2018. https://medium.com/wwftogetherpossible/to-curb-climate-change-we-must-focus-on-forests-food-and-land-by-manuel-pulgar-vidal-leader-of-33b369d7c699.

Reid, Leighton, Margaret Buck Holland, and Matthew Fagan. 2019. “Restoring Tropical Forests Isn’t Meaningful If Those Forests Only Stand for 10 or 20 Years.” The Conversation. March 18, 2019. http://theconversation.com/restoring-tropical-forests-isnt-meaningful-if-those-forests-only-stand-for-10-or-20-years-107880.

Ritchie, Hannah, and Max Roser. 2020. “CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” Our World in Data. May 11, 2020. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions.

Romo, Vanessa. 2020. “Using Technology, Indigenous Monitors in the Amazon Combat Environmental Crime.” Mongabay Environmental News, June 30, 2020, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/using-technology-indigenous-monitors-in-the-amazon-combat-environmental-crime/.

Rurangwa, Marie Laure, Thomas J. Matthews, Protais Niyigaba, Joseph A. Tobias, and Robert J. Whittaker. 2021. “Assessing Tropical Forest Restoration after Fire Using Birds as Indicators: An Afrotropical Case Study.” Forest Ecology and Management 483 (March): 118765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118765.

Saatchi, S. S., N. L. Harris, S. Brown, M. Lefsky, E. T. A. Mitchard, W. Salas, B. R. Zutta, et al. 2011. “Benchmark Map of Forest Carbon Stocks in Tropical Regions across Three Continents.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (24): 9899–9904. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1019576108.

Sanderman, Jonathan. 2019. “Global Mangrove Soil Carbon: Dataset and Spatial Maps.” Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/OCYUIT.

Sanderman, Jonathan, Tomislav Hengl, Greg Fiske, Kylen Solvik, Maria Fernanda Adame, Lisa Benson, Jacob J. Bukoski, et al. 2018. “A Global Map of Mangrove Forest Soil Carbon at 30m Spatial Resolution.” Environmental Research Letters 13 (5): 055002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabe1c.

Schiffman, Richard. 2020. “Green Violence: ‘Eco-Guards’ Are Abusing Indigenous Groups in Africa.” Yale E360. March 17, 2020. https://e360.yale.edu/features/green-violence-eco-guards-are-abusing-indigenous-groups-in-africa.

Schuster, Richard, Ryan R. Germain, Joseph R. Bennett, Nicholas J. Reo, and Peter Arcese. 2019a. “Vertebrate Biodiversity on Indigenous-Managed Lands in Australia, Brazil, and Canada Equals That in Protected Areas.” Environmental Science & Policy 101 (November): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.07.002.

———. 2019b. “Vertebrate Biodiversity on Indigenous-Managed Lands in Australia, Brazil, and Canada Equals That in Protected Areas.” Environmental Science & Policy 101 (November): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.07.002.

Schuster, Ruth. 2020. “Climate Change Forecast: Rising Tide of Parasites in Warming Seas,” May 2020. https://www.haaretz.com/science-and-health/.premium-climate-change-forecast-rising-tide-of-parasites-in-warming-seas-1.8885130.

Schwartzman, Steve. 2019. “Murder in the Rainforest: 1700+ Defenders Killed, but Their Legacy Lives On.” Environmental Defense Fund, November 22, 2019. https://www.edf.org/blog/2019/11/22/murder-rainforest-1700-defenders-killed-their-legacy-lives.

Scott, Elfy. 2018. “Sustainable Palm Oil Might Not Actually Be A Thing, According To A New Study.” BuzzFeed. December 12, 2018. https://www.buzzfeed.com/elfyscott/sustainable-palm-oil-isnt-as-sustainable-as-you-might.

SG Climate Rallly. 2020. [LIVESTREAM] Solidarity Series: Chiang Mai Fires Teach-In. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&v=1364902040368918.

Simard, M., T. Fatoyinbo, C. Smetanka, V. H. Rivera-Monroy, E. Castaneda, N. Thomas, and T. Van Der Stocken. 2019. “Global Mangrove Distribution, Aboveground Biomass, and Canopy Height.” ORNL DAAC, May. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1665.

Simon, Matt. n.d. “Amazon Fires and the Horrifying Science of Deforestation.” Wired. Accessed August 16, 2021. https://www.wired.com/story/the-horrifying-science-of-the-deforestation-fueling-amazon-fires/.

Song, Lisa. 2019. “An (Even More) Inconvenient Truth: Why Carbon Credits For Forest Preservation May Be Worse Than Nothing.” ProPublica. May 22, 2019. https://features.propublica.org/brazil-carbon-offsets/inconvenient-truth-carbon-credits-dont-work-deforestation-redd-acre-cambodia/.

Sousa, Luis M. de, Laura Poggio, Niels H. Batjes, Gerard B. M. Heuvelink, Bas Kempen, Eloi Riberio, and David Rossiter. 2020. “SoilGrids 2.0: Producing Quality-Assessed Soil Information for Theglobe.” Preprint. Soils and the natural environment. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2020-65.

Spawn, S. A., and H. K. Gibbs. 2020. “Global Aboveground and Belowground Biomass Carbon Density Maps for the Year 2010.” ORNL DAAC, March. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1763.

States, Forest Stewardship Council®-United. n.d. “Paper & Printing.” FSC United States. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://us.fsc.org:443/en-us/market/paper-printing.

Stephenson, N. L., A. J. Das, R. Condit, S. E. Russo, P. J. Baker, N. G. Beckman, D. A. Coomes, et al. 2014a. “Rate of Tree Carbon Accumulation Increases Continuously with Tree Size.” Nature 507 (7490): 90–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12914.

———. 2014b. “Rate of Tree Carbon Accumulation Increases Continuously with Tree Size.” Nature 507 (7490): 90–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12914.

Tagesson, Torbern, Guy Schurgers, Stéphanie Horion, Philippe Ciais, Feng Tian, Martin Brandt, Anders Ahlström, et al. 2020. “Recent Divergence in the Contributions of Tropical and Boreal Forests to the Terrestrial Carbon Sink.” Nature Ecology & Evolution 4 (2): 202–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1090-0.

Telesca, Luca, Andrea Belluscio, Alessandro Criscoli, Giandomenico Ardizzone, Eugenia T. Apostolaki, Simonetta Fraschetti, Michele Gristina, et al. 2015. “Seagrass Meadows (Posidonia Oceanica) Distribution and Trajectories of Change.” Scientific Reports 5 (1): 12505. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12505.

Temple, James. 2019. “We Aren’t Terrified Enough About Losing the Amazon.” MIT Technology Review (blog). September 6, 2019. https://medium.com/mit-technology-review/we-arent-terrified-enough-about-losing-the-amazon-24f3ac6064db.

“The Gecko Project.” n.d. The Gecko Project. Accessed August 24, 2021. https://thegeckoproject.org/.

Thomas, Nathan, Richard Lucas, Peter Bunting, Andrew Hardy, Ake Rosenqvist, and Marc Simard. 2017. “Distribution and Drivers of Global Mangrove Forest Change, 1996–2010.” Edited by Shijo Joseph. PLOS ONE 12 (6): e0179302. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179302.

Toochi, Egbuche Christian. 2018. “Carbon Sequestration: How Much Can Forestry Sequester CO2?” Forestry Research and Engineering: International Journal 2 (3). https://doi.org/10.15406/freij.2018.02.00040.

UNEP-WCMC, and Frederick T. Short. 2005. “Global Distribution of Seagrasses.” WMS; KML (.kml); Vector (polygon); Vector (point). United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). https://doi.org/10.34892/X6R3-D211.

University, Northern Arizona. 2020. “New Global Study Shows ‘best of the Last’ Tropical Forests Urgently Need Protection.” Phys Org. August 10, 2020. https://phys.org/news/2020-08-global-tropical-forests-urgently.html.

Vittert, Liberty. 2019. “The Amazon Lost 24,000 Square Miles of Land This Decade.” Undark Magazine. December 31, 2019. https://undark.org/2019/12/31/amazon-24000-square-miles-deforestation/.

Vorhees, Mara. 2006. Lonely Planet Costa Rica. 7th edition. London etc.: Lonely Planet.

Ward, Tamara. 2019. “How Artificial Intelligence Could Change Conservation.” E&E News, November 2019. https://www.eenews.net/greenwire/stories/1061610079/search.

Weisse, Mikaela, and Elizabeth Goldman. 2020. “The Latest Analysis on Global Forests & Tree Cover Loss.” WRI - Global Forest Review. 2020. https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-pulse.

Welch, James R., and Carlos E. A. Coimbra Jr. 2021. “Indigenous Fire Ecologies, Restoration, and Territorial Sovereignty in the Brazilian Cerrado: The Case of Two Xavante Reserves.” Land Use Policy 104 (May): 104055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104055.

Welz, Adam. 2019. “Listening to Nature: The Emerging Field of Bioacoustics.” Yale E360, November 5, 2019. https://e360.yale.edu/features/listening-to-nature-the-emerging-field-of-bioacoustics.

Wenzel/oeco, Fernanda. 2020a. “For Brazilian Agribusiness, Leaving the Amazon Forested Is ‘a Problem.’” Translated by Matt Rinaldi. Mongabay Environmental News, April 14, 2020, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/04/for-brazilian-agribusiness-leaving-the-amazon-forested-is-a-problem/.

———. 2020b. “Bolsonaro Revives a Plan to Carve a Road through One of Brazil’s Last Untouched Areas.” Mongabay Environmental News, May 11, 2020, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/05/bolsonaro-revives-a-plan-to-carve-a-road-through-one-of-brazils-last-untouched-areas/.

“What’s Driving Deforestation?” 2016. Union of Concerned Scientists. February 8, 2016. https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/whats-driving-deforestation.

“Which Everyday Products Contain Palm Oil?” n.d. World Wildlife Fund. Accessed August 22, 2021. https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/which-everyday-products-contain-palm-oil.

Wohlleben, Peter. 2016. The Hidden Life of Trees: What They Feel, How They Communicate―Discoveries from A Secret World. Translated by Jane Billinghurst. First English Language Edition, 8th Printing. Vancouver Berkeley: Greystone Books.

Wozniacka, Gosia. 2021. “Palm Oil Is in Almost Everything We Eat, and It’s Fueling the Climate Crisis.” Civil Eats. June 16, 2021. https://civileats.com/2021/06/16/palm-oil-is-in-almost-everything-we-eat-and-its-feeding-the-climate-crisis/.

Wright, Rebecca, Ivan Watson, Tom Booth, and Masrur Jamaluddin. 2019. “Borneo Is Burning: The Climate Bomb Experts Say Is Fueled by the West.” CNN, November 2019. https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2019/11/asia/borneo-climate-bomb-intl-hnk/.

“WWF Palm Oil Buyers Scorecard - Company Scores.” n.d. WWF. Accessed August 22, 2021. https://palmoilscorecard.panda.org/check-the-scores/retailers.

Xu, Jiren, Paul J. Morris, Junguo Liu, and Joseph Holden. 2017. “PEATMAP: Refining Estimates of Global Peatland Distribution Based on a Meta-Analysis.” University of Leeds. https://archive.researchdata.leeds.ac.uk/251/.

Zaitchik, Alexander. 2019. “Rainforest on Fire: On the Front Lines of Bolsonaro’s War on the Amazon, Brazil’s Forest Communities Fight Against Climate Catastrophe.” The Intercept (blog). July 6, 2019. https://theintercept.com/2019/07/06/brazil-amazon-rainforest-indigenous-conservation-agribusiness-ranching/.

Zhao, Emily. 2018. “Palm Oil: An Elusive Attack or the Better of Two Evils.” The Climate Reporter (blog). November 19, 2018. https://medium.com/the-climate-reporter/palm-oil-an-elusive-attack-or-the-better-of-two-evils-adb8ce4c56a5.

Zimmerman, Barbara, Stephen Schwartzman, Adriano Jerozolimski, Junio Esllei, Edson Santini, and Sonia Hugh. 2020. “Large Scale Forest Conservation With an Indigenous People in the Highly Threatened Southeastern Amazon of Brazil: The Kayapo.” In . https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11918-9.

Afforestation

“A Platform for the Trillion Tree Community.” n.d. 1t.Org. Accessed September 3, 2021. https://www.1t.org/.

Abbas, Farhat, Hafiz Mohkum Hammad, Shah Fahad, Artemi Cerdà, Muhammad Rizwan, Wajid Farhad, Sana Ehsan, and Hafiz Faiq Bakhat. 2017. “Agroforestry: A Sustainable Environmental Practice for Carbon Sequestration under the Climate Change Scenarios—a Review.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24 (12): 11177–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8687-0.

Ahrends, Antje, Peter M. Hollingsworth, Philip Beckschäfer, Huafang Chen, Robert J. Zomer, Lubiao Zhang, Mingcheng Wang, and Jianchu Xu. 2017. “China’s Fight to Halt Tree Cover Loss.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284 (1854): 20162559. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2559.

Anderson, Mitch. 2019. “Trees Are Healing Our Planet.” Reasons to Be Cheerful (blog). November 5, 2019. https://reasonstobecheerful.world/trees-are-healing-the-planet/.

Apo, Peter. 2016. “Peter Apo: Preserving Kukaniloko, Most Sacred Of Hawaiian Places.” Honolulu Civil Beat. September 22, 2016. https://www.civilbeat.org/2016/09/peter-apo-preserving-kukaniloko-most-sacred-of-hawaiian-places/.

“Arbor Day Around the World.” n.d. Arbor Day Foundation. https://www.arborday.org/celebrate/world-dates.cfm.

“Assessing Global Land Use: Balancing Consumption with Sustainable Supply. A Report of the Working Group on Land and Soils of the International Resource Panel.” 2014. UNEP. https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/8861.

“Assisted Migration (Assisted Colonization, Managed Relocation, Translocation, Helping Forests Walk) and Rewilding of Plants and Animals in an Era of Rapid Climate Change.” n.d. Accessed August 16, 2021. http://www.torreyaguardians.org/assisted-migration.html.

Bastin, Jean-Francois, Yelena Finegold, Claude Garcia, Danilo Mollicone, Marcelo Rezende, Devin Routh, Constantin M. Zohner, and Thomas W. Crowther. 2019. “The Global Tree Restoration Potential.” Science 365 (6448): 76–79. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax0848.

Betts, Richard A. 2011. “Afforestation Cools More or Less.” Nature Geoscience 4 (8): 504–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1223.

Bond, William J., Nicola Stevens, Guy F. Midgley, and Caroline E. R. Lehmann. 2019. “The Trouble with Trees: Afforestation Plans for Africa.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 34 (11): 963–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.003.

Cao, Shixiong, Tao Tian, Li Chen, Xiaobin Dong, Xinxiao Yu, and Guosheng Wang. 2010. “Damage Caused to the Environment by Reforestation Policies in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas of China.” AMBIO 39 (4): 279–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-010-0038-z.

CAPARRÓS, ALEJANDRO, PAOLA OVANDO, JOSÉ L. OVIEDO, and PABLO CAMPOS. 2011. “Accounting for Carbon in Avoided Degradation and Reforestation Programmes in Mediterranean Forests.” Environment and Development Economics 16 (4): 405–28.

Carle, J, and Q Ma. 2005. “Challenges of Translating Science into Practice: Poplars and Other Species in the Three North Region of China” 56: 7.

Carrington, Damian. 2019. “Tree Planting ‘has Mind-Blowing Potential’ to Tackle Climate Crisis.” The Guardian, July 4, 2019, sec. Environment. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/04/planting-billions-trees-best-tackle-climate-crisis-scientists-canopy-emissions.

Carroll, Rory. 2019. “The Wrong Kind of Trees: Ireland’s Afforestation Meets Resistance.” The Guardian, July 7, 2019, sec. World news. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/07/the-wrong-kind-of-trees-irelands-afforestation-meets-resistance.

Catanoso, Justin. 2021. “500+ Experts Call on World’s Nations to Not Burn Forests to Make Energy.” Mongabay Environmental News, February 15, 2021, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2021/02/500-experts-call-on-worlds-nations-to-not-burn-forests-to-make-energy/.

Cell Press. 2021. “Mapping the Best Places to Plant Trees.” ScienceDaily. March 11, 2021. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/03/210311085321.htm.

“China: Afforestation Project in Shandong Improves Environment and Farmers’ Incomes.” 2017. World Bank. July 26, 2017. https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2017/07/26/china-afforestation-project-in-shandong-improves-environment-and-farmers-incomes.

Colwell, Mary. 2018. “A Forestry Boom Is Turning Ireland into an Ecological Dead Zone.” The Guardian, October 10, 2018, sec. Opinion. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/oct/10/trees-ireland-biodiversity-sitka-birds-extinction.

Cook-Patton, Susan C., Sara M. Leavitt, David Gibbs, Nancy L. Harris, Kristine Lister, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Russell D. Briggs, et al. 2020. “Mapping Carbon Accumulation Potential from Global Natural Forest Regrowth.” Nature 585 (7826): 545–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2686-x.

Cross, Lucienne. 2019. “See the Forest for More than the Trees — Why Reforestation Isn’t Working.” Inhabitat (blog). August 6, 2019. https://inhabitat.com/see-the-forest-for-more-than-the-trees-why-reforestation-isnt-working/.

Crowther, T. W., H. B. Glick, K. R. Covey, C. Bettigole, D. S. Maynard, S. M. Thomas, J. R. Smith, et al. 2015. “Mapping Tree Density at a Global Scale.” Nature 525 (7568): 201–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14967.

Cunningham, S. C., R. Mac Nally, P. J. Baker, T. R. Cavagnaro, J. Beringer, J. R. Thomson, and R. M. Thompson. 2015. “Balancing the Environmental Benefits of Reforestation in Agricultural Regions.” Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 17 (4): 301–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2015.06.001.

Dall, Nick. 2019. “The ‘Bacon Tree’ Eating Carbon in the Eastern Cape.” OZY. November 5, 2019. https://www.ozy.com/around-the-world/the-bacon-tree-eating-carbon-in-the-eastern-cape/222592/.

Dejun Li, Shuli Niu, and Yiqi Luo. 2012. “Global Patterns of the Dynamics of Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks Following Afforestation: A Meta-Analysis.” The New Phytologist 195 (1): 172–81.

Deng, Lei, Guoliang Wang, Guo-bin Liu, and Zhou-ping Shangguan. 2016. “Effects of Age and Land-Use Changes on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Sequestrations Following Cropland Abandonment on the Loess Plateau, China.” Ecological Engineering 90 (May): 105–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.01.086.

“Discovering the Resilient Trees For California.” n.d. Oaktopia. https://www.oaktopia.org/climate-change-trees.

Dittrich, Ruth, Tom Ball, Anita Wreford, Dominic Moran, and Chris J. Spray. 2019. “A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Afforestation as a Climate Change Adaptation Measure to Reduce Flood Risk.” Journal of Flood Risk Management 12 (4): e12482. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12482.

Doelman, Jonathan C., Elke Stehfest, Detlef P. van Vuuren, Andrzej Tabeau, Andries F. Hof, Maarten C. Braakhekke, David E. H. J. Gernaat, et al. 2020. “Afforestation for Climate Change Mitigation: Potentials, Risks and Trade-Offs.” Global Change Biology 26 (3): 1576–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14887.

ETH Zurich. 2019. “How Trees Could Save the Climate.” ScienceDaily. July 4, 2019. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190704191350.htm.

Feng, Hao. 2019. “Forty Years of Tree-Planting in China: Successes and Failures.” Climate-Diplomacy. September 6, 2019. https://climate-diplomacy.org/magazine/environment/forty-years-tree-planting-china-successes-and-failures.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2012. State of the World’s Forests, 2012. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Friedlingstein, Pierre, Myles Allen, Josep G. Canadell, Glen P. Peters, and Sonia I. Seneviratne. 2019. “Comment on ‘The Global Tree Restoration Potential.’” Science 366 (6463). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay8060.

Gregory, Madeleine, and Sarah Emerson. 2019. “Planting ‘Billions of Trees’ Isn’t Going to Stop Climate Change.” VICE. July 15, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en/article/7xgymg/planting-billions-of-trees-isnt-going-to-stop-climate-change.

Griscom, Bronson W., Justin Adams, Peter W. Ellis, Richard A. Houghton, Guy Lomax, Daniela A. Miteva, William H. Schlesinger, et al. 2017. “Natural Climate Solutions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (44): 11645–50. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114.

Guarino, Ben. 2020. “How Planting Trees Can Help in the Fight against Climate Change.” Washington Post, January 22, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/climate-solutions/trillion-tree-reforestation-climate-change-philippines/.

Gustin, Georgina. 2019. “Ag’s Climate Challenge: Grow 50% More Food Without More Land or Emissions.” Inside Climate News (blog). July 18, 2019. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/18072019/food-climate-change-solutions-agriculture-beef-waste-forests-growing-population-wri-report/.

Hambly, Helen Victoria. 1999. “THE IMPLEMENTATION AND INSTITUTIONALISATION OF AGROFORESTRY IN WESTERN KENYA: A GENDER AND AGENCY ANALYSE.” York University. https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0028/NQ56701.pdf.

“Heritage Tree Replacements.” n.d. City of Menlo Park - Official Website. Accessed October 4, 2021. https://www.menlopark.org/1752/Heritage-tree-replacements.

Hoagland, Sara H. 1986. “Cross-Pollination: Inter-Organizational Learning in Kenyan Tree-Planting Programs.” https://core.ac.uk/reader/19917078.

Idris Medugu, Nasiru, M. Rafee Majid, Foziah Johar, and I.D. Choji. 2010. “The Role of Afforestation Programme in Combating Desertification in Nigeria.” International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 2 (1): 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1108/17568691011020247.

“IGiveTrees - Solutions Activism.” 2018. August 29, 2018. https://www.igivetrees.org/.

International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). 2017. “The Potential for Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Sequestration in Agro-Manitoba.” International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep14750.

Jeffrey, Luke. 2021. “We Found Methane-Eating Bacteria Living in a Common Australian Tree. It Could Be a Game Changer for Curbing Greenhouse Gases.” The Conversation. April 9, 2021. http://theconversation.com/we-found-methane-eating-bacteria-living-in-a-common-australian-tree-it-could-be-a-game-changer-for-curbing-greenhouse-gases-158430.

Jones, Andrew. 2019. “What Role Can Afforestation Play in Addressing Climate Change?” Climate Interactive. September 19, 2019. https://www.climateinteractive.org/analysis/what-role-can-afforestation-play-in-addressing-climate-change/.

Kuebler, Martin. 2020. “The Good News about Reforestation Efforts.” DW.COM. March 21, 2020. https://www.dw.com/en/nations-world-tackling-deforestation-with-reforestation-world-forest-day/g-52861802.

Kusmer, Anna. 2020. “In Karachi, Planting Dense Urban Forests Could Save the City from Extreme Heat.” The World from PRX. July 20, 2020. https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-07-20/karachi-planting-dense-urban-forests-could-save-city-extreme-heat.

Laguë, Marysa M., and Abigail L. S. Swann. 2016. “Progressive Midlatitude Afforestation.” Journal of Climate 29 (15): 5561–73.

Lambin, Eric F., and Patrick Meyfroidt. 2011. “Global Land Use Change, Economic Globalization, and the Looming Land Scarcity.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (9): 3465–72. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100480108.

Lang, Anne C., Goddert von Oheimb, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Bo Yang, Stefan Trogisch, Helge Bruelheide, Keping Ma, and Werner Härdtle. 2014. “Mixed Afforestation of Young Subtropical Trees Promotes Nitrogen Acquisition and Retention.” Journal of Applied Ecology 51 (1): 224–33.

Lawson, Shaneka S., and Charles H. Michler. 2014. “Afforestation, Restoration and Regeneration — Not All Trees Are Created Equal.” Journal of Forestry Research 25 (1): 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-014-0426-5.

Lewis, Hannah. 2020. “Fast-Growing Mini-Forests Spring up in Europe to Aid Climate.” The Guardian, June 13, 2020, sec. Environment. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/13/fast-growing-mini-forests-spring-up-in-europe-to-aid-climate.

Lewis, Simon L., Charlotte E. Wheeler, Edward T. A. Mitchard, and Alexander Koch. 2019. “Restoring Natural Forests Is the Best Way to Remove Atmospheric Carbon.” Nature 568 (7750): 25–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01026-8.

Li, Miao-miao, An-tian Liu, Chun-jing Zou, Wen-duo Xu, Hideyuki Shimizu, and Kai-yun Wang. 2012. “An Overview of the ‘Three-North’ Shelterbelt Project in China.” Forestry Studies in China 14 (1): 70–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11632-012-0108-3.

Locatelli, Bruno, Vanessa Evans, Andrew Wardell, Angela Andrade, and Raffaele Vignola. 2010. “Forests and Climate Change in Latin America: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation in Projects and Policies.” Center for International Forestry Research. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep01885.

Lugato, Emanuele, Pete Smith, Pasquale Borrelli, Panos Panagos, Cristiano Ballabio, Alberto Orgiazzi, Oihane Fernandez-Ugalde, Luca Montanarella, and Arwyn Jones. n.d. “Soil Erosion Is Unlikely to Drive a Future Carbon Sink in Europe.” Science Advances 4 (11): eaau3523. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau3523.

Lukaszewicz, Jan, Witold Kopryk, and Rafa Paluch. 2003. “The Role of Artificial and Natural Regeneration in Increasing the Sustainability of Forest Ecosystems in Poland.” FAO. 2003. http://www.fao.org/3/XII/0323-B1.htm.

McGrath, Matt. 2020. “Climate Change: Planting New Forests ‘Can Do More Harm than Good.’” BBC News, June 22, 2020, sec. Science & Environment. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-53138178.

Milius, Susan. 2019. “5 Things to Know about Fighting Climate Change by Planting Trees.” Science News. November 17, 2019. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/controversy-fighting-climate-change-planting-trees.

Muthuki, Janet. 2006. “Challenging Patriarchal Structures: Wangari Maathai and the Green Belt Movement in Kenya.” Agenda 20 (69): 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2006.9674752.

Nargi, Lela. 2019. “The Miyawaki Method: A Better Way to Build Forests?” JSTOR Daily. July 24, 2019. https://daily.jstor.org/the-miyawaki-method-a-better-way-to-build-forests/.

Nawir, Ani Adiwinata, Murniati, and LLukas Rumboko. 2007. “Past and Present Policies and Programmes Affecting Forest and Land Rehabilitation Initiatives.” Forest Rehabilitation in Indonesia. Center for International Forestry Research. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02085.9.

“NCS World Atlas.” n.d. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://nature4climate.org/wp-content/themes/tnc-V3/ncs-world-atlas-mapper/index.html#.

“News & Events.” n.d. Accessed August 24, 2021. https://ethz.ch/en/news-and-events.html.

Nightingale, Joseph. 2021. “Africa Is Planting Tens of Millions of Trees in the Desert. Here’s Why.” Big Picture (blog). February 7, 2021. https://medium.com/bigpicturenews/africa-is-planting-tens-of-millions-of-trees-in-the-desert-heres-why-7143b05781ba.

O’Brien, Chris. 2013. “Meet Dave Muffly, the Apple Campus 2 Arborist.” Los Angeles Times, June 7, 2013, sec. Business. https://www.latimes.com/business/la-xpm-2013-jun-07-la-fi-tn-meet-dave-muffly-the-arborist-working-on-apple-campus-2-20130606-story.html.

“OHA Statement on Native Tree Planting.” 2019. The Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA). October 16, 2019. https://www.oha.org/news/oha-statement-on-native-tree-planting/.

Oldfield, Emily E., Alexander J. Felson, Stephen A. Wood, Richard A. Hallett, Michael S. Strickland, and Mark A. Bradford. 2014. “Positive Effects of Afforestation Efforts on the Health of Urban Soils.” Forest Ecology and Management 313 (February): 266–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.11.027.

O’Sullivan, Feargus. 2018. “Britain’s Next Megaproject: A Coast-to-Coast Forest.” Bloomberg.Com, January 10, 2018. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-10/u-k-plans-northern-forest-of-50-million-new-trees.

Ottburg, Fabrice, Dennis Lammertsma, Jaap Bloem, Wim Dimmers, Hugh Jansman, and R. M. A. Wegman. 2018. “Tiny Forest Zaanstad: Citizen Science and Determining Biodiversity in Tiny Forest Zaanstad.” https://doi.org/10.18174/446911.

“Our Farm.” n.d. Sharing Our Roots. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://sharing-our-roots.org/our-farm/.

“Our History.” n.d. The Green Belt Movement. Accessed August 9, 2021. http://www.greenbeltmovement.org/who-we-are/our-history.

Parr, Kate, and Caroline Lehmann. 2019. “When Tree Planting Actually Damages Ecosystems.” Quartz. July 28, 2019. https://qz.com/africa/1676424/tree-planting-can-actually-damages-ecosystems/.

Pearce, Fred. 2019. “Why Green Pledges Will Not Create the Natural Forests We Need.” Yale E360. April 16, 2019. https://e360.yale.edu/features/why-green-pledges-will-not-create-the-natural-forests-we-need.

Peng, Shu-Shi, Shilong Piao, Zhenzhong Zeng, Philippe Ciais, Liming Zhou, Laurent Z. X. Li, Ranga B. Myneni, Yi Yin, and Hui Zeng. 2014. “Afforestation in China Cools Local Land Surface Temperature.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111 (8): 2915–19.

Peters, Adele. 2021. “Why We Need to ‘Rewild’ Our Environment.” Fast Company. January 19, 2021. https://www.fastcompany.com/90594726/why-we-need-to-rewild-our-environment.

Poorter, Lourens, Frans Bongers, T. Mitchell Aide, Angélica M. Almeyda Zambrano, Patricia Balvanera, Justin M. Becknell, Vanessa Boukili, et al. 2016. “Biomass Resilience of Neotropical Secondary Forests.” Nature 530 (7589): 211–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16512.

Presbey, Gail M. 2013. “Women’s Empowerment: The Insights of Wangari Maathai.” Journal of Global Ethics 9 (3): 277–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2013.856640.

Pugh, Thomas A. M., Mats Lindeskog, Benjamin Smith, Benjamin Poulter, Almut Arneth, Vanessa Haverd, and Leonardo Calle. 2019. “Role of Forest Regrowth in Global Carbon Sink Dynamics.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (10): 4382–87. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810512116.

Rainforest Trust. 2017. “Climate Change Series Part 1 - Rainforests Absorb, Store Large Quantities of Carbon Dioxide.” Rainforest Trust Saves Rainforest (blog). September 1, 2017. https://www.rainforesttrust.org/climate-change-series-part-1-rainforests-absorb-store-large-quantities-carbon-dioxide/.

Rammon, Desirée A. 2019. “Planting a Tree, Sowing a Future.” Age of Awareness (blog). May 2, 2019. https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/planting-a-tree-sowing-a-future-7004c40c3886.

Ran, Lishan, Xixi Lu, Nufang Fang, and Xiankun Yang. 2018. “Effective Soil Erosion Control Represents a Significant Net Carbon Sequestration.” Scientific Reports 8 (1): 12018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30497-4.

Ravindranath, N. H., Rajiv Kumar Chaturvedi, and Indu K. Murthy. 2008. “Forest Conservation, Afforestation and Reforestation in India: Implications for Forest Carbon Stocks.” Current Science 95 (2): 216–22.

“Regreening Iceland.” 2017. EUFORGEN. September 19, 2017. http://www.euforgen.org/about-us/news/news-detail/regreening-iceland/.

“Restor.” n.d. Accessed August 24, 2021. https://restor.eco/.

“REVITALIZATION - A Thousand Brown Hills Turn Green: This Is How Rwanda Became a Global Leader in Forest Landscape Restoration.” 2020. REVITALIZATION (blog). February 15, 2020. https://revitalization.org/article/a-thousand-hills-turn-green-this-is-how-rwanda-became-a-global-leader-in-forest-landscape-restoration/.

Richards, Kenneth R., and Carrie Stokes. 2004. “A Review of Forest Carbon Sequestration Cost Studies: A Dozen Years of Research.” Climatic Change 63 (1): 1–48. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000018503.10080.89.

Schirone, Bartolomeo, Antonello Salis, and Federico Vessella. 2011. “Effectiveness of the Miyawaki Method in Mediterranean Forest Restoration Programs.” Landscape and Ecological Engineering 7 (1): 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-010-0117-0.

Schwendenmann, Luitgard, and Neil D. Mitchell. 2014. “Carbon Accumulation by Native Trees and Soils in an Urban Park, Auckland.” New Zealand Journal of Ecology 38 (2): 213–20.

SHUIFA, KE, JOHN E. WAGNER, LI ZHOU, WEN YALI, and ZHENG YAN. 2010. “The Situations and Potentials of Forest Carbon Sinks and Employment Creation from Afforestation in China.” The International Forestry Review 12 (3): 247–55.

Singh, Gurvrinder. 2020. “Unknown Saviors of the Environment: Thirty-Five Men Create a Forest from Barren Land.” Mongabay Environmental News. January 24, 2020. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/01/unknown-saviors-of-the-environment-thirty-five-men-create-a-forest-from-barren-land/.

Sohngen, Brent. 2018a. “Implementing Forestry Sequestration Programs.” An Analysis of Forestry Carbon Sequestration as a Response to Climate Change. Copenhagen Consensus Center. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep16325.8.

———. 2018b. “OPTIONS FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN FORESTS.” An Analysis of Forestry Carbon Sequestration as a Response to Climate Change. Copenhagen Consensus Center. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep16325.6.

Sohngen, Brent, and Robert Mendelsohn. 2003. “An Optimal Control Model of Forest Carbon Sequestration.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 85 (2): 448–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8276.00133.

———. 2007. “A Sensitivity Analysis of Forest Carbon Sequestration.” Human-Induced Climate Change: An Interdisciplinary Assessment, January, 227–227. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511619472.023.

Song, Xiao-Peng, Matthew C. Hansen, Stephen V. Stehman, Peter V. Potapov, Alexandra Tyukavina, Eric F. Vermote, and John R. Townshend. 2018. “Global Land Change from 1982 to 2016.” Nature 560 (7720): 639–43. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0411-9.

“Startup Series: DroneSeed.” n.d. My Climate Journey. Accessed August 26, 2021. https://www.myclimatejourney.co/ctss-episodes/droneseed.

Strassburg, Bernardo B. N., Alvaro Iribarrem, Hawthorne L. Beyer, Carlos Leandro Cordeiro, Renato Crouzeilles, Catarina C. Jakovac, André Braga Junqueira, et al. 2020. “Global Priority Areas for Ecosystem Restoration.” Nature 586 (7831): 724–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2784-9.

Suiseeya, Kimberly R. Marion. 2017. “Contesting Justice in Global Forest Governance.” Conservation and Society 15 (2): 189–200.

Swann, Abigail L. S., Inez Y. Fung, and John C. H. Chiang. 2012. “Mid-Latitude Afforestation Shifts General Circulation and Tropical Precipitation.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109 (3): 712–16.

Tamasang, Christopher F., and Gideon Ngwome Fosoh. 2018. “REDD+ Implementation In Cameroon’s Environmental Law: The Role Of Indigenous Peoples And Local Communities.” In Environmental Law and Policy in Cameroon - Towards Making Africa the Tree of Life | Droit et Politique de l’environnement Au Cameroun - Afin de Faire de l’Afrique l’arbre de Vie, edited by Oliver C. Ruppel and Emmanuel D. Kam Yogo, 1st ed., 934–61. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv941sr6.48.

Tavoni, Massimo, Valentina Bosetti, and Brent Sohngen. 2007. “Forestry and the Carbon Market Response to Stabilize Climate.” Working Paper 15.2007. Nota di Lavoro. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/74125.

Temple, James. 2020. “‘A Trillion Trees’ Is a Great Idea—That Could Become a Dangerous Climate Distraction.” MIT Technology Review. January 28, 2020. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/01/28/276052/tree-planting-is-a-great-idea-that-could-become-a-dangerous-climate-distraction/.

“The Naturals.” 2014. Foreign Policy, no. 209: 68–69.

Thiagarajan, Kamala. 2020. “Could Akira Miyawaki’s 50-Year-Old Innovation Help Promote Biodiversity and Reduce the Risk of Climate Change?” Ensia (blog). June 11, 2020. https://ensia.com/features/miyawaki-trees-biodiversity-carbon-sequestration/.

“Together Let’s Plant a Trillion Trees!” n.d. Trillion Trees Campaign. Accessed August 26, 2021. https://trilliontreecampaign.org.

Totman, Conrad. 1985. “Afforestation.” In The Origins of Japan’s Modern Forests, 39–56. The Case of Akita. University of Hawai’i Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvp7d4vm.9.

“Tree Plantations (on Degraded Land).” 2020. Project Drawdown. February 12, 2020. https://www.drawdown.org/solutions/tree-plantations-on-degraded-land/technical-summary.

“Tree Planting and Water Harvesting.” n.d. The Green Belt Movement. Accessed August 9, 2021. http://www.greenbeltmovement.org/what-we-do/tree-planting-for-watersheds.

Treleaven, Carl. 2019. “Could It Be the Holy Grail?” Medium (blog). February 19, 2019. https://medium.com/@ctreleaven/could-it-be-the-holy-grail-b311387f247a.

University of Cambridge. 2020. “Local Water Availability Is Permanently Reduced after Planting Forests.” ScienceDaily. January 20, 2020. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/01/200120113407.htm.

University of Michigan. 2020. “Global Forest Restoration and the Importance of Empowering Local Communities.” ScienceDaily. August 24, 2020. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/08/200824110114.htm.

Vetter, Susanne. 2020. “The Long Shadow of Colonial Forestry Is a Threat to Savannas and Grasslands.” The Conversation. December 31, 2020. http://theconversation.com/the-long-shadow-of-colonial-forestry-is-a-threat-to-savannas-and-grasslands-151700.

Wang, X. M., C. X. Zhang, E. Hasi, and Z. B. Dong. 2010. “Has the Three Norths Forest Shelterbelt Program Solved the Desertification and Dust Storm Problems in Arid and Semiarid China?” Journal of Arid Environments 74 (1): 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.08.001.

Welz, Adam. 2021. “Are Huge Tree Planting Projects More Hype than Solution?” Yale E360. April 2021. https://e360.yale.edu/features/are-huge-tree-planting-projects-more-hype-than-solution.

Wong, Yishan. 2020. “A Massive Global Reforestation Project Is How We Fix Climate Change.” Medium (blog). May 27, 2020. https://medium.com/@yishan/a-massive-global-reforestation-project-is-how-we-fix-climate-change-36afc6d4dc2.

Wood, Johnny. 2018. “Earth Has More Trees than It Did 35 Years Ago - but There’s a Huge Catch.” World Economic Forum. August 30, 2018. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/08/planet-earth-has-more-trees-than-it-did-35-years-ago/.

Wu, Katherine J. 2019. “In Best-Case Reforestation Scenario, Trees Could Remove Most of the Carbon Humans Have Added to the Atmosphere.” July 5, 2019. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/climate-change-reforestation/.

Xu, Chi, Timothy A. Kohler, Timothy M. Lenton, Jens-Christian Svenning, and Marten Scheffer. 2020. “Future of the Human Climate Niche.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 (21): 11350–55. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910114117.

Xu, Jianchu. 2011. “China’s New Forests Aren’t as Green as They Seem.” Nature 477 (7365): 371–371. https://doi.org/10.1038/477371a.

Yagi, Kazumi. 2011. “Plant Native Trees, Recreate Forests to Protect the Future: Respected Ecosystem Scientist Akira Miyawaki.” JFS Japan for Sustainability. March 2011. https://www.japanfs.org/en/news/archives/news_id030816.html.

Zhai, De-Li, Jian-Chu Xu, Zhi-Cong Dai, Charles H. Cannon, and R. E. Grumbine. 2014. “Increasing Tree Cover While Losing Diverse Natural Forests in Tropical Hainan, China.” Regional Environmental Change 14 (2): 611–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0512-9.

Peatlands

“6 Ways to Avoid Palm Oil (and Why You Should).” n.d. Gaiam. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://www.gaiam.com/blogs/discover/6-ways-to-avoid-palm-oil-and-why-you-should.

“2006 Indonesian Forest Fires Worst since 1998.” 2007. Mongabay Environmental News. March 1, 2007. https://news.mongabay.com/2007/03/2006-indonesian-forest-fires-worst-since-1998/.

“2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4.” 2006. IPCC Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Initiatives. 2006. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html.

“2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands.” 2013. Switzerland: IPCC. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/wetlands/index.html.

“A Shared Vision 100% Sustainable Palm Oil in Europe: A Snapshot of National Initiatives.” 2015. RSPO. https://rspo.org/publications/download/a3a33428fd77380.

“About the Project.” n.d. CongoPeat. Accessed September 15, 2021. https://congopeat.net/about/.

Ancrenaz, M, M Gumal, A.J. Marshall, Meijaard E, S.A Wich, and S Husson. 2016. “IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pongo Pygmaeus.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, February. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T17975A17966347.en.

Barthelmes, Alexandra, Hans Joosten, Cosima Tegetmeyer, Doreen-Karen Barthelmes, Rene Dommain, and Olga Margalef. n.d. “Towards a Global High Resolution Peatland Map in 2020.” Presented at the Peatland Studies & Palaeo-ecology group, Germany. https://greifswaldmoor.de/files/dokumente/Global%20Peatland%20Database/Barthelmes%20et%20al_EGU_2015.pdf.

Biello, David. 2009. “Peat and Repeat: Can Major Carbon Sinks Be Restored by Rewetting the World’s Drained Bogs?” Scientific American. December 8, 2009. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/peat-and-repeat-rewetting-carbon-sinks/.

Boonratana, R, S.M Cheyne, C Traeholt, V Nijman, and J Supriatna. 2020. “IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Nasalis Larvatus.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/14352/17945165.

Bourgeau-Chavez, L. L., S. L. Endres, J. A. Graham, J. A. Hribljan, R. A. Chimner, E. A. Lillieskov, and M. J. Battaglia. 2018. “6.04 - Mapping Peatlands in Boreal and Tropical Ecoregions.” In Comprehensive Remote Sensing, edited by Shunlin Liang, 24–44. Oxford: Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095489105445.

Byrd, Kristin B., Laurel Ballanti, Nathan Thomas, Dung Nguyen, James R. Holmquist, Marc Simard, and Lisamarie Windham-Myers. 2018. “A Remote Sensing-Based Model of Tidal Marsh Aboveground Carbon Stocks for the Conterminous United States.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 139 (May): 255–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.03.019.

Canada, Wildlife Conservation Society. 2021. “Northern Peatlands in Canada.” ArcGIS StoryMaps. February 22, 2021. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/19d24f59487b46f6a011dba140eddbe7.

Cernansky, Rachel. 2019. “As Palm Oil Production Ramps up in Africa, Communities Work to Avoid Problems Plaguing Other Regions.” Ensia. March 26, 2019. https://ensia.com/features/sustainable-palm-oil-production-west-central-africa/.

Chandler, David L. 2020. “Peatland Drainage in Southeast Asia Adds to Climate Change.” Phys Org. June 4, 2020. https://phys.org/news/2020-06-peatland-drainage-southeast-asia-climate.html.

Coca, Nithin. 2020. “As Palm Oil for Biofuel Rises in Southeast Asia, Tropical Ecosystems Shrink.” China Dialogue (blog). April 15, 2020. https://chinadialogue.net/en/energy/11957-as-palm-oil-for-biofuel-rises-in-southeast-asia-tropical-ecosystems-shrink/.

Comas, X., N. Terry, L. Slater, M. Warren, R. Kolka, A. Kristiyono, N. Sudiana, D. Nurjaman, and T. Darusman. 2015. “Imaging Tropical Peatlands in Indonesia Using Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI): Implications for Carbon Stock Estimates and Peat Soil Characterization.” Biogeosciences 12 (10): 2995–3007. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2995-2015.

Cooper, Hannah V., Stephanie Evers, Paul Aplin, Neil Crout, Mohd Puat Bin Dahalan, and Sofie Sjogersten. 2020. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions Resulting from Conversion of Peat Swamp Forest to Oil Palm Plantation.” Nature Communications 11 (January): 407. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14298-w.

Dalton, Jane. 2018. “Certified Sustainable Palm Oil May Kill More Wildlife, Say Scientists.” The Independent. December 15, 2018. https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/palm-oil-sustainable-certified-plantations-orangutans-indonesia-southeast-asia-greenwashing-purdue-a8674681.html.

Dargie, Greta C., Ian T. Lawson, Tim J. Rayden, Lera Miles, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Susan E. Page, Yannick E. Bocko, Suspense A. Ifo, and Simon L. Lewis. 2018. “Congo Basin Peatlands: Threats and Conservation Priorities.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 24 (4): 669–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-017-9774-8.

Dargie, Greta C., Simon L. Lewis, Ian T. Lawson, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Susan E. Page, Yannick E. Bocko, and Suspense A. Ifo. 2017. “Age, Extent and Carbon Storage of the Central Congo Basin Peatland Complex.” Nature 542 (February): 86–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21048.

“Data Explorer.” n.d. Climate Watch. Accessed September 15, 2021. https://www.climatewatchdata.org/data-explorer/historical-emissions?historical-emissions-data-sources=cait&historical-emissions-gases=all-ghg&historical-emissions-regions=All%20Selected&historical-emissions-sectors=total-including-lucf&page=1.

Davidson, Nick C., C. Max Finlayson, Nick C. Davidson, and C. Max Finlayson. 2019. “Updating Global Coastal Wetland Areas Presented in Davidson and Finlayson (2018).” Marine and Freshwater Research 70 (8): 1195–1200. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF19010.

Ellis, S, and Bibhab Talukdar. 2020. “IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dicerorhinus Sumatrensis.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T6553A18493355.en.

Fortin, Joel Claude. 2011. “The Biofuel Boom and Indonesia’s Oil Palm Industry: The Twin Processes of Peasant Dispossession and Adverse Incorporation in West Kalimantan.” Halifax, Nova Scotia: Saint Mary’s University.

“Fossil Fuel Emissions.” n.d. Global Carbon Atlas. http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions.

Fountain, Henry. 2020. “What’s Green, Soggy and Fights Climate Change?” The New York Times, October 9, 2020, sec. Climate. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/09/climate/peat-climate-change.html.

Fourqurean, James W., Carlos M. Duarte, Hilary Kennedy, Núria Marbà, Marianne Holmer, Miguel Angel Mateo, Eugenia T. Apostolaki, et al. 2012. “Seagrass Ecosystems as a Globally Significant Carbon Stock.” Nature Geoscience 5 (7): 505–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1477.

Gewin, Virginia. 2018. “Rewetting the Swamp: Indonesia’s Bold Plan.” Scientific American, January 31, 2018. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/rewetting-the-swamp-indonesia-rsquo-s-bold-plan/.

Giacomin, Valeria. 2018. “The Transformation of the Global Palm Oil Cluster: Dynamics of Cluster Competition between Africa and Southeast Asia (c.1900–1970).” Journal of Global History 13 (3): 374–98. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740022818000207.

“Global Fire Emissions Database.” 2016. 2016. http://www.globalfiredata.org/index.html.

“Global Mangrove Watch (1996-2016).” n.d. UNEP WCMC. https://data.unep-wcmc.org/datasets/45.

Goldstein, Allie, Will R. Turner, Seth A. Spawn, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Susan Cook-Patton, Joseph Fargione, Holly K. Gibbs, et al. 2020. “Protecting Irrecoverable Carbon in Earth’s Ecosystems.” Nature Climate Change 10 (4): 287–95. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0738-8.

Green, Edmund P., and Frederick T. Short. 2003. World Atlas of Seagrasses. UNEP-WCMC. http://archive.org/details/worldatlasofseag03gree.

GreenPalm. 2016. “2015 Global Palm Oil Production by Country.” August 24. https://www.slideshare.net/GreenPalmOil/2015-global-palm-oil-production-by-country.

Grossman, Daniel. 2019. “Inside the Search for Africa’s Carbon Time Bomb: A Huge Peatland.” Science. October 2, 2019. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/inside-search-for-africa-carbon-time-bomb-peatland.

Harding, Andrew. 2006. “Borneo Fires ‘Catastrophe.’” BBC, November 16, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolavconsole/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_6150000/newsid_6156600/bb_rm_6156676.stm.

Harris, Nancy, and Sarah Sargent. 2016. “Destruction of Tropical Peatland Is an Overlooked Source of Emissions.” April 21, 2016. https://www.wri.org/insights/destruction-tropical-peatland-overlooked-source-emissions.

Hearn, Andrew, Joanna Ross, Jennifer McCarthy, Andreas Wilting, Jedidiah Brodie, Susan Cheyne, John Mathai, B Loken, and Iding Haidir. 2015. “IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Neofelis Diardi.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, July. https://www.iucnredlist.org/en.

Helbig, Manuel. 2020. “Guaging Water Loss from Northern Peatlands, a Likely Accelerant of Climate Change.” Scienmag: Latest Science and Health News (blog). May 15, 2020. https://scienmag.com/guaging-water-loss-from-northern-peatlands-a-likely-accelerant-of-climate-change/.

Hemes, Kyle S., Samuel D. Chamberlain, Elke Eichelmann, Tyler Anthony, Amy Valach, Kuno Kasak, Daphne Szutu, Joe Verfaillie, Whendee L. Silver, and Dennis D. Baldocchi. 2019. “Assessing the Carbon and Climate Benefit of Restoring Degraded Agricultural Peat Soils to Managed Wetlands.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 268 (April): 202–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.01.017.

Hengl, Tomislav, and Ichsani Wheeler. 2018. “Soil Organic Carbon Stock in Kg/M2 for 5 Standard Depth Intervals (0–10, 10–30, 30–60, 60–100 and 100–200 Cm) at 250 m Resolution.” Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2536040.

Huijnen, V., M. J. Wooster, J. W. Kaiser, D. L. A. Gaveau, J. Flemming, M. Parrington, A. Inness, D. Murdiyarso, B. Main, and M. van Weele. 2016. “Fire Carbon Emissions over Maritime Southeast Asia in 2015 Largest since 1997.” Scientific Reports 6 (1): 26886. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26886.

Hutan, Koalisi Anti Mafia. 2019. “Perpetual Haze: Pulp Production, Peatlands, and the Future of Fire Risk in Indonesia.” Jakarta, Indonesia: AURIGA. https://auriga.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Perpetual-Haze.pdf.

Hutchison, James, Andrea Manica, Ruth Swetnam, Andrew Balmford, and Mark Spalding. 2013. “Predicting Global Patterns in Mangrove Forest Biomass.” Conservation Letters 7 (3): 233–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12060.

“India Allows GE Soybean Meal Imports in Response to Soaring Domestic Meal Prices.” 2021. USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/oilseeds.pdf.

“Indonesia: Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues.” 2012. IFAD. November 2012. https://www.ifad.org/en/web/knowledge/-/publication/indonesia-country-technical-note-on-indigenous-peoples-issues.

“Indonesia | Indigenous Peoples.” n.d. FAO. Accessed September 15, 2021. http://www.fao.org/indigenous-peoples/country/idn/en/?iso3=IDN.

“Indonesia’s Fire and Haze Crisis.” 2015. Text/HTML. World Bank. November 25, 2015. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/12/01/indonesias-fire-and-haze-crisis.

“IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Kittacincla Malabarica.” 2016. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, October. https://www.iucnredlist.org/en.

Jacques, Harry. 2020. “Ex-Logger Leads Firefighters Defending Indonesia’s Peatlands.” Long Reads. October 14, 2020. http://longreads.trust.org/item/logger-leads-fire-fighters-Indonesia-peatland-climate.

Jong, Hans Nicholas. 2019a. “Peat Protection Rule May Be a Double-Edged Sword for Indonesia’s Forests.” Mongabay Environmental News, April 22, 2019, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2019/04/peat-protection-rule-may-be-a-double-edged-sword-for-indonesias-forests/.

———. 2019b. “Indonesia Fires Emitted Double the Carbon of Amazon Fires, Research Shows.” Mongabay Environmental News, November 25, 2019, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2019/11/indonesia-fires-amazon-carbon-emissions-peatland/.

———. 2021. “Palm Oil Plantations, Coal Mines Linked to Deadly Indonesia Flood.” Mongabay Environmental News, January 20, 2021, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2021/01/palm-oil-plantations-coal-mines-deforestation-indonesia-south-kalimantan-flood/.

“Katingan Mentaya Project.” n.d. Katingan Mentaya Project. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://www.katinganproject.com/.

Kier, Gerold, Jens Mutke, Eric Dinerstein, Taylor H. Ricketts, Wolfgang Küper, Holger Kreft, and Wilhelm Barthlott. 2005. “Global Patterns of Plant Diversity and Floristic Knowledge.” Journal of Biogeography 32 (7): 1107–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01272.x.

Köchy, M., R. Hiederer, and A. Freibauer. 2015. “Global Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon – Part 1: Masses and Frequency Distributions of SOC Stocks for the Tropics, Permafrost Regions, Wetlands, and the World.” SOIL 1 (1): 351–65. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-351-2015.

Lam, Wan Yee, Michal Kulak, Sarah Sim, Henry King, Mark A. J. Huijbregts, and Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer. 2019. “Greenhouse Gas Footprints of Palm Oil Production in Indonesia over Space and Time.” Science of The Total Environment 688 (October): 827–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.377.

“Land Cover CCI Climate Research Data Package (CRDP) Viewer.” n.d. European Space Agency. Accessed September 8, 2021. http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download.php.

“Let’s Be the Generation That Ends Deforestation.” n.d. Orangutan Alliance. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://orangutanalliance.org/.

Loisel, Julie, Zicheng Yu, David W. Beilman, Karl Kaiser, and Ivan Parnikoza. 2017. “Peatland Ecosystem Processes in the Maritime Antarctic During Warm Climates.” Scientific Reports 7 (September): 12344. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12479-0.

Luskin, M, A Ke, E Meijaard, M Gumal, and K Kawanishi. 2017. “IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sus Barbatus.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41772/123793370.

“Maps.” n.d. CongoPeat. Accessed September 12, 2021. https://congopeat.net/maps/.

Mcowen, Chris, Lauren Weatherdon, Jan-Willem Bochove, Emma Sullivan, Simon Blyth, Christoph Zockler, Damon Stanwell-Smith, et al. 2017. “A Global Map of Saltmarshes.” Biodiversity Data Journal 5 (March): e11764. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e11764.

Miettinen, Jukka, Chenghua Shi, and Soo Chin Liew. 2016. “Land Cover Distribution in the Peatlands of Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo in 2015 with Changes since 1990.” Global Ecology and Conservation 6 (April): 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2016.02.004.

Minasny, Budiman, Örjan Berglund, John Connolly, Carolyn Hedley, Folkert de Vries, Alessandro Gimona, Bas Kempen, et al. 2019. “Digital Mapping of Peatlands – A Critical Review.” Earth-Science Reviews 196 (September): 102870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.05.014.

Minority Rights Group International. 2018. “World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Indonesia.” Refworld. January 2018. https://www.refworld.org/docid/4954ce40c.html.

Mooney, Chris. 2021. “An Enormous Missing Contribution to Global Warming May Have Been Right under Our Feet.” Washington Post, June 4, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2021/06/04/an-enormous-missing-contribution-global-warming-may-have-been-right-under-our-feet/.

“Nature-Based Solutions for Climate Change: From Global Ambition to Local Action.” 2020. International Institute for Environment and Development. April 28, 2020. https://www.iied.org/nature-based-solutions-for-climate-change-global-ambition-local-action.

Noon, Monica, Allie Goldstein, Juan Carlos Ledezma, Patrick Roehrdanz, Susan C. Cook-Patton, Seth Spawn-Lee, Timothy Maxwell Wright, et al. n.d. “Mapping the Irrecoverable Carbon in Earth’s Ecosystems - Submitted Manuscript.” Science.

Normile, Dennis. 2019. “Indonesia’s Fires Are Bad, but New Measures Prevented Them from Becoming Worse.” Science. October 1, 2019. https://www.science.org/content/article/indonesias-fires-are-bad-new-measures-prevented-them-becoming-worse.

Nowak, Matthew, Ian Singleton, Graham Usher, Suci Utami-Atmoko, and S.A Wich. 2017. “IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pongo Abelii.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, October. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T121097935A115575085.en.

Obidzinski, Krystof, Rubeta Andriani, Heru Komarudin, and Agus Andrianto. 2012. “Environmental and Social Impacts of Oil Palm Plantations and Their Implications for Biofuel Production in Indonesia.” Ecology and Society 17 (1). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-04775-170125.

Olson, David M., Eric Dinerstein, Eric D. Wikramanayake, Neil D. Burgess, George V. N. Powell, Emma C. Underwood, Jennifer A. D’amico, et al. 2001. “Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth: A New Global Map of Terrestrial Ecoregions Provides an Innovative Tool for Conserving Biodiversity.” BioScience 51 (11): 933–38. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2.

Orange, Richard. 2019. “Danish Farmers Divided over Plan to Flood Their Lands to Cut Emissions.” The Guardian, December 28, 2019, sec. World news. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/28/danish-farmers-plan-to-flood-land-peat-bog-carbon-emissions.

Page, S. E., J. O. Rieley, and R. Wüst. 2006. “Lowland Tropical Peatlands of Southeast Asia.” In Peatlands: Evolution and Records of Environmental and Climate Changes (Developments in Earth Surface Processes), edited by I. P. Martini, A. Martinez Cortizas, and W. Chesworth, 9:145–72. Netherlands: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0928-2025(06)09007-9.

Page, Susan E., John O. Rieley, and Christopher J. Banks. 2011. “Global and Regional Importance of the Tropical Peatland Carbon Pool.” Global Change Biology 17 (2): 798–818. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02279.x.

Page, Susan E., Florian Siegert, John O. Rieley, Hans-Dieter V. Boehm, Adi Jaya, and Suwido Limin. 2002. “The Amount of Carbon Released from Peat and Forest Fires in Indonesia during 1997.” Nature 420 (6911): 61–65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01131.

Page, Susan, Agata Hosciło, Henk Wösten, Jyrki Jauhiainen, Marcel Silvius, Jack Rieley, Henk Ritzema, et al. 2009. “Restoration Ecology of Lowland Tropical Peatlands in Southeast Asia: Current Knowledge and Future Research Directions.” Ecosystems 12 (September): 888–905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9216-2.

“Palm Oil.” n.d. Greenpeace Australia Pacific. Accessed September 25, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org.au/what-we-do/protecting-forests/forests-indonesia/palm-oil/.

“Palm Oil – Deforestation for Everyday Products.” n.d. Rainforest Rescue. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://www.rainforest-rescue.org/topics/palm-oil#start.

“Palm Oil and Global Warming.” 2013. Union of Concerned Scientists. https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/legacy/assets/documents/global_warming/palm-oil-and-global-warming.pdf.

“Peatlands.” n.d. Western Pennsylvania Conservancy. Accessed September 15, 2021. https://waterlandlife.org/wildlife-pnhp/special-places-2/peatlands/.

“Peatlands Store Twice as Much Carbon as All the World’s Forests.” 2019. UNEP. February 1, 2019. http://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/peatlands-store-twice-much-carbon-all-worlds-forests.

Peters, Adele. 2020. “The Planet Is Full of Land Holding ‘Irrecoverable Carbon’—and It’s at Risk.” Fast Company, March 31, 2020. https://www.fastcompany.com/90483832/the-planet-is-full-of-land-holding-irrecoverable-carbon-and-its-at-risk.

Roos, Marco C., Paul J. A. Keßler, S. Robbert Gradstein, and Pieter Baas. 2004. “Species Diversity and Endemism of Five Major Malesian Islands: Diversity–Area Relationships.” Journal of Biogeography 31 (12): 1893–1908. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01154.x.

Sanderman, Jonathan, Tomislav Hengl, Greg Fiske, Kylen Solvik, Maria Fernanda Adame, Lisa Benson, Jacob J. Bukoski, et al. 2018. “A Global Map of Mangrove Forest Soil Carbon at 30m Spatial Resolution.” Environmental Research Letters 13 (5): 055002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabe1c.

Shahbandeh, M. 2021. “Global Vegetable Oil Consumption, 2019/20.” Statista. January 26, 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/263937/vegetable-oils-global-consumption/.

Simard, M., T. Fatoyinbo, C. Smetanka, V. H. Rivera-Monroy, E. Castaneda, N. Thomas, and T. Van Der Stocken. 2019. “Global Mangrove Distribution, Aboveground Biomass, and Canopy Height.” ORNL DAAC, May. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1665.

Simon, Matt. 2020. “Want to Fight the Zombie Fire Apocalypse? Weaponize Math.” Wired, November 5, 2020. https://www.wired.com/story/want-to-fight-the-zombie-fire-apocalypse-weaponize-math/.

“SMOKE Policy Tool.” n.d. Earth Engine Apps. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://smokepolicytool.users.earthengine.app/view/smoke-policy-tool.

Sousa, Luis M. de, Laura Poggio, Niels H. Batjes, Gerard B. M. Heuvelink, Bas Kempen, Eloi Riberio, and David Rossiter. 2020. “SoilGrids 2.0: Producing Quality-Assessed Soil Information for Theglobe.” Preprint. Soils and the natural environment. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2020-65.

Stenild, Jesper. n.d. “Restoration of Raised Bogs in Denmark Using New Methods.” Danish Ministry of the Environment. https://naturstyrelsen.dk/media/nst/Attachments/hoejmose_laymans_uk_low1.pdf.

Stenild, Jesper, Danmark, and Restaurering af Højmoser i Danmark med Nye Metoder (projekt) Naturstyrelsen. 2011. “Restauration of Raised Bogs in Denmark Using New Methods: Layman’s Report.” Cph.: The Danish Nature Agency. https://naturstyrelsen.dk/media/nst/Attachments/hoejmose_laymans_uk_low1.pdf.

Strange, Ruth. 2018. “Fairpalm - a Truly Sustainable Option?” Ethical Consumer. November 20, 2018. https://www.ethicalconsumer.org/food-drink/fairpalm-truly-sustainable-option.

“Supplement to the Sierra Leone Gazette Vol. CXLVII, No. 11.” 2016. Sierra Leone Government. http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2016-03.pdf.

“Sustainability Report 2018: Improving Lives.” 2019. Asia Pulp Paper. https://asiapulppaper.com/documents/20123/0/app_sustainability_report_2018_4.pdf/61b398db-f38a-70e7-aa8b-718e99be24b5?t=1575879997939.

“Sustainability Report 2019: Beyond Commitments.” n.d. APRIL. https://www.aprilasia.com/images/pdf_files/sr/APRIL_SR_2019_EN.pdf.

Tanneberger, Franziska, Asbjørn Moen, Hans Joosten, and Nils Nilsen. 2017. “The Peatland Map of Europe.” Mires and Peat 19 (22): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.19189/MaP.2016.OMB.264.

Telesca, Luca, Andrea Belluscio, Alessandro Criscoli, Giandomenico Ardizzone, Eugenia T. Apostolaki, Simonetta Fraschetti, Michele Gristina, et al. 2015. “Seagrass Meadows (Posidonia Oceanica) Distribution and Trajectories of Change.” Scientific Reports 5 (1): 12505. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12505.

“The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service Tracks Extent and Pollution from Fires across Indonesia.” 2019. Copernicus. September 20, 2019. https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/copernicus-atmosphere-monitoring-service-tracks-extent-and-pollution-fires-across-indonesia.

“The Gecko Project.” n.d. The Gecko Project. Accessed August 24, 2021. https://thegeckoproject.org/.

“The Human Health Benefits of Conserving and Restoring Peatlands.” 2019. UNEP. November 8, 2019. http://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/human-health-benefits-conserving-and-restoring-peatlands.

“The Power of Wetlands.” 2019. Saving Earth | Encyclopedia Britannica. April 16, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/science/wetland.

Thomas, Nathan, Richard Lucas, Peter Bunting, Andrew Hardy, Ake Rosenqvist, and Marc Simard. 2017. “Distribution and Drivers of Global Mangrove Forest Change, 1996–2010.” Edited by Shijo Joseph. PLOS ONE 12 (6): e0179302. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179302.

“Threats.” n.d. Rangkong Indonesia. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://rangkong.org/en/general-characteristics-of-hornbills/threats/#content.

Timmins, R.J, G Belden, J Brodie, J Ross, A Wilting, and J.W Duckworth. 2016. “IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Muntiacus Atherodes.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42189/22166396.

“Types of Peatlands.” n.d. International Peatland Society. Accessed September 15, 2021. https://peatlands.org/peatlands/types-of-peatlands/.

UNEP-WCMC, and Frederick T. Short. 2005. “Global Distribution of Seagrasses.” WMS; KML (.kml); Vector (polygon); Vector (point). United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). https://doi.org/10.34892/X6R3-D211.

Wan Mohd Jaafar, Wan Shafrina, Nor Fitrah Syazwani Said, Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud, Royston Uning, Mohd Talib Latif, Aisyah Marliza Muhmad Kamarulzaman, Midhun Mohan, et al. 2020. “Carbon Emissions from Oil Palm Induced Forest and Peatland Conversion in Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia.” Forests 11 (12): 1285. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11121285.

Werf, G. R. van der, J. Dempewolf, S. N. Trigg, J. T. Randerson, P. S. Kasibhatla, L. Giglio, D. Murdiyarso, et al. 2008. “Climate Regulation of Fire Emissions and Deforestation in Equatorial Asia.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (51): 20350–55. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803375105.

“What Is ‘Favourable Conservation Status’ for Species? Researchers Clear up Misinterpretations.” 2016. “Science for Environment Policy”: European Commission DG Environment News Alert Service, edited by SCU, The University of the West of England, Bristol. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/what_is_favourable_conservation_status_for_species_457na4_en.pdf.

Wilson, D., D. Blain, and J. Couwenberg. 2016. “Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors Associated with Rewetting of Organic Soils.” Mires and Peat, no. 17 (April): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.19189/MaP.2016.OMB.222.

Wilt, James. 2020. “The Battle for the ‘Breathing Lands’: Ontario’s Ring of Fire and the Fate of Its Carbon-Rich Peatlands.” The Narwhal. July 11, 2020. https://thenarwhal.ca/ring-of-fire-ontario-peatlands-carbon-climate/.

World Bank. 2016. “The Cost of Fire: An Economic Analysis of Indonesia’s 2015 Fire Crisis.” Indonesia: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/23840/Forest%20Fire%20Notes%20FINAL%20APRIL%2018.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y.

Wright, Rebecca, Ivan Watson, Tom Booth, and Masrur Jamaluddin. 2019. “Borneo Is Burning: The Climate Bomb Experts Say Is Fueled by the West.” CNN, November 2019. https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2019/11/asia/borneo-climate-bomb-intl-hnk/.

Xu, Jiren, Paul J. Morris, Junguo Liu, and Joseph Holden. 2018. “PEATMAP: Refining Estimates of Global Peatland Distribution Based on a Meta-Analysis.” CATENA 160 (January): 134–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2017.09.010.

Yule, Catherine M. 2008. “Loss of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in Indo-Malayan Peat Swamp Forests.” Biodiversity and Conservation 19 (2): 393–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9510-5.

Agroforestry

“About Agroforestry.” n.d. The Agroforestry Research Trust. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://www.agroforestry.co.uk/about-agroforestry/.

Ackerman, Frank, and Elizabeth Stanton. 2013. “Climate Economics: The State of the Art.” Climate Economics: The State of the Art, February. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203066317.

“AGFORWARD Project.” n.d. https://www.flickr.com/photos/agforward/page1.

“Agroecology.” n.d. One Earth. Accessed August 14, 2021. https://www.oneearth.org/category/agroecology/.

“Agroforestry.” 2015. FAO. October 2015. http://www.fao.org/forestry/agroforestry/80338/en/.

“———.” n.d. Global Forest Atlas. Accessed August 14, 2021a. https://globalforestatlas.yale.edu/land-use/agroforestry.

“———.” n.d. USDA. Accessed September 20, 2021b. https://www.usda.gov/topics/forestry/agroforestry.

“Agroforestry Strategic Framework: Fiscal Years 2019-2024.” n.d. USDA.

“Agroforestry: USDA Reports to America, Fiscal Years 2011-2012 - Comprehensive Version.” n.d. https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/usda-reports-to-america-comprehensive.pdf.

Ajit, S. K. Dhyani, A. K. Handa, Ram Newaj, S. B. Chavan, Badre Alam, Rajendra Prasad, et al. 2017. “Estimating Carbon Sequestration Potential of Existing Agroforestry Systems in India.” Agroforestry Systems 91 (6): 1101–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-016-9986-z.

Albrecht, Alain, and Serigne T Kandji. 2003. “Carbon Sequestration in Tropical Agroforestry Systems.” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 99 (1): 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00138-5.

“Alternative Protein & Sustainable Agriculture.” n.d. TerViva. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://www.terviva.com/.

Altieri, Miguel A., Nelso Companioni, Kristina Cañizares, Catherine Murphy, Peter Rosset, Martin Bourque, and Clara I. Nicholls. 1999. “The Greening of the ‘Barrios’: Urban Agriculture for Food Security in Cuba.” Agriculture and Human Values 16 (2): 131–40. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007545304561.

Amézquita, Maria, Muhammad Ibrahim, Tangaxuhan Llanderal, P. Buurman, and Edgar Amézquita. 2004. “Carbon Sequestration in Pastures, Silvo-Pastoral Systems and Forests in Four Regions of the Latin American Tropics.” Journal of Sustainable Forestry 21 (2005) 1 21 (December). https://doi.org/10.1300/J091v21n01_02.

“An Economic Valuation of Sustainable Land Management through Agroforestry in Eastern Sudan.” 2015. Economics of Land Degradation (ELD). https://www.eld-initiative.org/fileadmin/pdf/Factsheet_Sudan.pdf.

Andrade, Dayana. 2019. “What Is Syntropic Farming?” Agenda Gotsch. August 3, 2019. https://agendagotsch.com/en/what-is-syntropic-farming/.

Armour, Sophie. 2020. “Urban Land Could Grow Fruit and Veg for 15 Percent of the Population.” Institute for Sustainable Food | The University of Sheffield. March 17, 2020. https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/sustainable-food/news/urban-land-could-grow-fruit-and-veg-15-percent-population.

Bai, Z. G., D. L. Dent, L. Olsson, and M. E. Schaepman. 2008. “Proxy Global Assessment of Land Degradation.” Soil Use and Management 24 (3): 223–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2008.00169.x.

Ballesteros Possu, William. 2015. “Carbon Storage Potential Of Windbreaks On Agricultural Lands Of The Continental United States.” University of Nebraska - Lincoln. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresdiss/117.

Bate, Mathew. 2019. “An Illustrated Guide to Silvopasture.” Matters Journal. July 24, 2019. https://mattersjournal.com/stories/silvopasture.

“Beacon Food Forest.” n.d. Beacon Food Forest. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://beaconfoodforest.org.

Bee, Violet. 2019. “Reviving the American Chestnut.” Radical Hope (blog). November 7, 2019. https://medium.com/radical-hope/reviving-the-american-chestnut-db32809adb3b.

———. 2021. “Planting Trees to Feed Future Generations.” PermacultureWomen (blog). January 11, 2021. https://medium.com/permaculturewomen/planting-trees-to-feed-future-generations-b9e894e4acb6.

Bellarby, Jessica, Bente Foereid, and Astley Hastings. n.d. “Climate Impacts of Agriculture and Mitigation Potential.” Amsterdam: Greenpeace. https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/68831/1/1111.pdf.

Bellarby, Jessica, Bente Foereid, Astley Francis St John Hastings, and Pete Smith. 2008. “Cool Farming: Climate Impacts of Agriculture and Mitigation Potential,” January. https://abdn.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/cool-farming-climate-impacts-of-agriculture-and-mitigation-potent.

Bene, J.G., H.W. Beall, and A Côté. 1977. Trees, Food and People - Land Management in The Tropics. Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre. https://www.scribd.com/document/402792632/BENE-Trees-Food-and-people-land-management-in-the-tropics-pdf.

Borelli, S., M. Conigliaro, S. Quaglia, and F. Salbitano. 2017. “Urban and Peri-Urban Agroforestry as Multifunctional Land Use.” In Agroforestry: Anecdotal to Modern Science, edited by Jagdish Chander Dagar and Vindhya Prasad Tewari, 705–24. Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7650-3_28.

Bradley, Mattia. 2021. “Agroforestry Is the Way to Go.” Medium (blog). January 9, 2021. https://agrisustainia.medium.com/agroforestry-is-the-way-to-go-d2192f061be9.

Brainard, Scott, Kevin J Wolz, Keefe Keeley, Adrian Rodrigues, and Fracois-Jerome Selosse. 2019. “Overcoming Bottlenecks in the Midwest Hazelnut Industry: An Impact Investment Plan.” Savanna Institute. https://www.savannainstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2021-SI-Hazelnut-report_.pdf.

Brancalion, Pedro H. S., Aidin Niamir, Eben Broadbent, Renato Crouzeilles, Felipe S. M. Barros, Angelica M. Almeyda Zambrano, Alessandro Baccini, et al. n.d. “Global Restoration Opportunities in Tropical Rainforest Landscapes.” Science Advances 5 (7): eaav3223. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav3223.

Brown, Sarah E., Daniel C. Miller, Pablo J. Ordonez, and Kathy Baylis. 2018. “Evidence for the Impacts of Agroforestry on Agricultural Productivity, Ecosystem Services, and Human Well-Being in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Map Protocol.” Environmental Evidence 7 (1): 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-018-0136-0.

Buis, Alan. 2019. “Examining the Viability of Planting Trees to Help Mitigate Climate Change.” NASA. November 7, 2019. https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2927/examining-the-viability-of-planting-trees-to-help-mitigate-climate-change.

Carey, John. 2020. “News Feature: The Best Strategy for Using Trees to Improve Climate and Ecosystems? Go Natural.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 (9): 4434–38. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000425117.

“Case Study: Silvopastoralism.” 2017. Compassion in World Farming. https://www.ciwf.org.uk/media/7430275/case-study-6-silvopastoral-systemspdf_87238.pdf.

“China: Afforestation Project in Shandong Improves Environment and Farmers’ Incomes.” 2017. World Bank. July 26, 2017. https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2017/07/26/china-afforestation-project-in-shandong-improves-environment-and-farmers-incomes.

“Climate Change and Land: A Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems.” 2019. IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/.

“Cocoa & Forests Initiative.” 2018. World Cocoa Foundation. August 27, 2018. https://www.worldcocoafoundation.org/initiative/cocoa-forests-initiative/.

Cole, Stephanie. 2018. “Importance of Agroforestry Systems in Carbon Sequestration.” CABI. February 22, 2018. https://www.cabi.org/forestscience/news/65086.

Crespo Cuaresma, Jesús, Olha Danylo, Steffen Fritz, Ian McCallum, Michael Obersteiner, Linda See, and Brian Walsh. 2017. “Economic Development and Forest Cover: Evidence from Satellite Data.” Scientific Reports 7 (1): 40678. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40678.

Dalemans, Floris, Bart Muys, and Miet Maertens. 2019a. “A Framework for Profitability Evaluation of Agroforestry-Based Biofuel Value Chains: An Application to Pongamia in India.” GCB Bioenergy 11 (7): 852–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12605.

———. 2019b. “Adoption Constraints for Small-Scale Agroforestry-Based Biofuel Systems in India.” Ecological Economics 157 (March): 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.10.020.

Danny. 2020. “Extreme Environments: Farming in the Sahara Desert.” Medium. June 23, 2020. https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/extreme-environments-farming-in-the-sahara-desert-27e8a89dff06.

De Stefano, Andrea, and Michael G. Jacobson. 2017. “Soil Carbon Sequestration in Agroforestry Systems: A Meta-Analysis.” Agroforestry Systems 92 (2): 285–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-017-0147-9.

Dittrich, Ruth, Tom Ball, Anita Wreford, Dominic Moran, and Chris J. Spray. 2019. “A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Afforestation as a Climate Change Adaptation Measure to Reduce Flood Risk.” Journal of Flood Risk Management 12 (4): e12482. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12482.

Donato, Daniel C., J. Boone Kauffman, Daniel Murdiyarso, Sofyan Kurnianto, Melanie Stidham, and Markku Kanninen. 2011. “Mangroves among the Most Carbon-Rich Forests in the Tropics.” Nature Geoscience 4 (5): 293–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1123.

“EcoPlanet Bamboo.” n.d. EcoPlanet Bamboo. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://www.ecoplanetbamboo.com.

Electris, Christi, Joshua Humphreys, Kristin Lang, David LeZaks, and Jaime Silverstein. 2019. “Investing in Regenerative Agriculture across Asset Classes.” Soil Wealth – Croatan Institute. July 2019. https://croataninstitute.org/soilwealth/.

Elliott, Stephen. 2016. “The potential for automating assisted natural regeneration of tropical forest ecosystems.” Biotropica 48 (6): 825–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12387.

“Ernst Götsch.” n.d. Agenda Gotsch. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://agendagotsch.com/en/ernst-gotsch/.

Evans, Kate. 2020. “Ancient Amazonian Societies Managed the Forest Intensively but Sustainably — Here’s What We Can Learn from Them.” Ensia (blog). January 9, 2020. https://ensiamedia.medium.com/ancient-amazonian-societies-managed-the-forest-intensively-but-sustainably-heres-what-we-can-7cfd1f8a47f4.

“Ever Wondered How Much Carbon Is Stored in a Tree?” 2011. CABI Blog (blog). June 30, 2011. https://blog.cabi.org/2011/06/30/ever-wondered-how-much-carbon-is-stored-in-a-tree/.

“Faidherbia - Africa’s Fertiliser Factory.” n.d. New Agriculturist. Accessed October 5, 2021. http://www.new-ag.info/en/developments/devItem.php?a=1036.

FAO. n.d. “Desertification and Land Degradation | Action Against Desertification |.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed August 24, 2021. http://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification/overview/desertification-and-land-degradation/en/.

“Farm like the World Depends on It.” n.d. Regenerative Organic Certified. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://regenorganic.org/.

“Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR): A Technique to Effectively Combat Poverty and Hunger through Land and Vegetation Restoration.” n.d. United Nations Partnerships for SDGs Platform. Accessed August 9, 2021. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=30735.

Faulkner, Tianna. 2020. “Inside Atlanta’s First Food Forest.” ZORA (blog). June 24, 2020. https://zora.medium.com/inside-atlantas-first-food-forest-4f1d64ea044c.

“Fazenda Ouro Fino: Produtos da agrofloresta.” n.d. Fazenda Ouro Fino. Accessed October 5, 2021. http://www.fazendaourofino.com.br/.

Feliciano, Diana, Alicia Ledo, Jon Hillier, and Dali Rani Nayak. 2018. “Which Agroforestry Options Give the Greatest Soil and above Ground Carbon Benefits in Different World Regions?” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 254 (February): 117–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.11.032.

Fellbaum, Carl R., Jerry A. Mensah, Philip E. Pfeffer, E. Toby Kiers, and Heike Bücking. 2012. “The Role of Carbon in Fungal Nutrient Uptake and Transport.” Plant Signaling & Behavior 7 (11): 1509–12. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.22015.

“Forest Area (% of Land Area) | Data.” n.d. World Bank. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS.

Forsetto, Rafael. 2020. “Brazil’s Landless Workers Persist through Agroecology.” Civil Eats, September 30, 2020. https://civileats.com/2020/09/30/brazils-landless-workers-persist-through-agroecology/.

Gilbert, R. A., W. D. Sakala, and T. Benson. 2002. “Gender Analysis of a Nationwide Cropping System Trial Survey in Malawi.” African Studies Quarterly. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Gender+analysis+of+a+nationwide+cropping+system+trial+survey+in+Malawi&author=R.A.+Gilbert+%28ed%29&publication_year=2002.

Greene, Harry. 2016. “Guayakí Yerba Mate: Market-Driven Regenerative Agriculture at the Base of the Pyramid.” Harry Greene. July 3, 2016. https://www.harrygreene.com/single-post/2016/07/03/guayakí-yerba-mate-marketdriven-regenerative-agriculture-at-the-base-of-the-pyramid.

Grillo, Christine. 2019. “Q&A with Regi Haslett-Marroquin on The True Cost of Food: The Bill Is Already in the Mail.” John Hopkins Center for a Livable Future. May 15, 2019. https://clf.jhsph.edu/viewpoints/qa-regi-haslett-marroquin-true-cost-food-bill-already-mail.

Griscom, Bronson W., Justin Adams, Peter W. Ellis, Richard A. Houghton, Guy Lomax, Daniela A. Miteva, William H. Schlesinger, et al. 2017. “Natural Climate Solutions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (44): 11645–50. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114.

Groome, Alexandra, and Griffin Klement. 2016. “Chickens Can Save the Planet, Too: An Interview with Reginaldo Haslett-Marroquin.” Regeneration International. July 12, 2016. https://regenerationinternational.org/2016/07/13/chickens-can-save-the-planet-too-an-interview-with-reginaldo-haslett-marroquin/.

“Guayakí Global Impact Report 2019.” 2019. Guayaki Yerba Mate S.P.C. https://guayaki.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Guayak%C3%AD-Impact-Report-2019-Web.pdf.

Hanes, Stephanie. 2020. “Investors Say Agroforestry Isn’t Just Climate Friendly — It’s Also Profitable.” Mongabay Environmental News, July 8, 2020, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/07/investors-find-agroforestry-isnt-just-climate-friendly-it-can-also-be-profitable/.

Hay, Elspeth. 2020. “What If We’re Thinking About Agriculture All Wrong?” Medium. February 3, 2020. https://heated.medium.com/what-if-were-thinking-about-agriculture-all-wrong-dc8cd1df32c8.

Henry, Matieu, P.A. Tittonell, R.J. Manlay, Martial Bernoux, Albrecht Alain, and Bernard Vanlauwe. 2009. “Biodiversity, Carbon Stocks and Sequestration Potential in Aboveground Biomass in Smallholder Farming Systems of Western Kenya.” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 129 (January): 238–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.09.006.

Hoffner, Erik. 2019a. “$85 Million Initiative to Scale up Agroforestry in Africa Announced.” Mongabay Environmental News. October 24, 2019. https://news.mongabay.com/2019/10/85-million-initiative-to-scale-up-agroforestry-in-africa-announced/.

———. 2019b. “Agroforestry Program in Appalachia Receives $590,000 in Federal Funding.” Mongabay Environmental News. November 21, 2019. https://news.mongabay.com/2019/11/agroforestry-program-in-appalachia-receives-590000-in-federal-funding/.

———. 2020a. “Better Wines among the Pines: Agroforestry Can Climate-Proof Grapes, French Researchers Show.” Mongabay Environmental News, June 3, 2020, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/better-wines-among-the-pines-agroforestry-can-climate-proof-grapes-french-researchers-show/.

———. 2020b. “Gorongosa National Park Is Being Reforested via Coffee and Agroforestry.” Mongabay Environmental News, October 15, 2020, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/10/gorongosa-national-park-is-being-reforested-via-coffee-and-agroforestry/.

“Home.” n.d. ReNature. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://www.renature.co/.

Howlett, David Scott, Gerardo Moreno, Maria Rosa Mosquera Losada, P. K. Ramachandran Nair, and Vimala D. Nair. 2011. “Soil Carbon Storage as Influenced by Tree Cover in the Dehesa Cork Oak Silvopasture of Central-Western Spain.” Journal of Environmental Monitoring 13 (7): 1897–1904. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1EM10059A.

Hutchinson, J. J., C. A. Campbell, and R. L. Desjardins. 2007. “Some Perspectives on Carbon Sequestration in Agriculture.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, The Contribution of Agriculture to the State of Climate, 142 (2): 288–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.03.030.

“India Leads the Way with Agroforestry Policy.” n.d. World Agroforestry | Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees. Accessed September 20, 2021. https://worldagroforestry.org/news/india-leads-way-agroforestry-policy.

“Indigenous Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Agroforestry.” 2014. FAO. https://www.fs.usda.gov/nac/assets/documents/agroforestrynotes/an44g14.pdf.

“IngaFoundation USA – Restoring Land – Transforming Lives – Saving Rainforest.” n.d. Accessed August 16, 2021. https://ingatree.org/.

Iverson, Jennie. 2005. “Central Americans Save Plant Diversity through Local Cultivations.” EurekAlert! November 9, 2005. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/577235.

Jacobsen, Rowan. 2019. “The Most Controversial Tree in the World.” Pacific Standard. June 25, 2019. https://psmag.com/ideas/most-controversial-tree-in-the-world-gmo-genetic-engineering.

Jordan, Rob. 2020. “When Planting Trees Threatens the Forest.” Stanford Earth. June 22, 2020. https://earth.stanford.edu/news/when-planting-trees-threatens-forest.

Kant, Promode. 2010. “IGREC Working Paper: Could Agave Be the Species of Choice for Climate Change Mitigation.” Institute of Green Economy. http://www.igrec.in/could_agave_be_the_species_of_choice_for_climate_change_mitigation.pdf.

Kaonga, M. L., and K. Coleman. 2008. “Modelling Soil Organic Carbon Turnover in Improved Fallows in Eastern Zambia Using the RothC-26.3 Model.” Forest Ecology and Management 256 (5): 1160–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.06.017.

Kaushik, N., R.P.S. Deswal, Abha Tikkoo, Sushil Kumari, Suman Malik, and Krishan Kumar. 2016. “Pongamia Pinnata L. (Karanja) Based Agri-Silviculture System under Rainfed Conditions of South-West Haryana.” Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8 (1): 31–34. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i1.741.

Kay, Sonja, Carlo Rega, Gerardo Moreno, Michael den Herder, João H. N. Palma, Robert Borek, Josep Crous-Duran, et al. 2019. “Agroforestry Creates Carbon Sinks Whilst Enhancing the Environment in Agricultural Landscapes in Europe.” Land Use Policy 83 (April): 581–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.02.025.

Khalamayzer, Anya. 2018. “These 14 Businesses Are Growing Money on Trees.” Greenbiz. January 25, 2018. https://www.greenbiz.com/article/these-14-businesses-are-growing-money-trees.

Kim, Dong-Gill, Thomas M. Isenhart, Timothy B. Parkin, Richard C. Schultz, and Thomas E. Loynachan. 2010. “Methane Flux in Cropland and Adjacent Riparian Buffers with Different Vegetation Covers.” Journal of Environmental Quality 39 (1): 97–105. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0408.

Kort, J., and R. Turnock. 1998. “Carbon Reservoir and Biomass in Canadian Prairie Shelterbelts.” Agroforestry Systems 44 (2): 175–86. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006226006785.

Kumar, B. Mohan, Anil Kumar Singh, and S. K. Dhyani. 2012. “South Asian Agroforestry: Traditions, Transformations, and Prospects.” In Agroforestry - The Future of Global Land Use, edited by P.K. Ramachandran Nair and Dennis Garrity, 359–89. Advances in Agroforestry. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4676-3_19.

Lal, R. 2005. “Forest Soils and Carbon Sequestration.” Forest Ecology and Management, Forest Soils Research: Theory, Reality and its Role in TechnologY, 220 (1): 242–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.08.015.

Lasco, Rodel D, and Peter D Suson. 1999. “A Leucaena Leucocephala—Based Indigenous Fallow System in Central Philippines: The Naalad System.” International Tree Crops Journal 10 (2): 161–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/01435698.1999.9753002.

Lawal, Raman Akinyanju, Simon H. Martin, Koen Vanmechelen, Addie Vereijken, Pradeepa Silva, Raed Mahmoud Al-Atiyat, Riyadh Salah Aljumaah, et al. 2020. “The Wild Species Genome Ancestry of Domestic Chickens.” BMC Biology 18 (1): 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-020-0738-1.

“Laying the Groundwork for Agroforestry in the Midwest.” n.d. Savanna Institute. Accessed August 14, 2021. https://www.savannainstitute.org/.

Lehmann, J., D. Weigl, K. Droppelmann, B. Huwe, and W. Zech. 1998. “Nutrient Cycling in an Agroforestry System with Runoff Irrigation in Northern Kenya.” Agroforestry Systems 43 (1): 49–70. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026447119829.

Lewis, Simon L., Charlotte E. Wheeler, Edward T. A. Mitchard, and Alexander Koch. 2019. “Restoring Natural Forests Is the Best Way to Remove Atmospheric Carbon.” Nature 568 (7750): 25–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01026-8.

Little, Jane Braxton. 2018. “Fire and Agroforestry Revive California Indigenous Groups’ Traditions.” Mongabay Environmental News. October 11, 2018. https://news.mongabay.com/2018/10/fire-and-agroforestry-revive-california-indigenous-groups-traditions/.

Martinet, Marianne. 2020. “Positive Ways Forward for Chocolate Industry Tainted by Deforestation and Child Labor (Commentary).” Mongabay Environmental News, April 15, 2020, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/04/the-way-forward-for-a-blighted-chocolate-industry-commentary/.

Mausio, Kalisi, Tomoaki Miura, and Noa K. Lincoln. 2020. “Cultivation Potential Projections of Breadfruit (Artocarpus Altilis) under Climate Change Scenarios Using an Empirically Validated Suitability Model Calibrated in Hawai’i.” PLOS ONE 15 (5): e0228552. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228552.

Mbow, Cheikh, Pete Smith, David Skole, Lalisa Duguma, and Mercedes Bustamante. 2014. “Achieving Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change through Sustainable Agroforestry Practices in Africa.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, Sustainability challenges, 6 (February): 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.09.002.

Mbow, Cheikh, Meine Van Noordwijk, Eike Luedeling, Henry Neufeldt, Peter A Minang, and Godwin Kowero. 2014. “Agroforestry Solutions to Address Food Security and Climate Change Challenges in Africa.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, Sustainability challenges, 6 (February): 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.10.014.

Mbugua, Sophie. 2018. “Agroforestry Gives Kenyan Indigenous Community a Lifeline.” Mongabay Environmental News. May 24, 2018. https://news.mongabay.com/2018/05/agroforestry-gives-kenyan-indigenous-community-a-lifeline/.

MIT Technology Review. 2019. “Here Are 10 Ways AI Could Help Fight Climate Change.” MIT Technology Review (blog). June 20, 2019. https://medium.com/mit-technology-review/here-are-10-ways-ai-could-help-fight-climate-change-a4abd7840d54.

Mohan Kumar, B., Suman George, V. Jamaludheen Valasseri, and T.K. Suresh. 1998. “Comparison of Biomass Production, Tree Allometry and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Multipurpose Trees Grown in Woodlot and Silvopastoral Experiments in Kerala, India.” Forest Ecology and Management 112 (December): 145–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00325-9.

Montagnini, F., and P.K.R. Nair. 2004. “Carbon Sequestration: An Underexploited Environmental Benefit of Agroforestry Systems.” Agroforestry Systems 61 (1): 281. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:AGFO.0000029005.92691.79.

Nair, Pk, Vimala Nair, B. Mohan Kumar, and Solomon Haile. 2009. “Soil Carbon Sequestration in Tropical Agroforestry Systems: A Feasibility Appraisal.” Environmental Science & Policy, December, 1099–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2009.01.010.

Nair, Pk, Vimala Nair, B. Mohan Kumar, and Julia Showalter. 2010. “Carbon Sequestration in Agroforestry Systems.” Advances in Agronomy 108 (October): 237–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(10)08005-3.

Nair, P.K. Ramachandran, and Dennis Garrity, eds. 2012. Agroforestry - The Future of Global Land Use. Vol. 9. Advances in Agroforestry. Springer. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-007-4676-3.

Navalkha, Chandhi. 2018. “Agroforestry Bolsters Biodiversity and Villages in Sri Lanka.” Mongabay Environmental News. March 29, 2018. https://news.mongabay.com/2018/03/agroforestry-bolsters-biodiversity-and-villages-in-sri-lanka/.

Neiger, Jono. 2019. “Growing Chestnut Agroforestry in New England.” Regenerative Design Group (blog). January 4, 2019. https://www.regenerativedesigngroup.com/growing-chestnut-agroforestry/.

Nigh, Ronald, and Stewart AW Diemont. 2013. “The Maya Milpa: Fire and the Legacy of Living Soil.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 11 (s1): e45–54. https://doi.org/10.1890/120344.

Nobel, P. S., E. García-Moya, and E. Quero. 1992. “High Annual Productivity of Certain Agaves and Cacti under Cultivation.” Plant, Cell & Environment 15 (3): 329–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1992.tb00981.x.

Oelbermann, Maren, R. Paul Voroney, Naresh V. Thevathasan, Andrew M. Gordon, Donald C. L. Kass, and Andrea M. Schlönvoigt. 2006. “Soil Carbon Dynamics and Residue Stabilization in a Costa Rican and Southern Canadian Alley Cropping System.” Agroforestry Systems 68 (1): 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-005-5963-7.

“Organic Fair Trade Palm Oil.” n.d. Serendipalm. Accessed August 9, 2021a. https://serendipalm.com/.

“———.” n.d. Serendipalm. Accessed October 5, 2021b. https://serendipalm.com/.

“Our Farm.” n.d. Sharing Our Roots. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://sharing-our-roots.org/our-farm/.

Pandey, Deep Narayan. 2007. “Multifunctional Agroforestry Systems in India.” Current Science 92 (4): 455–63.

Paramita, Enggar. 2018. “How to Grow a Bamboo Industry.” Agroforestry World (blog). March 22, 2018. https://blog.worldagroforestry.org/index.php/2018/03/22/how-to-grow-a-bamboo-industry/.

“Pathways to a Low-Carbon Economy: Version 2 of the Global Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Curve.” 2013. McKinsey. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability/our-insights/pathways-to-a-low-carbon-economy.

Peichl, Matthias, Naresh V. Thevathasan, Andrew M. Gordon, Jürgen Huss, and Refaat A. Abohassan. 2006. “Carbon Sequestration Potentials in Temperate Tree-Based Intercropping Systems, Southern Ontario, Canada.” Agroforestry Systems 66 (3): 243–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-005-0361-8.

Pelliccia, Monica. 2020. “Young Farmers Apply Ancient Agroforestry Practices in the Heart of Sardinia.” Mongabay Environmental News. January 29, 2020. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/01/young-farmers-apply-ancient-agroforestry-practices-in-the-heart-of-sardinia/.

Permanent Delegation of Portugal to UNESCO. 2017. “Montado, Cultural Landscape.” UNESCO World Heritage Centre. January 2017. https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6210/.

Peters, Adele. 2019. “These Tree-Planting Drones Are Firing Seed Missiles to Restore the World’s Forests.” Fast Company. April 10, 2019. https://www.fastcompany.com/90329982/these-tree-planting-drones-are-firing-seed-missiles-to-restore-the-worlds-forests.

Pimentel, David, and Michael Burgess. 2013. “Soil Erosion Threatens Food Production.” Agriculture 3 (3): 443–63. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture3030443.

Popkin, Gabriel. 2020. “Can Genetic Engineering Bring Back the American Chestnut?” The New York Times, April 30, 2020, sec. Magazine. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/30/magazine/american-chestnut.html.

“Propagate Ventures.” n.d. Propagate Ventures. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://www.propagateventures.com.

Quintus, Seth, Jennifer Huebert, Patrick V. Kirch, Noa Kekuewa Lincoln, and Justin Maxwell. 2019. “Qualities and Contributions of Agroforestry Practices and Novel Forests in Pre-European Polynesia and the Polynesian Outliers.” Human Ecology 47 (6): 811–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-019-00110-x.

Rao, K., Louis Verchot, and Jan Laarman. 2007. “Adaptation to Climate Change through Sustainable Management and Development of Agroforestry Systems.” J. SAT Agr. Res. 4 (January). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237826845_Adaptation_to_Climate_Change_through_Sustainable_Management_and_Development_of_Agroforestry_Systems.

Robinson, Jo. 2013. “Opinion | Breeding the Nutrition Out of Our Food.” The New York Times, May 25, 2013, sec. Opinion. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/26/opinion/sunday/breeding-the-nutrition-out-of-our-food.html.

Roshetko, James M., Matt Delaney, Kurniatun Hairiah, and Pratiknyo Purnomosidhi. 2002. “Carbon Stocks in Indonesian Homegarden Systems: Can Smallholder Systems Be Targeted for Increased Carbon Storage?” American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 17 (3): 138–48. https://doi.org/10.1079/AJAA200116.

Saha, Subhrajit K., P. K. Ramachandran Nair, Vimala D. Nair, and B. Mohan Kumar. 2009. “Soil Carbon Stock in Relation to Plant Diversity of Homegardens in Kerala, India.” Agroforestry Systems 76 (1): 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-009-9228-8.

Santos, Taciana do Nascimento, Emmanuel Damilano Dutra, Adelson Gomes do Prado, Fernanda Cristina Bezerra Leite, Raquel de Fátima Rodrigues de Souza, Djalma Cordeiro dos Santos, Cesar Augusto Moraes de Abreu, Diogo Ardaillon Simões, Marcos Antonio de Morais Jr, and Rômulo Simões Cezar Menezes. 2016. “Potential for Biofuels from the Biomass of Prickly Pear Cladodes: Challenges for Bioethanol and Biogas Production in Dry Areas.” Biomass and Bioenergy 85 (February): 215–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.12.005.

Sartori, Martina, George Philippidis, Emanuele Ferrari, Pasquale Borrelli, Emanuele Lugato, Luca Montanarella, and Panos Panagos. 2019. “A Linkage between the Biophysical and the Economic: Assessing the Global Market Impacts of Soil Erosion.” Land Use Policy 86 (July): 299–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.05.014.

Sarzynski, Thuận. 2018. “Bring Back the Trees on Agricultural Fields!” Environmental Ideas (blog). June 5, 2018. https://medium.com/environmental-intelligence/bring-back-the-trees-on-agricultural-fields-a064aead239.

Schildgen, Bob. 2016. “How Much Carbon Do Trees Really Store?” Sierra Club. March 21, 2016. https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/2016-2-march-april/ask-mr-green/how-much-carbon-do-trees-really-store.

Schnetzer, Julian. 2018. “Quesungual & Kuxur Rum: Ancestral Agroforestry Systems in the Dry Corridor of Central America.” FAO.

Schoeneberger, Michele, Gary Bentrup, Henry de Gooijer, Raju Soolanayakanahally, Tom Sauer, James Brandle, Xinhua Zhou, and Dean Current. 2012. “Branching out: Agroforestry as a Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Tool for Agriculture.” Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 67 (5): 128A-136A. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.67.5.128A.

Schoeneberger, Michele M., Gary Bentrup, and Toral Patel-Weynand. 2017. “Agroforestry: Enhancing Resiliency in U.S. Agricultural Landscapes under Changing Conditions.” Gen. Tech. Report WO-96. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service 96. https://doi.org/10.2737/WO-GTR-96.

“Series: Global Agroforestry.” n.d. Accessed August 14, 2021. https://news.mongabay.com/series/global-agroforestry/.

Shah, Darshil U., Johannes Konnerth, Michael H. Ramage, and Claudia Gusenbauer. 2019. “Mapping Thermal Conductivity across Bamboo Cell Walls with Scanning Thermal Microscopy.” Scientific Reports 9 (1): 16667. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53079-4.

Sharma, Navin. 2016. “Bioenergy from Agroforestry Can Lead to Improved Food Security, Climate Change, Soil Quality and Rural Development.” Presented at the Mobilizing Sustainable Bioenergy Supply Chains in Agriculture, Rome, May 17. https://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/P07-Bioenergy-from-agroforestry-can-lead-to-improved-fuel-security-climate-change-soil-quality-rural-development-Sharma-Rev1.pdf.

Shi, Lingling, Wenting Feng, Jianchu Xu, and Yakov Kuzyakov. 2018. “Agroforestry Systems: Meta-Analysis of Soil Carbon Stocks, Sequestration Processes, and Future Potentials.” Land Degradation & Development 29 (11): 3886–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3136.

Shrestha, Ram K., and Janaki R. R. Alavalapati. 2004. “Valuing Environmental Benefits of Silvopasture Practice: A Case Study of the Lake Okeechobee Watershed in Florida.” Ecological Economics 49 (3): 349–59.

Sileshi, G. W., P. L. Mafongoya, F. K. Akinnifesi, E. Phiri, P. Chirwa, T. Beedy, W. Makumba, et al. 2014. “Agroforestry: Fertilizer Trees.” In Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, edited by Neal K. Van Alfen, 222–34. Oxford: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52512-3.00022-X.

Silva, José Graziano da, Achim Steiner, and Erik Sollheim. n.d. “Forests: A Natural Solution to Climate Change, Crucial for a Sustainable Future.” FAO. Accessed October 5, 2021. http://www.fao.org/director-general/former-dg/da-silva/my-articles/detail/en/c/1155650/.

Sistla, Seeta A., Adam B. Roddy, Nicholas E. Williams, Daniel B. Kramer, Kara Stevens, and Steven D. Allison. 2016. “Agroforestry Practices Promote Biodiversity and Natural Resource Diversity in Atlantic Nicaragua.” PLOS ONE 11 (9): e0162529. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162529.

Song, Xinzhang, Guomo Zhou, Hong Jiang, Shuquan Yu, Jinhe Fu, Weizhong Li, Weifeng Wang, Zhihai Ma, and Changhui Peng. 2011. “Carbon Sequestration by Chinese Bamboo Forests and Their Ecological Benefits: Assessment of Potential, Problems, and Future Challenges.” Environmental Reviews 19 (NA): 418–28. https://doi.org/10.1139/a11-015.

Suarez, Daniel. 2012. “Silvopastoral Dairy Farming in Southern Colombia.” The Sustainability Learning Forum. April 19, 2012. https://www.csr-academy.org/en/projects/Silvopastoral-Dairy-Farming-in-Southern-Colombia.php?navid=282657171137.

“Symbiosis Investimentos.” n.d. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://symbiosis.com.br/en/.

Takimoto, Asako, P. K. Ramachandran Nair, and Vimala D. Nair. 2008. “Carbon Stock and Sequestration Potential of Traditional and Improved Agroforestry Systems in the West African Sahel.” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 125 (1): 159–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2007.12.010.

Tekeuchi, Kazuhiko. 2009. “Greetings from Satoyama - Our World.” Our World - United Nations University. December 16, 2009. https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/greetings-from-satoyama.

Teske, Sven, ed. 2019. Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals: Global and Regional 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios with Non-Energy GHG Pathways for +1.5°C and +2°C. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2.

“The Dehesa and The Montado: Ecoagriculture Land Management Systems in Spain and Portugal.” n.d. Ecoagriculture Snapshots. http://legacy.ecoagriculture.org/documents/files/doc_68.pdf.

Thevathasan, N.V., and A.M. Gordon. 2004. “Ecology of Tree Intercropping Systems in the North Temperate Region: Experiences from Southern Ontario, Canada.” Agroforestry Systems 61 (1): 257–68. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:AGFO.0000029003.00933.6d.

“This Revolutionary System Can Help Stop Global Warming.” 2019. Regeneration International. November 28, 2019.

Toensmeier, Eric, and Dr Hans Herren. 2016. The Carbon Farming Solution: A Global Toolkit of Perennial Crops and Regenerative Agriculture Practices for Climate Change Mitigation and Food Security. Illustrated edition. White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing.

Torquebiau, Emmanuel. 2020. “Faced with a Health Crisis, a Plea for Trees and Agroforestry (Commentary).” Mongabay Environmental News. May 28, 2020. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/05/faced-with-a-health-crisis-a-plea-for-trees-and-agroforestry-commentary/.

“Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees.” n.d. World Agroforestry. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://www.worldagroforestry.org/.

Trevino, Miguel Trancozo. 2020. “The Remarkable Power of the Prickly Pear.” BBC. May 26, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200521-mexican-cacti-a-sustainable-biofuel-from-the-desert.

Tsimenis, George. n.d. “Land Life Company.” Land Life Company. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://www.landlifecompany.com/.

Uribe, C., R. Inclán, L. Hernando, M. Román, M. A. Clavero, S. Roig, and H. Van Miegroet. 2014. “Grazing, Tilling and Canopy Effects on Carbon Dioxide Fluxes in a Spanish Dehesa.” Agroforestry Systems 89 (2): 305–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-014-9767-5.

“USDA Agroforestry Strategic Framework, Fiscal Year 2011–2016.” 2011. USDA. https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/AFStratFrame_FINAL-lr_6-3-11.pdf.

Valdivia, Corinne, Carla Barbieri, and Michael A. Gold. 2012. “Between Forestry and Farming: Policy and Environmental Implications of the Barriers to Agroforestry Adoption.” Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue Canadienne d’agroeconomie 60 (2): 155–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.2012.01248.x.

Vaughan, Carson. 2017. “Uprooting FDR’s ‘Great Wall of Trees.’” Food and Environment Reporting Network. November 1, 2017. https://thefern.org/2017/11/uprooting-fdrs-great-wall-trees/.

Wanger, Thomas C., Fabrice DeClerck, Lucas A. Garibaldi, Jaboury Ghazoul, David Kleijn, Alexandra-Maria Klein, Claire Kremen, et al. 2020. “Integrating Agroecological Production in a Robust Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework.” Nature Ecology & Evolution 4 (9): 1150–52. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1262-y.

Watson, Cathy. 2018. “Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration: The Fastest Way to Restore Trees to Degraded Landscapes?” Mongabay Environmental News. June 29, 2018. https://news.mongabay.com/2018/06/farmer-managed-natural-regeneration-the-fastest-way-to-restore-trees-to-degraded-landscapes/.

Webber, Jude. 2020. “Planting Crops with Trees Drives ‘Magical’ Reforestation in Costa Rica.” Financial Times, January 23, 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/cee5f3a8-21ab-11ea-b8a1-584213ee7b2b.

“What Is Agroforestry?” n.d. World Agroforestry. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://www.worldagroforestry.org/about/agroforestry.

Wills, Matthew. 2018. “How Eucalyptus Trees Stoke Wildfires.” JSTOR Daily. August 23, 2018. https://daily.jstor.org/how-eucalyptus-trees-stoke-wildfires/.

Wilson, Matt, Sarah Taylor Lovell, and Tobias Carter. 2018. “Planting Tree Crops, Designing & Installing Farm-Scale Edible Agroforestry.” Savanna Institute. https://bosquedeniebla.com.mx/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Perennial_Pathways-Planting_Tree_Crops-1.pdf.

Wilson, Matthew Heron, and Sarah Taylor Lovell. 2016. “Agroforestry—The Next Step in Sustainable and Resilient Agriculture.” Sustainability 8 (6): 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060574.

Worms, Patrick. 2020. “Agroforestry and the Climate Crisis.” Presented at the Climate change: from problems to solutions, Brussels. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=deJWoocYLwI.

“W&W Vision Reports.” n.d. Wildlands & Woodlands. Accessed October 5, 2021. http://wildlandsandwoodlands.org/vision/ww-vision-reports.

Yagi, Kazumi. 2011. “Plant Native Trees, Recreate Forests to Protect the Future: Respected Ecosystem Scientist Akira Miyawaki.” JFS Japan for Sustainability. March 2011. https://www.japanfs.org/en/news/archives/news_id030816.html.

Zastrow, Mark. 2019. “China’s Tree-Planting Drive Could Falter in a Warming World.” Nature 573 (7775): 474–75. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-02789-w.

Zomer, Robert J., Deborah A. Bossio, Rolf Sommer, and Louis V. Verchot. 2017. “Global Sequestration Potential of Increased Organic Carbon in Cropland Soils.” Scientific Reports 7 (1): 15554. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15794-8.

Fire Ecology

“A Look at Two Decades of Wildfires Globally in Just 30 Seconds.” 2019. Yale E360. August 27, 2019. https://e360.yale.edu/digest/a-look-at-two-decades-of-wildfires-globally-in-just-30-seconds.

Abrams, Marc D., and Gregory J. Nowacki. 2020. “Native American Imprint in Palaeoecology.” Nature Sustainability 3 (July): 896–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0578-6.

Adam Sings in the Timber, and Michael Kodas. 2021. “Video: In California, the Northfork Mono Tribe Brings ‘Good Fire’ to Overgrown Woodlands.” Inside Climate News (blog). March 6, 2021. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06032021/tribe-good-fire-woodlands/.

“Ancient Prescribed-Burns Could Revitalize Communities Today.” 2019. ScienceDaily. August 27, 2019. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190827095239.htm.

Andrews, Robin George. 2018. “How a Weird Fire Vortex Sparked a Meteorological Mystery.” National Geographic. December 19, 2018. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/12/how-weird-fire-vortex-sparked-meteorological-mystery/.

Archibald, Sally, A. Carla Staver, and Simon A. Levin. 2012. “Evolution of Human-Driven Fire Regimes in Africa.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (3): 847–52. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1118648109.

“Are ‘Megafires’ the New Normal?” 2020. UNEP. January 10, 2020. http://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/are-megafires-new-normal.

“Bald Eagle.” n.d. Oceana. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://oceana.org/marine-life/seabirds/bald-eagle.

Bates, Albert, and Kathleen Draper. 2019. Burn. Chelsea Green Publishing. https://www.chelseagreen.com/product/burn/.

Bond, W.J., F.I. Woodward, and G.F. Midgley. 2004. “The Global Distribution of Ecosystems in a World without Fire.” New Phytologist 165 (2): 525–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01252.x.

Bonta, Mark, Robert Gosford, Dick Eussen, Nathan Ferguson, Erana Loveless, and Maxwell Witwer. 2017. “Intentional Fire-Spreading by ‘Firehawk’ Raptors in Northern Australia.” Journal of Ethnobiology 37 (4): 700. https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-37.4.700.

Bradley, Bethany A., Caroline A. Curtis, Emily J. Fusco, John T. Abatzoglou, Jennifer K. Balch, Sepideh Dadashi, and Mao-Ning Tuanmu. 2017. “Cheatgrass (Bromus Tectorum) Distribution in the Intermountain Western United States and Its Relationship to Fire Frequency, Seasonality, and Ignitions.” Biological Invasions 20 (6): 1493–1506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1641-8.

“Building a Long-Term Record of Fire.” 2019. Text.Article. Earth Observatory. August 21, 2019. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/145421/building-a-long-term-record-of-fire.

Buono, Page. 2020. “Quiet Fire.” The Nature Conservancy, November 2, 2020. https://www.nature.org/en-us/magazine/magazine-articles/indigenous-controlled-burns-california/.

Cagle, Susie. 2019. “‘Fire Is Medicine’: The Tribes Burning California Forests to Save Them.” The Guardian, November 21, 2019, sec. US news. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/nov/21/wildfire-prescribed-burns-california-native-americans.

Carter, Katharine, and Steve Kirk. 2008. “Appendix 5: Fish and Fishery Resources of the Klamanth River Basin.” California Water Boards. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/northcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdls/klamath_river/100927/staff_report/17_Appendix5_FishandFishery_Resources.pdf.

Chapman, Kit. 2020. “The Complex Chemistry of Fire.” Chemistry World. July 20, 2020. https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/the-complex-chemistry-of-fire/4012100.article.

“Climate Change Increases the Risk of Wildfires.” n.d. ScienceBrief. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://sciencebrief.org/topics/climate-change-science/wildfires.

“Climate Watch.” n.d. Accessed September 23, 2021. https://www.climatewatchdata.org/.

Cowan, Jill. 2020. “Alarmed by Scope of Wildfires, Officials Turn to Native Americans for Help.” The New York Times, October 7, 2020, sec. U.S. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/07/us/native-american-burning-practices-california.html.

D’antonio, Carla M., and Peter M. Vitousek. 1992. “Biological Invasions by Exotic Grasses, the Grass/Fire Cycle, and Global Change.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23 (1): 63–87. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.

Darlong, V.T. n.d. “Traditional Community-Based Fire Management among the Mizo Shifting Cultivators of Mizoram in Northeast India.” http://www.fao.org/3/ac798e/ac798e0j.htm#fn35.

Denevan, William M. 1992. “The Pristine Myth: The Landscape of the Americas in 1492.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82 (3): 369–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01965.x.

Donovan, Geoffrey H., and Thomas C. Brown. 2007. “Be Careful What You Wish for: The Legacy of Smokey Bear.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5 (2): 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[73:BCWYWF]2.0.CO;2.

Duchesne, Luc C., and Suzanne Wetzel. 2004. “Effect of Fire Intensity and Depth of Burn on Lowbush Blueberry, Vaccinium Angustifolium, and Velvet Leaf Blueberry, Vaccinium Myrtilloides, Production in Eastern Ontario.” The Canadian Field-Naturalist 118 (2): 195–200. https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i2.913.

Earl, Nick, and Ian Simmonds. 2018. “Spatial and Temporal Variability and Trends in 2001–2016 Global Fire Activity.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 123 (5): 2524–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027749.

Ecological Society of America. 2014. “Fire Ecology Manipulation by California Native Cultures.” ScienceDaily. July 26, 2014. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140726082324.htm.

Fales, Olivia. 2020. “Artist Teresita Fernández and Thoughts on Fire: Wild and Prescribed, Destructive and Constructive.” Art Muse Los Angeles. January 31, 2020. https://www.artmusela.com/journal/2020/1/31/artist-teresita-fernndez-and-thoughts-on-fire-wild-and-prescribed-destructive-and-constructive.

Fellows, Aaron W., and Michael L. Goulden. 2008. “Has Fire Suppression Increased the Amount of Carbon Stored in Western U.S. Forests?” Geophysical Research Letters 35 (12). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033965.

“Fire.” n.d. Heraclitus Fragments. http://www.heraclitusfragments.com/categories/fire.html.

“Fire Learning Network.” n.d. Conservation Gateway. Accessed August 26, 2021. https://www.conservationgateway.org/ConservationPractices/FireLandscapes/FireLearningNetwork/Pages/fire-learning-network.aspx.

Flores, Dan. 2004. “Twenty Years on: Thoughts on ‘Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England.’” Agricultural History 78 (4): 493–96.

“Forever Forests: The Indigenous Peoples Burning Network in Action.” 2021. The Nature Conservancy. January 21, 2021. https://www.nature.org/en-us/membership-and-giving/donate-to-our-mission/gift-and-estate-planning/newsletter/forever-forests/.

Fowler, Cynthia, and James R. Welch. 2018. Fire Otherwise: Ethnobiology of Burning for a Changing World. University of Utah Press.

Freedman, Andrew. "'Zombie Fires' Are Erupting in Alaska and Likely Siberia, Signaling Severe Arctic Fire Season May Lie Ahead." The Washington Post. May 28, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/05/28/zombie-fires-burning-arctic-siberia/.

Fuller, Thomas, and Matthew Abbott. 2020. “Reducing Fire, and Cutting Carbon Emissions, the Aboriginal Way.” The New York Times, January 16, 2020, sec. World. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/16/world/australia/aboriginal-fire-management.html.

Garnett, Stephen T., Neil D. Burgess, Julia E. Fa, Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares, Zsolt Molnár, Cathy J. Robinson, James E. M. Watson, et al. 2018. “A Spatial Overview of the Global Importance of Indigenous Lands for Conservation.” Nature Sustainability 1 (7): 369–74. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0100-6.

Gee, Henry. 1999. “Beetles Sniff out Forest Fires.” Nature News, March. https://www.nature.com/news/1999/990325/full/news990325-2.html.

Gillis, Justin. 2017. “Let Forest Fires Burn? What the Black-Backed Woodpecker Knows.” The New York Times, August 6, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/06/science/let-forest-fires-burn-what-the-black-backed-woodpecker-knows.html.

Girardin, Martin P., and Manfred Mudelsee. 2008. “Past and Future Changes in Canadian Boreal Wildfire Activity.” Ecological Applications 18 (2): 391–406. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0747.1.

“Global Fire Emissions Database.” n.d. Accessed September 23, 2021. https://globalfiredata.org/pages/data/.

Graham, Daniel W. 2019. “Heraclitus.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. September 3, 2019. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heraclitus/.

Gray, Ellen. 2019. “Satellite Data Record Shows Climate Change’s Impact on Fires.” NASA. September 10, 2019. https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2912/satellite-data-record-shows-climate-changes-impact-on-fires.

Hamilton, John B, Dennis W Rondorf, William R Tinnishwood, Ryan J Leary, Tim Mayer, Gavette Charleen, and Lynne A Casal. 2016. “The Persistence and Characteristics of Chinook Salmon Migrations to the Upper Klamath River Prior to Exclusion by Dams.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 117 (3). https://www.ohs.org/research-and-library/oregon-historical-quarterly/upload/Hamilton_Chinook-Salmon-Migrations_OHQ_117_3_Fall-2016_Spread.pdf.

Hasan, Mejs. n.d. “Native Tribes Are Taking Fire Control Into Their Own Hands.” Wired. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://www.wired.com/story/wildfires-native-tribes-controlled-burns/.

He, Tianhua, Byron B. Lamont, and Juli G. Pausas. 2019. “Fire as a Key Driver of Earth’s Biodiversity.” Biological Reviews 94 (6): 1983–2010. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12544.

Heal, Alexandra, and Andrew Wasley. 2019. “Amazon Aflame: What We’ve Learnt in a Year Reporting on Brazilian Beef and the Rainforest.” The Bureau of Investigative Journalism. December 16, 2019. https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/blog/2019-12-12/amazon-aflame-what-weve-learnt-in-a-year-reporting-on-brazilian-beef-and-the-rainforest.

Holden, Zachary A., Alan Swanson, Charles H. Luce, W. Matt Jolly, Marco Maneta, Jared W. Oyler, Dyer A. Warren, Russell Parsons, and David Affleck. 2018. “Decreasing Fire Season Precipitation Increased Recent Western US Forest Wildfire Activity.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (36): E8349–57. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802316115.

Hunter, Molly E., and Marcos D. Robles. 2020. “Tamm Review: The Effects of Prescribed Fire on Wildfire Regimes and Impacts: A Framework for Comparison.” Forest Ecology and Management 475: 118435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118435.

Hutto, Richard L., Monica L. Bond, and Dominick A. Dellasala. 2015. “Using Bird Ecology to Learn About the Benefits of Severe Fire.” In The Ecological Importance of Mixed-Severity Fires, 55–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-802749-3.00003-7.

“Indigenous.” n.d. In Dictionary.Com. Accessed September 23, 2021. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/indigenous.

“Indigenous Peoples Burning Network.” n.d. Conservation Gateway | The Nature Conservancy. Accessed October 1, 2021. http://www.conservationgateway.org/ConservationPractices/FireLandscapes/Pages/IPBN.aspx.

“Interactive World Forest Map & Tree Cover Change Data.” 2016. Global Forest Watch. https://www.globalforestwatch.org/map/.

IPBES. 2019. “Summary for Policymakers of the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.” Bonn, Germany: IPBES.

John Bond, William. 2013. “Fires, Ecological Effects Of.” In Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (Second Edition), edited by Simon A Levin, 435–42. Waltham: Academic Press. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123847195000538.

Johnson, Christopher N., Lynda D. Prior, Sally Archibald, Helen M. Poulos, Andrew M. Barton, Grant J. Williamson, and David M.J.S. Bowman. 2018. “Can Trophic Rewilding Reduce the Impact of Fire in a More Flammable World?” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373 (1761): 20170443. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0443.

Jolly, W. Matt, Mark A. Cochrane, Patrick H. Freeborn, Zachary A. Holden, Timothy J. Brown, Grant J. Williamson, and David M. J. S. Bowman. 2015. “Climate-Induced Variations in Global Wildfire Danger from 1979 to 2013.” Nature Communications 6 (7537). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8537.

“Karuk Traditional Ecological Knowledge and the Need for Knowledge Sovereignty.” 2019. Karuk Climate Change Projects. January 9, 2019. https://karuktribeclimatechangeprojects.com/about/karuk-tek-knowledge-sovereignty/.

Keeley, Jon E. 2002. “Native American Impacts on Fire Regimes of the California Coastal Ranges.” Journal of Biogeography 29 (3): 303–20. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00676.x.

Kelly, L.T., and L. Brotons. 2017. “Using Fire to Promote Biodiversity.” Science 355 (6331): 1264–65. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7672.

Khan, Mohammed, and Kusum Arunachalam. 2002. “Balancing Traditional Jhum Cultivation with Modern Agroforestry in Eastern Himalaya – A Biodiversity Hot Spot.” Current Science 83 (July): 117–18.

Klamath County Museum. 2019. “Klamath Heritage: Feeding Bears at Crater Lake.” Klamath Falls News. May 19, 2019. https://www.klamathfallsnews.org/news/klamath-heritage-feeding-bears-at-crater-lake.

“Klamath River Basin | NOAA Fisheries.” 2021. NOAA. January 6, 2021. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/west-coast/habitat-conservation/klamath-river-basin.

Klein, Letícia, and Thiago Medaglia. 2020. “In a Drier Amazon, Small Farmers and Researchers Work Together to Reduce Fire Damage.” Mongabay Environmental News, October 21, 2020. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/10/in-a-drier-amazon-small-farmer-and-researchers-work-together-to-reduce-fire-damage/.

Kodas, Michael. 2020. “Huge Western Fires in 1910 Changed US Wildfire Policy. Will Today’s Conflagrations Do the Same?” Inside Climate News (blog). September 11, 2020. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11092020/western-wildfires-big-blowup-forest-policy/.

Lackey, Robert T. 2009. “Salmon in Western North America: Historical Context.” In Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington D.C.: Envrionmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment. http://osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/blogs.dir/2961/files/2017/07/Salmon-Decline-in-Western-North-America-Historical-Context.pdf.

Lake, F. K., and A. C. Christianson. 2019. “Indigenous Fire Stewardship.” Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_225-1.

Lake, Frank K., Vita Wright, Penelope Morgan, Mary McFadzen, Dave McWethy, and Camille Stevens-Rumann. 2017. “Returning Fire to the Land: Celebrating Traditional Knowledge and Fire.” Journal of Forestry 115 (5): 343–53. https://doi.org/10.5849/jof.2016-043R2.

Leskiw, Tom. 2002. “Restoration of Riparian Areas within the Megram Fire.” In National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations-1999, 2000, and 2001., 277–80. Ogden, UT: USDA. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/31407.

Lieberman, Bruce. 2019. “Wildfires and Climate Change: What’s the Connection?” Yale Climate Connections. July 2, 2019. http://yaleclimateconnections.org/2019/07/wildfires-and-climate-change-whats-the-connection/.

Little, Jane Braxton. 2018. “Fire and Agroforestry Are Reviving Traditional Native Foods and Communities.” Civil Eats. October 31, 2018. https://civileats.com/2018/10/11/fire-and-agroforestry-are-reviving-traditional-native-foods-and-communities/.

Lombrana, Laura Millan, Hayley Warren, and Akshat Rathi. 2020. “Measuring the Carbon-Dioxide Cost of Last Year’s Worldwide Wildfires.” Bloomberg.Com, February 10, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-fire-emissions/.

Marks-Block, Tony, Frank K. Lake, and Lisa M. Curran. 2019. “Effects of Understory Fire Management Treatments on California Hazelnut, an Ecocultural Resource of the Karuk and Yurok Indians in the Pacific Northwest.” Forest Ecology and Management 450 (October): 117517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117517.

Marlon, Jennifer R., Ryan Kelly, Anne-Laure Daniau, Boris Vannière, Mitchell J. Power, Patrick Bartlein, Philip Higuera, et al. 2016. “Reconstructions of Biomass Burning from Sediment-Charcoal Records to Improve Data–Model Comparisons.” Biogeosciences 13 (11): 3225–44. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3225-2016.

Maron, Dina Fine. 2011. “New Report Warns Mega-Fire Risk Is Global and Growing.” Scientific American. May 12, 2011. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-report-warns-mega-fire-risk-global-warming/.

McElwee, Pamela, Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares, Yildiz Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Dániel Babai, Peter Bates, Kathleen Galvin, Maximilien Guèze, et al. 2020. “Working with Indigenous and Local Knowledge (ILK) in Large-Scale Ecological Assessments: Reviewing the Experience of the IPBES Global Assessment.” Journal of Applied Ecology 57 (9): 1666–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13705.

McEwan, Dennis and Jackson Terry A. 1996. “Steelhead Restoration and Management Plan for California,” February. https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=3490.

McKemey, Michelle, Emilie Ens, Yugul Mangi Rangers, Oliver Costello, and Nick Reid. 2020. “Indigenous Knowledge and Seasonal Calendar Inform Adaptive Savanna Burning in Northern Australia.” Sustainability 12 (3): 995. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12030995.

Meengs, Chad  C., and Robert  T. Lackey. 2005. “Estimating the Size of Historical Oregon Salmon Runs.” Reviews in Fisheries Science 13 (1): 51–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641260590921509.

“Meet Frank Kanawha Lake.” 2019. US Forest Service. November 25, 2019. http://www.fs.usda.gov/faces-of-the-forest-service/meet-frank-kanawha-lake.

Mega, Emiliano Rodríguez. 2020. “‘Apocalyptic’ Fires Are Ravaging the World’s Largest Tropical Wetland.” Nature News, September. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02716-4?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=c419d46655-briefing-dy-20200928&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-c419d46655-44827549.

Miller, Georgia, Margaret Friedel, Paul Adam, and Vanessa Chewings. 2010. “Ecological Impacts of Buffel Grass (Cenchrus Ciliaris L.) Invasion in Central Australia - Does Field Evidence Support a Fire-Invasion Feedback?” The Rangeland Journal 32 (4): 353. https://doi.org/10.1071/rj09076.

Mistry, Jayalaxshmi, Bibiana A. Bilbao, and Andrea Berardi. 2016. “Community Owned Solutions for Fire Management in Tropical Ecosystems: Case Studies from Indigenous Communities of South America.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371 (1696). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0174.

Mooney, S. D., S. P. Harrison, P. J. Bartlein, A. -L. Daniau, J. Stevenson, K. C. Brownlie, S. Buckman, et al. 2011. “Late Quaternary Fire Regimes of Australasia.” Quaternary Science Reviews 30 (1): 28–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.10.010.

Most, Stephen. n.d. “Klamath River.” Oregon Encyclopedia. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/klamath_river/.

National Forest Foundation. n.d. “Blazing Battles: The 1910 Fire and Its Legacy.” Accessed October 1, 2021. https://www.nationalforests.org/our-forests/your-national-forests-magazine/blazing-battles-the-1910-fire-and-its-legacy.

Niemeyer, Ryan J., Kevin D. Bladon, and Richard D. Woodsmith. 2020. “Long‐term Hydrologic Recovery after Wildfire and Post‐fire Forest Management in the Interior Pacific Northwest.” Hydrological Processes 34 (5): 1182–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13665.

Noor, Dharna. 2020. “US Government Spends More on Fire Prevention in Rich, White Areas.” Gizmodo. December 17, 2020. https://gizmodo.com/the-federal-government-spends-more-on-fire-prevention-i-1845904586.

Oliveira, Edmar Almeida de, Ben Hur Marimon-Junior, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, José Iriarte, Paulo S. Morandi, S. Yoshi Maezumi, Denis S. Nogueira, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Izaias Brasil da Silva, and Ted R. Feldpausch. 2020. “Legacy of Amazonian Dark Earth Soils on Forest Structure and Species Composition.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 29 (9): 1458–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13116.

Oswald, W. Wyatt, David R. Foster, Bryan N. Shuman, Elizabeth S. Chilton, Dianna L. Doucette, and Deena L. Duranleau. 2020a. “Conservation Implications of Limited Native American Impacts in Pre-Contact New England.” Nature Sustainability 3 (January): 241–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0466-0.

———. 2020b. “W. W. Oswald et al. Reply.” Nature Sustainability 3 (July): 900–903. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0580-z.

Pharo, Per, Jeremy Oppenheim, Caterina Ruggeri Laderchi, and Scarlett Benson Rep. 2019. “Growing Better: Ten Critical Transitions to Transform Food and Land Use.” Food and Land Use Colalition. https://www.foodandlandusecoalition.org/global-report/.

Prunicki, Mary, Rodd Kelsey, Justin Lee, Xiaoying Zhou, Edward Smith, Francois Haddad, Joseph Wu, and Kari Nadeau. 2019. “The Impact of Prescribed Fire versus Wildfire on the Immune and Cardiovascular Systems of Children.” Allergy 74 (10): 1989–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13825.

Pyne, Stephen. 2010. “The Ecology of Fire.” Nature Education Knowledge 3 (10): 30.

Pyne, Stephen J. 2020. “Our Burning Planet: Why We Must Learn to Live With Fire.” Yale E360. October 8, 2020. https://e360.yale.edu/features/our-burning-planet-why-we-must-learn-to-live-with-fire.

Quinn, Ellis. 2020. “Indigenous Wildfire Knowledge to Be Key Part of New Arctic Council Project.” Eye on the Arctic. October 6, 2020. https://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2020/10/06/indigenous-wildfire-knowledge-to-be-key-part-of-new-arctic-council-project/.

Randall, Brianna. 2021. “The Great Plains Prairie Needs Fire to Survive. These Ranchers Are Bringing It Back.” Environment. May 13, 2021. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/great-plains-prairie-needs-fire-to-survive-these-ranchers-are-bringing-it-back.

Roos, Christopher I. 2020. “Scale in the Study of Indigenous Burning.” Nature Sustainability 3 (July): 898–99. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0579-5.

Rott, Nathan. 2020. “Australia’s Wildfires Are Releasing Vast Amounts Of Carbon.” NPR. January 12, 2020. https://www.npr.org/2020/01/12/794665203/australias-wildfires-are-releasing-vast-amounts-of-carbon-emissions.

Secaira, Manola. 2020. “Indigenous Fire Practices Once Shaped the Northwest - and They Might Again.” Crosscut. September 25, 2020. https://crosscut.com/focus/2019/09/indigenous-fire-practices-once-shaped-northwest-and-they-might-again.

Selby, Stacy. 2020. “Reframing ‘Fighting’ Wildland Fire.” Medium (blog). July 24, 2020. https://anastasiacalliope.medium.com/reframing-fighting-wildland-fire-f6251296104d.

Shaw, Jonathan. 2020. “New England’s Forest Primeval.” Harvard Magazine, January 20, 2020. https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2020/01/natural-ecology-in-new-england.

Simon, Matt. 2019. “The Age of Flames Is Consuming California.” Wired. October 31, 2019. https://www.wired.com/story/kincade-fire/.

Smucker, Kristina M., Richard L. Hutto, and Brian M. Steele. 2005. “Changes in Bird Abundance after Wildfire: Importance of Fire Severity and Time since Fire.” Ecological Applications 15 (5): 1535.

Sobrevila, Claudia. 2008. “The Role of Indigenous Peoples in Biodiversity Conservation.” 44300. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

“Startup Series: DroneSeed.” n.d. My Climate Journey. Accessed August 26, 2021. https://www.myclimatejourney.co/ctss-episodes/droneseed.

Stephens, Scott L., Neil Burrows, Alexander Buyantuyev, Robert W. Gray, Robert E. Keane, Rick Kubian, Shirong Liu, et al. 2014. “Temperate and Boreal Forest Mega-Fires: Characteristics and Challenges.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12 (2): 115–22. https://doi.org/10.1890/120332.

Struzik, ed. n.d. “Fire-Induced Storms: A New Danger from the Rise in Wildfires.” https://e360.yale.edu/features/fire-induced-storms-a-new-danger-from-the-rise-in-wildfires.

Struzik, Ed. 2020. “The Age of Megafires: The World Hits a Climate Tipping Point.” Yale E360. September 17, 2020. https://e360.yale.edu/features/the-age-of-megafires-the-world-hits-a-climate-tipping-point.

Swain, Daniel L., Baird Langenbrunner, J. David Neelin, and Alex Hall. 2018. “Increasing Precipitation Volatility in Twenty-First-Century California.” Nature Climate Change 8 (5): 427–33. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0140-y.

Tangjang, S. 2009. “Traditional Slash and Burn Agriculture as a Historic Land Use Practice: A Case Study from the Ethnic Noctes in Arunachal Pradesh, India.” World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 5 (1): 70–73.

Temple, James. 2019. “We Aren’t Terrified Enough about Losing the Amazon.” MIT Technology Review. August 26, 2019. https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/08/26/133250/we-arent-terrified-enough-about-losing-the-amazon/.

———. 2020. “Australia’s Fires Have Pumped out More Emissions than 100 Nations Combined.” MIT Technology Review. April 2, 2020. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/01/10/102274/australias-fires-have-pumped-out-more-emissions-than-100-nations-combined/.

“The Klamath River.” n.d. Oregon Wild. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://oregonwild.org/waters/klamath/the-klamath-river.

Thompson, Tasha Q., M. Renee Bellinger, Sean M. O’Rourke, Daniel J. Prince, Alexander E. Stevenson, Antonia T. Rodrigues, Matthew R. Sloat, et al. 2019. “Anthropogenic Habitat Alteration Leads to Rapid Loss of Adaptive Variation and Restoration Potential in Wild Salmon Populations.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (1): 177–86. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811559115.

Toledo, Marisol, and Jan Salick. 2006. “Secondary Succession and Indigenous Management in Semideciduous Forest Fallows of the Amazon Basin.” Biotropica 38 (2): 161–70.

Tran, Bang Nguyen, Mihai A. Tanase, Lauren T. Bennett, and Cristina Aponte. 2020. “High-Severity Wildfires in Temperate Australian Forests Have Increased in Extent and Aggregation in Recent Decades.” PLOS ONE 15 (11): e0242484. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242484.

Tschakert, Petra, Oliver T. Coomes, and Catherine Potvin. 2007. “Indigenous Livelihoods, Slash-and-Burn Agriculture, and Carbon Stocks in Eastern Panama.” Ecological Economics 60 (4): 807–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.02.0.

United Nations University. 2009. “Traditional Indigenous Fire Management Techniques Deployed against Climate Change.” ScienceDaily. December 1, 2009. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091129125133.htm.

University of East Anglia. 2019. “How Wildfires Trap Carbon for Centuries to Millennia.” ScienceDaily. August 5, 2019. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190805134012.htm.

———. 2020. “Climate Change Increases the Risk of Wildfires Confirms New Review.” ScienceDaily. January 14, 2020. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/01/200114074046.htm.

University of Sydney. 2020. “More than One Billion Animals Impacted in Australian Bushfires,” January 8, 2020. https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2020/01/08/australian-bushfires-more-than-one-billion-animals-impacted.html.

University, Pennsylvania State. 2020. “Climate Scientists Increasingly Ignore Ecological Role of Indigenous Peoples.” Phys Org. July 20, 2020. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-climate-scientists-increasingly-ecological-role.html.

Wagenius, Stuart, Jared Beck, and Gretel Kiefer. 2020. “Fire Synchronizes Flowering and Boosts Reproduction in a Widespread but Declining Prairie Species.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 (6): 3000–3005. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907320117.

Wasley, Andrew, Alexandra Heal, André Campos, and Sam Cutler. 2020. “Record Number of Fires Rage around Amazon Farms That Supply the World’s Biggest Butchers.” The Bureau of Investigative Journalism. June 18, 2020. https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2019-12-10/hundreds-of-thousands-of-fires-rage-around-farms-that-supply-the-worlds-biggest-butcher.

“Weeks Act Centennial 2011.” n.d. US Forest Service. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://www.fs.fed.us/land/staff/weeks-act.html.

Weil, Elizabeth. 2020. “They Know How to Prevent Megafires. Why Won’t Anybody Listen?” ProPublica, August 28, 2020. https://www.propublica.org/article/they-know-how-to-prevent-megafires-why-wont-anybody-listen.

Werf, G.R., J.T. Randerson, L. Giglio, T.T. Leeuwen, Y. Chen, B.M. Rogers, M. Mu, et al. 2017. “Global Fire Emissions Estimates during 1997–2016.” Earth System Science Data 9: 697–720. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-697-2017.

“Why We Work with Fire.” 2019. The Nature Conservancy. June 28, 2019. https://www.nature.org/en-us/what-we-do/our-priorities/protect-water-and-land/land-and-water-stories/why-we-work-with-fire/.

“Wild Fire Program.” n.d. Karuk Tribe. https://www.karuk.us/index.php/departments/natural-resources/eco-cultural-revitalization/wildland-fire-program.

Yoder, Kate. 2019. “How Humans Kicked off the Pyrocene, a New ‘Age of Fire.’” Medium (blog). November 7, 2019. https://medium.com/@grist/how-humans-kicked-off-the-pyrocene-a-new-age-of-fire-834a77ab0af3.

Zhao, Y., Y.Z. Wang, Z.H. Xu, and L. Fu. 2015. “Impacts of Prescribed Burning on Soil Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in a Suburban Native Forest of South-Eastern Queensland, Australia.” Biogeosciences 12 (21): 6279–90. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6279-2015.

Bamboo

“Achieving SDG 7: The Potential of Bamboo Charcoal.” 2016. INBAR. February 10, 2016. https://www.inbar.int/achieving-sdg-7-the-potential-of-bamboo-charcoal/.

“After Architecture.” n.d. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://after-architecture.com/.

Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo, Kwame Anane-Fenin, and Damenortey Richard Akwada. 2017. “Bamboo as Fuel.” In Bamboo: The Multipurpose Plant, edited by Esther Titilayo Akinlabi, Kwame Anane-Fenin, and Damenortey Richard Akwada, 149–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56808-9_4.

Ashworth, Kirsti, Christophe Boissard, Gerd Folberth, Juliette Lathière, and Guy Schurgers. 2013. “Global Modelling of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions.” Tree Physiology Biology, Controls and Models of Tree Volatile Organic Compound Emissions, 451–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6606-8_16.

“‘Bamboo’ Fabrics.” 2021. Federal Trade Commission. May 19, 2021. https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/bamboo-fabrics.

“Bamboo for Land Restoration - INBAR.” 2018. 4. Policy Synthesis Report. FAO, INBAR. https://www.inbar.int/resources/inbar_publications/policy-synthesis-report-4-bamboo-for-land-restoration/.

“Bamboo Production.” 2020. Project Drawdown. February 12, 2020. https://www.drawdown.org/solutions/bamboo-production/technical-summary.

Barlow, J., T.A. Gardner, I.S. Araujo, T.C. Avila-Pires, A.B. Bonaldo, J.E. Costa, M.C. Esposito, et al. 2007. “Quantifying the Biodiversity Value of Tropical Primary, Secondary, and Plantation Forests.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (47): 18555–60. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703333104.

Blanc, Paul David. 2016. Fake Silk: The Lethal History of Viscose Rayon. Yale University Press.

Bonner, Mark T.L., Diane E. Allen, Richard Brackin, Tim E. Smith, Tom Lewis, Luke P. Shoo, and Susanne Schmidt. 2019. “Tropical Rainforest Restoration Plantations Are Slow to Restore the Soil Biological and Organic Carbon Characteristics of Old Growth Rainforest.” Microbial Ecology 79 (2): 432–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-019-01414-7.

Buckingham, Kathleen Carmel, Liangru Wu, and Yiping Lou. 2014. “Can’t See the (Bamboo) Forest for the Trees: Examining Bamboo’s Fit Within International Forestry Institutions.” AMBIO 43 (6): 770–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-013-0466-7.

Büntgen, Ulf, Paul J. Krusic, Alma Piermattei, David A. Coomes, Jan Esper, Vladimir S. Myglan, Alexander V. Kirdyanov, J.Julio Camarero, Alan Crivellaro, and Christian Körner. 2019. “Limited Capacity of Tree Growth to Mitigate the Global Greenhouse Effect under Predicted Warming.” Nature Communications 10 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10174-4.

Canavan, Susan, David M. Richardson, Vernon Visser, Johannes J. Le Roux, Maria S. Vorontsova, and John R. U. Wilson. 2017. “The Global Distribution of Bamboos: Assessing Correlates of Introduction and Invasion.” AoB PLANTS 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plw078.

Carter, Troy. 2020. “The Cities of the Future Will Be Made of Bamboo.” Rizome (blog). February 27, 2020. https://medium.com/rizome/the-cities-of-the-future-will-be-made-of-bamboo-894e86055b3f.

Chen, Chen, Zhangting Huang, Peikun Jiang, Junhui Chen, and Jiasen Wu. 2018. “Belowground Phytolith-Occluded Carbon of Monopodial Bamboo in China: An Overlooked Carbon Stock.” Frontiers in Plant Science 0. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01615.

Chu, Jennifer. 2014. “Building up Bamboo.” MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. July 23, 2014. https://news.mit.edu/2014/researchers-study-bamboo-for-engineered-building-material-0723.

“EcoPlanet Bamboo | Global Bamboo Experts | United States.” n.d. EcoPlanet Bamboo. Accessed September 20, 2021. https://www.ecoplanetbamboo.com.

Elbein, Saul. 2020. “A New Way to Profit from Ancient Alaskan Forests-Leave Them Standing.” National Geographic. February 7, 2020. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/new-way-to-profit-from-ancient-alaskan-forests-leave-them-standing/.

Erb, Karl-Heinz, Thomas Kastner, Christoph Plutzar, Anna Liza S. Bais, Nuno Carvalhais, Tamara Fetzel, and Simone Gingrich. 2018. “Unexpectedly Large Impact of Forest Management and Grazing on Global Vegetation Biomass.” Nature 553 (7686): 73–76. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25138.

Fa, John E., James Em Watson, Ian Leiper, Peter Potapov, Tom D. Evans, Neil D. Burgess, Zsolt Molnár, et al. 2020. “Importance of Indigenous Peoples’ Lands for the Conservation of Intact Forest Landscapes.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 18 (3): 135–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2148.

Fairs, Marcus. 2015. “Bamboo Fibre Is Stronger and Cheaper than Steel Says ETH Professor.” Dezeen. November 4, 2015. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/11/04/bamboo-fibre-stronger-than-steel-dirk-hebel-world-architecture-festival-2015/.

“Fastest Growing Plant.” n.d. Guinness World Records. Accessed August 10, 2021. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-growing-plant.

Ferreira, Joice, Gareth D. Lennox, Toby A. Gardner, James R. Thomson, Erika Berenguer, Alexander C. Lees, Ralph Mac Nally, et al. 2018. “Carbon-Focused Conservation May Fail to Protect the Most Biodiverse Tropical Forests.” Nature Climate Change 8 (8): 744–49. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0225-7.

Frechette, Alain, Chloe Ginsburg, and Wayne Walker Rep. 2018. “A Global Baseline of Carbon Storage in Collective Lands: Indigenous and Local Community Contributions To Climate Change Mitigation.” Rights and Resources Initiative. https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/A-Global-Baseline_RRI_Sept-2018.pdf.

“Frontiers | Belowground Phytolith-Occluded Carbon of Monopodial Bamboo in China: An Overlooked Carbon Stock | Plant Science.” n.d. Accessed August 10, 2021. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2018.01615/full.

Funk, Jason M., Naikoa Aguilar-Amuchastegui, William Baldwin-Cantello, Jonah Busch, Evgeny Chuvasov, Tom Evans, Bryna Griffin, et al. 2019. “Securing the Climate Benefits of Stable Forests.” Climate Policy 19 (7): 845–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.15988.

Gagné, Caroline, and Moushumi Chaudhury. 2019. “Bamboo: Malawi’s Unexpected Tool for Climate Change Resilience.” World Resources Institute (blog). January 3, 2019. https://www.wri.org/insights/bamboo-malawis-unexpected-tool-climate-change-resilience.

Gray, Audrey. 2021. “The Radical Case for Growing Huge Swaths of Bamboo in North America.” Inside Climate News, January 11, 2021. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11012021/the-radical-case-for-growing-huge-swaths-bamboo-in-north-america/.

Griscom, Bronson W., Justin Adams, Peter W. Ellis, Richard A. Houghton, Guy Lomax, Daniela A. Miteva, William H. Schlesinger, et al. 2017a. “Natural Climate Solutions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (44): 11645–50. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114.

———. 2017b. “Natural Climate Solutions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (44): 11645–50. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114.

Haapanala, S., H. Hakola, H. Hellén, M. Vestenius, J. Levula, and J. Rinne. 2012. “Is Forest Management a Significant Source of Monoterpenes into the Boreal Atmosphere?” Biogeosciences 9 (4): 1291–1300. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1291-2012.

Hardy, Elora. 2015. “Magical Houses, Made of Bamboo.” Presented at the TED, May 13. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kK_UjBmHqQw.

Harris, N.L., S.C. Hagen, S.S. Saatchi, T.R.H. Pearson, C.W. Woodall, and G.M. Domke. 2016. “Attribution of Net Carbon Change by Disturbance Type across Forest Lands of the Conterminous United States.” Carbon Balance Manag 11 (24). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-016-0066-5.

Houghton, Richard A., and Alexander A. Nassikas. 2017. “Negative Emissions from Stopping Deforestation and Forest Degradation, Globally.” Global Change Biology 24 (1): 350–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13876.

“How to Save a Forest Toolkit.” n.d. In Old-Growth Forest Network. https://www.oldgrowthforest.net/how-to-save-a-forest.

Huang, Maoyi, and Gregory P. Asner. 2010. “Long-Term Carbon Loss and Recovery Following Selective Logging in Amazon Forests.” Global Biogeochemical Cycles 24 (3). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gb003727.

Hudiburg, Tara W., Beverly E. Law, William R. Moomaw, Mark E. Harmon, and Jeffrey E. Stenzel. 2019. “Meeting GHG Reduction Targets Requires Accounting for All Forest Sector Emissions.” Environmental Research Letters 14 (9): 095005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab28bb.

Jena, Manipadma. 2018. “When a Grass Towers over the Trees - Bamboo’s Capacity for Land Restoration.” Inter Press Service. June 12, 2018. http://www.ipsnews.net/2018/06/grass-towers-trees/.

Kaur, Perminder, Santosh Satya, Kamal Pant, and Satya Naik. 2016. “Eco-Friendly Preservation of Bamboo Species: Traditional to Modern Techniques.” Bioresources 11 (August). https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.4.Kaur.

Keeton, W.S., A.A. Whitman, G.C. McGee, and C.L. Goodale. 2011. “Late-Successional Biomass Development in Northern Hardwood-Conifer Forests of the Northeastern United States.” Forest Sci 57: 489–505. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/57.6.489.

Keith, Heather, Brendan G. Mackey, and David B. Lindenmayer. 2009. “Re-Evaluation of Forest Biomass Carbon Stocks and Lessons from the World’s Most Carbon-Dense Forests.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (28): 11635–40. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901970106.

Körner, Christian. 2017. “A Matter of Tree Longevity.” Science 355 (6321): 130–31. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal2449.

Kuehl, Written Yannick, Giles Henley, Lou Yiping, and Edited Andrew Benton. n.d. “The Climate Change Challenge and Bamboo: Mitigation and Adaptation.” 65. International Network for Bamboo and Rattan. https://www.inbar.int/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/1489546834.pdf.

Kun, Zoltán, Dominick Dellasala, Heather Keith, Cyril Kormos, Bernard Mercer, William R. Moomaw, and Michal Wiezik. 2020. “Recognizing the Importance of Unmanaged Forests to Mitigate Climate Change.” GCB Bioenergy 12 (12): 1034–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12714.

Law, Beverly E., Tara W. Hudiburg, Logan T. Berner, Jeffrey J. Kent, Polly C. Buotte, and Mark E. Harmon. 2018. “Land Use Strategies to Mitigate Climate Change in Carbon Dense Temperate Forests.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (14): 3663–68. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720064115.

Leverett, Robert T., Susan A. Masino, and William R. Moomaw. 2020. “Older Eastern White Pine Trees and Stands Sequester Carbon for Many Decades and Maximize Cumulative Carbon.” https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.27.358044.

Liang, Jingjing, and Javier G.P. Gamarra. 2020. “The Importance of Sharing Global Forest Data in a World of Crises.” Scientific Data 7 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00766-x.

Liese, Walter, and Michael Köhl, eds. 2015. Bamboo: The Plant and Its Uses. Tropical Forestry. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14133-6.

Lindenmayer, David B., and William F. Laurance. 2016. “The Ecology, Distribution, Conservation and Management of Large Old Trees.” Biological Reviews 92 (3): 1434–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12290.

Liu, Xiaojuan, Stefan Trogisch, Jin-Sheng He, Pascal A. Niklaus, Helge Bruelheide, Zhiyao Tang, Alexandra Erfmeier, et al. 2018. “Tree Species Richness Increases Ecosystem Carbon Storage in Subtropical Forests.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285 (1885). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1240.

“Lumber vs. Timber - What’s the Difference?” n.d. Thomas Net. Accessed September 20, 2021. https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/plant-facility-equipment/lumber-vs-timber.

Lutz, James A., Tucker J. Furniss, Daniel J. Johnson, Stuart J. Davies, David Allen, Alfonso Alonso, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, et al. 2018. “Sylvester Tan, Duncan W.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 27 (7): 849–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12747.

MacDicken, K., Ö. Jonsson, L. Piña, L. Marklund, S. Maulo, V. Contessa, and Y. Adikari. 2016. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015: How Are the World’s Forests Changing? 2nd ed. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4793e.pdf.

Mackey, Brendan, Dominick A. Dellasala, Cyril Kormos, David Lindenmayer, Noelle Kumpel, Barbara Zimmerman, Sonia Hugh, et al. 2014. “Policy Options for the World’s Primary Forests in Multilateral Environmental Agreements.” Conservation Letters 8 (2): 139–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12120.

Mackey, Brendan, Cyril F. Kormos, Heather Keith, William R. Moomaw, Richard A. Houghton, Russell A. Mittermeier, David Hole, and Sonia Hugh. 2020. “Understanding the Importance of Primary Tropical Forest Protection as a Mitigation Strategy.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 25 (5): 763–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-019-09891-4.

Madhupreetha, A., H. S. Jenith, and N. Karthiga Shenbagam. 2021. “Modern Green Building Concept and Sensors.” In Advances in Systems Engineering, edited by V. H. Saran and Rakesh Kumar Misra, 703–12. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8025-3_68.

Mcmullin, R.Troy, and Yolanda F. Wiersma. 2019. “Out with OLD Growth, in with Ecological Contin NEW Ity: New Perspectives on Forest Conservation.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 17 (3): 176–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2016.

Mishra, Gaurav, Dr. Krishna Giri, Shailesh Pandey, Rajesh Kumar, and N.S. Bisht. 2014. “Bamboo: Potential Resource for Eco-Restoration of Degraded Lands.” J. Biol. and Earth Sci 4 (January): B130–36.

Montaigne, Fen. 2019. “Why Keeping Mature Forests Intact Is Key to the Climate Fight.” Yale E360. October 15, 2019. https://e360.yale.edu/features/why-keeping-mature-forests-intact-is-key-to-the-climate-fight.

Moomaw, Bill, and Danna Smith Rep. 2017. “The Great American Stand: US Forests and the Climate Emergency.” Dogwood Alliance. 2017. https://www.dogwoodalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/The-Great-American-Stand-Report.pdf.

Moomaw, William. 2017. “To Curb Climate Change, We Need to Protect and Expand US Forests.” The Conversation. May 8, 2017. https://theconversation.com/to-curb-climate-change-we-need-to-protect-and-expand-us-forests-76380.

Moomaw, William R., Beverly E. Law, and Scott J. Goetz. 2020. “Focus on the Role of Forests and Soils in Meeting Climate Change Mitigation Goals: Summary.” Environmental Research Letters 15 (4): 045009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab6b38.

Moomaw, William R., Susan A. Masino, and Edward K. Faison. 2019. “Intact Forests in the United States: Proforestation Mitigates Climate Change and Serves the Greatest Good.” Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2019.00027.

Navarrete-Segueda, Armando, Miguel Martínez-Ramos, Guillermo Ibarra-Manríquez, Lorenzo Vázquez-Selem, and Christina Siebe. 2018. “Variation of Main Terrestrial Carbon Stocks at the Landscape-Scale Are Shaped by Soil in a Tropical Rainforest.” Geoderma 313: 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.10.023.

Nepstad, Daniel. 2014. “Scientists Rebut NYTimes Op-Ed ‘To Save the Planet, Don’t Plant Trees.’” Mongabay Environmental News, September 22, 2014. https://news.mongabay.com/2014/09/scientists-rebut-nytimes-op-ed-to-save-the-planet-dont-plant-trees/.

“Nicaragua.” n.d. EcoPlanet Bamboo. Accessed August 11, 2021. https://www.ecoplanetbamboo.com/nicaragua-bamboo-plantations.

Parr, Jeffrey, Leigh Sullivan, Bihua Chen, Gongfu Ye, and Weipeng Zheng. 2010. “Carbon Bio-Sequestration within the Phytoliths of Economic Bamboo Species.” Global Change Biology 16 (10): 2661–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02118.x.

Pearce, Fred. 2017. “Carbon Loophole: Why Is Wood Burning Counted as Green Energy?” Yale E360. December 19, 2017. https://e360.yale.edu/features/carbon-loophole-why-is-wood-burning-counted-as-green-energy.

“Policy Recommendations for Old-Growth Forest Protection, Support for First Nations, and Sustainable Forestry Jobs in BC.” 2018. Ancient Forest Alliance. August 31, 2018. https://www.ancientforestalliance.org/policy-recommendations-for-old-growth-forest-protection-support-for-first-nations-and-sustainable-forestry-jobs-in-bc/#_ftn5.

Rebelo, Camille, and Kathleen Buckingham. 2015. “Bamboo: The Opportunities for Forest and Landscape Restoration.” Unasylva 245 (December).

“Rights and Resources Initiative. Rights-Based Conservation: The Path to Preserving Earth’s Biological and Cultural Diversity?” 2020. https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Final_Rights_Conservation_RRI_12-7.pdf.

Rights, and Resources Initiative. 2018. “At a Crossroads: Consequential Trends In Recognition of Community -Based Forest Tenure From 2002-2017.” https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/At-A-Crossroads_RRI_Nov-2018.pdf.

“RIZOME - Climate-Positive Bamboo Building.” n.d. RIZOME. Accessed August 16, 2021. https://www.rizomeco.com.

Roddam, Suman. n.d. “Preservation of Bamboo.” Green Home Building. Accessed September 20, 2021. http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/QandA/bamboo/preservation.htm.

“Running Bamboo.” n.d. Bamboo Valley. Accessed August 10, 2021. https://bamboovalley.com/running-bamboo.

Santos, Guaciara M., and Anne Alexandre. 2017. “The Phytolith Carbon Sequestration Concept: Fact or Fiction? A Comment on ‘Occurrence, Turnover and Carbon Sequestration Potential of Phytoliths in Terrestrial Ecosystems by Song et al. Doi: 10.1016/j.Earscirev.2016.04.007.’” Earth-Science Reviews 164 (January): 251–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.11.005.

Scurlock, J. M. O., D. C. Dayton, and B. Hames. 2000. “Bamboo: An Overlooked Biomass Resource?” Biomass and Bioenergy 19 (4): 229–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(00)00038-6.

Seymour, Frances, and Jonah Busch. 2016. Why Forests? Why Now?: The Science, Economics, and Politics of Tropical Forests and Climate Change. Center for Global Development.

Skene, Jennifer. n.d. “How Americans Are Flushing Forests Down The Toilet.” NRDC. https://www.stand.earth/sites/default/files/StandEarth-NRDC-IssueWithTissue-Report.pdf.

Solomon, T., H. Moon, S. Abebe, A. S. Minale, and Demel Teketay. 2020. “Promoting Bamboo-Based Agroforestry for Enhancing Ecosystem Services from Degraded Lands.” In Agroforestry for Degraded Landscapes: Recent Advances and Emerging Challenges - Vol. 2, edited by Jagdish Chander Dagar, Sharda Rani Gupta, and Demel Teketay, 423–44. Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6807-7_16.

Song, Zhaoliang, Hongyan Liu, Caroline A. E. Strömberg, Xiaomin Yang, and Xiaodong Zhang. 2017. “Phytolith Carbon Sequestration in Global Terrestrial Biomes.” Science of The Total Environment 603–604 (December): 502–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.107.

“Specialists in Bamboo and Related Technology in Africa.” n.d. Afribam. Accessed August 11, 2021. https://www.afribam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=2&Itemid=102.

Stephenson, N.L. 2014. “Rate of Tree Carbon Accumulation Increases Continuously with Tree Size.” Nature 507 (7490): 90–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12914.

“The Economic Impact of Privately-Owned Forests.” 2009. Forest2Market Inc., National Alliance of Forest Owners. https://grist.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/f2m_economic_impact_study_2009.pdf.

“The History of the Light Bulb.” n.d. Energy.Gov. Accessed August 10, 2021. https://www.energy.gov/articles/history-light-bulb.

“The State of the World’s Forests 2020.” n.d. FAO. http://www.fao.org/state-of-forests/en/.

Unger, Nadine. 2014. “Opinion | To Save the Planet, Don’t Plant Trees.” The New York Times, September 19, 2014, sec. Opinion. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/20/opinion/to-save-the-planet-dont-plant-trees.html.

Vinyard, Shelley, and Jennifer Skene. 2020. “The Issue With Tissue 2.0: How The Tree-To-Toilet Pipeline Fuels Our Climate Crisis.” NRDC. https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/issue-with-tissue-2-report.pdf.

Wang, Hairui, Heju Zhong, Rong Hou, James Ayala, Guangmang Liu, Shibin Yuan, Zheng Yan, et al. 2017. “A Diet Diverse in Bamboo Parts Is Important for Giant Panda (Ailuropoda Melanoleuca) Metabolism and Health.” Scientific Reports 7 (1): 3377. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03216-8.

Watts, Andrea, David D’Amore, and A.David McGuire. 2020. “Forestry as a Natural Climate Solution: The Positive Outcomes of Negative Carbon Emissions.” Science Findings 225: 5.

“What Bamboo Species Grow the Fastest?” 2019. Bamboo Plants HQ. August 5, 2019. https://bambooplantshq.com/what-bamboo-species-grow-the-fastest/.

Xu, Tao, Liping Lou, Ling Luo, Rukun Cao, Dechao Duan, and Yingxu Chen. 2012. “Effect of Bamboo Biochar on Pentachlorophenol Leachability and Bioavailability in Agricultural Soil.” Science of The Total Environment 414 (January): 727–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.005.

Yuen, Jia Qi, Tak Fung, and Alan D. Ziegler. 2017. “Carbon Stocks in Bamboo Ecosystems Worldwide: Estimates and Uncertainties.” Forest Ecology and Management 393 (June): 113–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.01.017.

Zhang, Xiaokai, Ajit K. Sarmah, Nanthi S. Bolan, Lizhi He, Xiaoming Lin, Lei Che, Caixian Tang, and Hailong Wang. 2016. “Effect of Aging Process on Adsorption of Diethyl Phthalate in Soils Amended with Bamboo Biochar.” Chemosphere, Biochars multifunctional role as a novel technology in the agricultural, environmental, and industrial sectors, 142 (January): 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.037.

Zhou, D., S.Q. Zhao, S. Liu, and J. Oeding. 2013. “A Meta-Analysis on the Impacts of Partial Cutting on Forest Structure and Carbon Storage.” Biogeosciences 10 (6): 3691–3703. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3691-2013.

Overstory

Gorzelak, Monika A., Amanda K. Asay, Brian J. Pickles, and Suzanne W. Simard. 2015. “Inter-Plant Communication through Mycorrhizal Networks Mediates Complex Adaptive Behaviour in Plant Communities.” AoB PLANTS 7 (plv050). https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plv050.

Jabr, Ferris. 2020. “The Social Life of Forests.” The New York Times, December 3, 2020, sec. Magazine. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/02/magazine/tree-communication-mycorrhiza.html.

John, Emma. 2018. “Richard Powers: ‘It Was like a Religious Conversion. I Realised the Natural World Isn’t Ours.’” The Guardian, June 16, 2018, sec. Books. http://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/16/richard-powers-interview-overstory.

Powers, Richard. 2019. The Overstory. Reprint edition. New York London: W. W. Norton & Company.

Sen, Robin (@rsen5). 2018. “Not Always so. Critical Unseen Roles of #fungi in Plant & Ecosystem Productivity (Simard et al. 1997) a Cover Feature over 2O Yrs Ago. @nature Coined the #woodwideweb.” Twitter. May 11, 2018. https://twitter.com/rsen5/status/994824984546742273.

Wilding

Introduction

“Achieving the Paris Climate Goals in the COVID-19 Era.” 2020. Policy Briefing. F20 Foundations. https://www.foundations-20.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/F20-Policy-Briefing-APCAG-Executive-Brief-1-22-2021.pdf.

Almeida, Alexandre, Alex L. Mitchell, Miguel Boland, Samuel C. Forster, Gregory B. Gloor, Aleksandra Tarkowska, Trevor D. Lawley, and Robert D. Finn. 2019. “A New Genomic Blueprint of the Human Gut Microbiota.” Nature 568 (April): 499–504. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-0965-1.

“Animal Migrations: Eco-Meet Study Guide.” n.d. Douglas-Hart Foundation. https://www.dhnature.org/uploads/2/5/7/0/25708496/animal_migrations.pdf.

Anthes, Emily. 2020. “The Sound of One Shrimp Snapping.” The New York Times, April 21, 2020, sec. Science. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/21/science/climate-change-sound-animals.html.

“Background | Knepp Wildland.” n.d. Knepp Wildland. Accessed September 29, 2021. https://knepp.co.uk/background.

Barkham, Patrick. 2018. “The Magical Wilderness Farm: Raising Cows among the Weeds at Knepp.” The Guardian, June 15, 2018, sec. Environment. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jun/15/the-magical-wilderness-farm-raising-cows-among-the-weeds-at-knepp.

“Biodiversity Heritage Library.” n.d. Accessed August 16, 2021. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/.

Brown, Paul. 2020. “Rewilding the Arctic Could Slow the Climate Crisis.” EcoWatch. January 29, 2020. https://www.ecowatch.com/arctic-wildlife-climate-crisis-2644966448.html.

Burkart, Karl. n.d. “The Global Safety Net: A ‘Blueprint’ to Save Critical Ecosystems and Stabilize the Earth’s Climate.” One Earth. Accessed October 7, 2021. https://www.oneearth.org/the-global-safety-net-a-blueprint-to-save-critical-ecosystems-and-stabilize-the-earths-climate/.

California, The Nature Conservancy of. 2020. “Nature-Based Climate Solutions.” ArcGIS StoryMaps. December 7, 2020. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/a891b41520c343a582b845dcbb89e48b.

Carne. 2019. “How Many Genes in the Human Microbiome?” Cosmos Magazine, August 15, 2019. https://cosmosmagazine.com/science/biology/how-many-genes-in-the-human-microbiome/.

Carrington, Damian. 2020a. “Coronavirus: 'Nature Is Sending Us a Message’, Says UN Environment Chief.” The Guardian, March 25, 2020, sec. World news. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/25/coronavirus-nature-is-sending-us-a-message-says-un-environment-chief.

———. 2020b. “40% of World’s Plant Species at Risk of Extinction.” The Guardian, September 29, 2020, sec. Environment. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/30/world-plant-species-risk-extinction-fungi-earth.

CNN. 2020. “A Ticking Time-Bomb for the Climate Crisis?” CNN. December 2020. https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2020/12/world/ticking-time-bomb.

“Compendium.” n.d. Biodiversity for a Liveable Climate (blog). Accessed August 16, 2021. https://bio4climate.org/compendium/.

“Conferences.” n.d. Biodiversity for a Liveable Climate (blog). Accessed August 16, 2021. https://bio4climate.org/conferences/.

Convery, Ian, Sophie Wynne-Jones, and Steve Carver. 2021. “Rewilding: Four Tips to Let Nature Thrive.” The Conversation. May 25, 2021. http://theconversation.com/rewilding-four-tips-to-let-nature-thrive-157441.

Cromsigt, Joris P. G. M., Mariska te Beest, Graham I. H. Kerley, Marietjie Landman, Elizabeth le Roux, and Felisa A. Smith. 2018. “Trophic Rewilding as a Climate Change Mitigation Strategy?” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373 (1761): 20170440. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0440.

Davies, Ella. 2016. “Meet the Animals That Travel Farther than Any Other.” BBC, July 20, 2016. http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160719-meet-the-animals-that-travel-farther-than-any-other.

Deriemaeker, B, G Booman, T Kazantsev, N Assareh, and M Rada. 2018. “Regen Network Ecological State Protocols Version 0.2.” https://regen-network.gitlab.io/whitepaper/Protocols.pdf.

Dunne, Daisy. 2018. “In-Depth: Could ‘Rewilding’ Help to Tackle Climate Change?” Carbon Brief. October 21, 2018. https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-could-rewilding-help-tackle-climate-change.

Einhorn, Catrin. 2020. “Restoring Farmland Could Drastically Slow Extinctions, Fight Climate Change.” The New York Times, October 14, 2020, sec. Climate. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/14/climate/biodiversity-farmland-extinction.html.

Ejtahed, Hanieh-Sadat, Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar, Seyed Davar Siadat, and Bagher Larijani. 2020. “The Most Important Challenges Ahead of Microbiome Pattern in the Post Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders 19 (2): 2031–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-020-00579-0.

Elvers, Karen T., Victoria J. Wilson, Ashley Hammond, Lorna Duncan, Alyson L. Huntley, Alastair D. Hay, and Esther T. van der Werf. 2020. “Antibiotic-Induced Changes in the Human Gut Microbiota for the Most Commonly Prescribed Antibiotics in Primary Care in the UK: A Systematic Review.” BMJ Open 10 (9): e035677. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035677.

Falkowski, Paul G. 2016. Life’s Engines: How Microbes Made Earth Habitable. Reprint edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Flinders University. 2021. “Expert Prognosis for the Planet - We’re on Track for a Ghastly Future: The State of the Planet Is Much Worse than Most People Understand and That Humans Face a Grim And.” ScienceDaily. January 13, 2021. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/01/210113090922.htm.

Franzosa, Eric A., Katherine Huang, James F. Meadow, Dirk Gevers, Katherine P. Lemon, Brendan J. M. Bohannan, and Curtis Huttenhower. 2015. “Identifying Personal Microbiomes Using Metagenomic Codes.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, May. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423854112.

Gascon, Claude, James P Collins, Robin D Moore, Don R Church, Jeanne E McKay, and Joseph R III Mendelson. 2005. “Amphibian Conservation Action Plan.” In : : IUCN/SSC Amphibian Conservation Summit 2005, 68. IUCN. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2007-013.pdf.

Gilbert, Jack A. 2015. “Our Unique Microbial Identity.” Genome Biology 16 (1): 97. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-015-0664-7.

Gilbert, Jack A., and Josh D. Neufeld. 2014. “Life in a World without Microbes.” PLOS Biology 12 (12): e1002020. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002020.

Gillam, Carey. 2021. “New Study Finds Glyphosate-Related Alterations in Gut Microbiome.” U.S. Right to Know. January 27, 2021. https://usrtk.org/pesticides/glyphosate-alterations-in-gut-microbiome/.

Girardin, Cécile A. J., Stuart Jenkins, Nathalie Seddon, Myles Allen, Simon L. Lewis, Charlotte E. Wheeler, Bronson W. Griscom, and Yadvinder Malhi. 2021. “Nature-Based Solutions Can Help Cool the Planet — If We Act Now.” Nature 593 (7858): 191–94. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2.

Goodman, Pamela. 2020. “The Extraordinary Rewilding of Knepp Castle.” House & Garden, October 3, 2020. https://www.houseandgarden.co.uk/gallery/knepp-castle-in-sussex.

“HAC for Nature and People.” n.d. HAC for Nature and People. Accessed September 8, 2021. https://www.hacfornatureandpeople.org.

Harvey, Fiona. 2020. “Rewild to Mitigate the Climate Crisis, Urge Leading Scientists.” Grist. October 18, 2020. https://grist.org/climate/rewild-to-mitigate-the-climate-crisis-urge-leading-scientists/.

Hinsley, Amy, Abigail Entwistle, and Dorothea V. Pio. 2014. “Does the Long-Term Success of REDD+ Also Depend on Biodiversity?” Oryx 49 (2): 216–21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605314000507.

“How and Why Animals Migrate.” n.d. NatureWorks. Accessed August 30, 2021. https://nhpbs.org/natureworks/nwep4c.htm.

indi.ca. 2019. “How Humans Broke The Climate Computer.” The Startup (blog). November 22, 2019. https://medium.com/swlh/how-humans-broke-the-climate-computer-dc69370f4657.

Irfan, Umair. 2020. “‘Extinction Breeds Extinctions’: How Losing One Species Can Wipe out Many More.” Vox. June 6, 2020. https://www.vox.com/2020/6/6/21280720/endangered-species-extinction-ecosystem-climate-change-biodiversity-crisis.

“IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.” n.d. IUCN. Accessed August 30, 2021. https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?taxonomies=100041&searchType=species.

Joly, Kyle, Eliezer Gurarie, Mathew S. Sorum, Petra Kaczensky, Matthew D. Cameron, Andrew F. Jakes, Bridget L. Borg, et al. 2019. “Longest Terrestrial Migrations and Movements around the World.” Scientific Reports 9 (1): 15333. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51884-5.

Kaufmann, Sandra Charlotte. 2018. The Kaufmann Protocol: Why We Age and How to Stop It. Edited by Jacob Cerny. Kaufmann Anti-Aging Institute.

“Knepp Safaris.” n.d. Accessed September 29, 2021. https://www.kneppsafaris.co.uk/whats-on/.

“Knepp Wildland.” n.d. Knepp Wildland. Accessed August 30, 2021. https://knepp.co.uk.

Krauss, Bernie. n.d. “Orchestra of the Wild.” DailyGood (blog). http://www.dailygood.org/pdf/dg.php?sid=492.

LaGrave, Katherine. 2020. “The God of Silence Speaks Up.” AFAR. September 9, 2020. https://www.afar.com/magazine/gordon-hempton-quiet-parks-international-saving-quiet?tag=BNdiversionAdventure922&utm_campaign=09.22.20%20Wellen%20%28TGMuX5%29&utm_medium=email&utm_source=Newsletter%20-%20Americas&_ke=eyJrbF9lbWFpbCI6ICJjYWo5NDAyOEBnbWFpbC5jb20iLCAia2xfY29tcGFueV9pZCI6ICJiVnZ2QmUifQ%3D%3D.

Lambert, Jonathan. 2020. “Countries Are Working to Protect 30 Percent of the Planet by 2030. Is That the Right Goal?” Science News (blog). April 22, 2020. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/nature-will-protecting-30-percent-earth-prevent-extinction-crisis.

“Launch of IPBES-IPCC Co-Sponsored Workshop Report on Biodiversity and Climate Change.” 2020. IPBES. February 21, 2020. http://ipbes.net/events/launch-ipbes-ipcc-co-sponsored-workshop-report-biodiversity-and-climate-change.

Leclère, David, Michael Obersteiner, Mike Barrett, Stuart H. M. Butchart, Abhishek Chaudhary, Adriana De Palma, Fabrice A. J. DeClerck, et al. 2020. “Bending the Curve of Terrestrial Biodiversity Needs an Integrated Strategy.” Nature 585 (7826): 551–56. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2705-y.

“Living in Harmony.” 2021. Presented at the ClimateEarth 2020 Conference.

“Living Planet Report 2020 - Bending the Curve of Biodiversity Loss.” 2020. Gland, Switzerland: WWF. https://f.hubspotusercontent20.net/hubfs/4783129/LPR/PDFs/ENGLISH-SUMMARY.pdf.

Lombrana, Laura Millan, Eric Roston, and Jess Shankleman. 2020. “Save Nature or Risk Economic Disaster, Global Leaders Tell Each Other.” Bloomberg.Com, September 30, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-30/save-nature-or-risk-economic-disaster-global-leaders-tell-each-other.

Lu, Donna. 2020. “Rewilding Farmland in Tropical Regions Would Store Vast Amounts of CO2.” New Scientist, October 14, 2020. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2257191-rewilding-farmland-in-tropical-regions-would-store-vast-amounts-of-co2/.

Margolin, Malcolm. 2013. The Ohlone Way: Indian Life in the San Francisco-Monterey Bay Area. 2nd edition. Heyday.

Marshall, Michael. 2012. “First Land Plants Plunged Earth into Ice Age.” New Scientist. February 1, 2012. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21417-first-land-plants-plunged-earth-into-ice-age/.

McGill University. 2020. “Environmental Groups Moving beyond Conservation.” Phys Org. May 28, 2020. https://phys.org/news/2020-05-environmental-groups.html.

Mesnage, Robin, Maxime Teixeira, Daniele Mandrioli, Laura Falcioni, Quinten Raymond Ducarmon, Romy Daniëlle Zwittink, Francesca Mazzacuva, et al. 2021. “Use of Shotgun Metagenomics and Metabolomics to Evaluate the Impact of Glyphosate or Roundup MON 52276 on the Gut Microbiota and Serum Metabolome of Sprague-Dawley Rats.” Environmental Health Perspectives 129 (1). https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6990.

Michigan State University. 2019. “Transformative Change Can Save Humans and Nature.” ScienceDaily. December 12, 2019. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/12/191212142628.htm.

———. 2020. “Giving GDP a Needed Ecological Companion.” ScienceDaily. June 9, 2020. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200609144502.htm.

“Migration - Navigation and Orientation.” n.d. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed August 30, 2021. https://www.britannica.com/science/migration-animal.

Monbiot, George. 2015. “Let’s Make Britain Wild Again and Find Ourselves in Nature.” The Guardian, July 16, 2015, sec. Opinion. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jul/16/britain-wild-nature-rewilding-ecosystems-heal-lives.

Mulkey, Stephen. 2020. “The Scientific Narrative about the Climate and Biosphere Is Mostly Useless.” Medium (blog). July 15, 2020. https://envcentury.medium.com/the-scientific-narrative-about-the-climate-and-biosphere-is-mostly-useless-7daaab3b5a77.

“NIH Human Microbiome Project Defines Normal Bacterial Makeup of the Body.” 2015. National Institutes of Health (NIH). August 31, 2015. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-human-microbiome-project-defines-normal-bacterial-makeup-body.

Osuri, Anand M., Jayashree Ratnam, Varun Varma, Patricia Alvarez-Loayza, Johanna Hurtado Astaiza, Matt Bradford, Christine Fletcher, et al. 2016. “Contrasting Effects of Defaunation on Aboveground Carbon Storage across the Global Tropics.” Nature Communications 7 (1): 11351. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11351.

Pasolli, Edoardo, Francesco Asnicar, Serena Manara, Moreno Zolfo, Nicolai Karcher, Federica Armanini, Francesco Beghini, et al. 2019. “Extensive Unexplored Human Microbiome Diversity Revealed by Over 150,000 Genomes from Metagenomes Spanning Age, Geography, and Lifestyle.” Cell 176 (3): 649-662.e20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.001.

Pearce, Fred. 2021. “Species or Ecosystems: How Best to Restore the Natural World?” Yale E360. April 27, 2021. https://e360.yale.edu/features/species-or-ecosystems-how-best-to-restore-the-natural-world.

Pennisi, Elizabeth. 2018. “Land Plants Arose Earlier than Thought—and May Have Had a Bigger Impact on the Evolution of Animals.” Science | AAAS. February 19, 2018. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/02/land-plants-arose-earlier-thought-and-may-have-had-bigger-impact-evolution-animals.

Polak-Witka, Katarzyna, Lidia Rudnicka, Ulrike Blume-Peytavi, and Annika Vogt. 2020. “The Role of the Microbiome in Scalp Hair Follicle Biology and Disease.” Experimental Dermatology 29 (3): 286–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.13935.

Quammen, David. 2010. “Animal Migrations.” Magazine, November 1, 2010. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/great-migrations.

REGENETARIANISM. 2018. “It’s the Soil Biology, Stupid!” Regenetarianism (Formerly L.A. Chefs Column) (blog). March 26, 2018. https://lachefnet.wordpress.com/2018/03/25/its-the-soil-biology-stupid/.

REVITALIZATION. 2020. “The Global Restoration Economy Advances: The World’s First Rewilding Center to Be Established in the Highlands of Scotland,” February 15, 2020. https://revitalization.org/article/another-step-forward-for-the-global-restoration-economy-the-worlds-first-rewilding-center-to-be-established-in-scotland/.

“REVITALIZATION: The Journal of Economic & Environmental Resilience.” n.d. REVITALIZATION. Accessed August 26, 2021. https://revitalization.org/.

“Rewiliding.” n.d. Knepp Wild Range Meat. Accessed September 29, 2021. https://www.kneppwildrangemeat.co.uk/rewilding.

Robbins, Jim. 2018. “Animals Are Losing Their Vagility, or Ability to Roam Freely.” The New York Times, February 19, 2018, sec. Science. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/19/science/migration-animals-west.html.

Robinson, Jo. 2013. “Opinion | Breeding the Nutrition Out of Our Food.” The New York Times, May 25, 2013, sec. Opinion. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/26/opinion/sunday/breeding-the-nutrition-out-of-our-food.html.

Rodrigues, Meghie. 2020. “Rewilding Key to Averting Mass Extinctions and Reducing Carbon Emissions.” Mongabay Environmental News, November 3, 2020, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/11/rewilding-key-to-averting-mass-extinctions-and-reducing-carbon-emissions/.

Safina, Carl. n.d. “The Real Case for Saving Species: We Don’t Need Them, But They Need Us.” Yale E360. Accessed August 16, 2021. https://e360.yale.edu/features/the-real-case-for-saving-species-we-dont-need-them-but-they-need-us.

Saint Louis University. 2019. “Elephant Extinction Will Raise Carbon Dioxide Levels in Atmosphere: As Ecosystem Engineers, Forest Elephants’ Dining Habits Are Climate-Friendly.” ScienceDaily. July 25, 2019. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190725100433.htm.

Schmachtenberger, Daniel. 2017. “Gut Health and the Microbiome with Zach Bush, MD.” Neurohacker Collective. December 28, 2017. https://neurohacker.com/gut-health-and-the-microbiome-with-zach-bush-md.

science, Lorraine Boissoneault is a Chicago-based journalist who writes about, history, outdoor adventure for publications like Smithsonian Magazine, The Atlantic, Hakai Magazine, Great Lakes Now, Playboy She is the author of the narrative nonfiction book "The Last Voyageurs", and a finalist for the Chicago Book of the Year award http://twitter com/boissolm http://www.lboissoneault.com. 2020. “The Call of the Wild: Using Sound to Help Imperiled Species and Ecosystems • The Revelator.” The Revelator (blog). March 2, 2020. https://therevelator.org/sound-help-species-ecosystems/.

Sender, Ron, Shai Fuchs, and Ron Milo. 2016. “Are We Really Vastly Outnumbered? Revisiting the Ratio of Bacterial to Host Cells in Humans.” Cell 164 (January): 337–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.013.

Sheldrake, Merlin. 2020. “Why the Hidden World of Fungi Is Essential to Life on Earth.” The Guardian, October 10, 2020, sec. Opinion. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/oct/10/hidden-world-fungi-life-earth.

“Species List | Endangered, Vulnerable, and Threatened Animals | WWF.” n.d. World Wildlife Fund. Accessed August 25, 2021. https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/directory?sort=extinction_status&direction=desc.

Strassburg, Bernardo B. N., Alvaro Iribarrem, Hawthorne L. Beyer, Carlos Leandro Cordeiro, Renato Crouzeilles, Catarina C. Jakovac, André Braga Junqueira, et al. 2020. “Global Priority Areas for Ecosystem Restoration.” Nature 586 (7831): 724–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2784-9.

Strickland, Michael S., Dror Hawlena, Aspen Reese, Mark A. Bradford, and Oswald J. Schmitz. 2013. “Trophic Cascade Alters Ecosystem Carbon Exchange.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110 (27): 11035–38. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1305191110.

“The Bonn Challenge.” n.d. Bon Challenge. Accessed September 17, 2021. https://www.bonnchallenge.org/.

“The First Plants.” n.d. A New Approach to Earth History (blog). Accessed August 31, 2021. https://www.earthhistory.org.uk/recolonisation/first-plants.

“The Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity And Ecosystem Services - Summary for Policymakers.” 2019. Bonn, Germany: IPBES. https://ipbes.net/sites/default/files/inline/files/ipbes_global_assessment_report_summary_for_policymakers.pdf.

“The World’s Most Influential Animal Conservation Group Has Links To Trophy Hunters And The Fashion Industry.” n.d. BuzzFeed News. Accessed August 30, 2021. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/robertojurkschat/red-list-iucn-trophy-hunting.

Thomas, Andrew Maltez, and Nicola Segata. 2019. “Multiple Levels of the Unknown in Microbiome Research.” BMC Biology 17 (48). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-019-0667-z.

Tierney, Braden T., Zhen Yang, Jacob M. Luber, Marc Beaudin, Marsha C. Wibowo, Christina Baek, Eleanor Mehlenbacher, Chirag J. Patel, and Aleksandar D. Kostic. 2019. “The Landscape of Genetic Content in the Gut and Oral Human Microbiome.” Cell Host & Microbe 26 (2): 283-295.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.07.008.

Tree, Isabella. 2018. “Creating a Mess – The Knepp Rewilding Project.” In Practice, June 2018. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/595ca91bebbd1a1d0aaab285/t/5b1af97b1ae6cfcbab41befa/1528494463789/InPractice100_Jun2018_Knepp+%28003%29.pdf.

Trinh, Pauline, Jesse R. Zaneveld, Sarah Safranek, and Peter M. Rabinowitz. 2018. “One Health Relationships Between Human, Animal, and Environmental Microbiomes: A Mini-Review.” Frontiers in Public Health 6 (August): 235. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00235.

University of Adelaide. 2020. “Microbiome Rewilding: Biodiverse Urban Green Spaces Strengthen Human Immune Systems.” May 25, 2020. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-05-microbiome-rewilding-biodiverse-urban-green.html.

University of Gothenburg. 2020. “Humans, Not Climate, Have Driven Rapidly Rising Mammal Extinction Rate.” ScienceDaily. September 9, 2020. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/09/200909100244.htm.

University of New South Wales. 2019. “Leaving Microbes out of Climate Change Conversation Has Major Consequences, Experts Warn.” ScienceDaily. June 18, 2019. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/06/190618113126.htm.

Velasquez-Manoff, Moises. 2012. An Epidemic of Absence: A New Way of Understanding Allergies and Autoimmune Diseases. Reprint edition. Scribner.

Welch, Craig. 2017. “Half of All Species Are on the Move—And We’re Feeling It.” National Geographic. April 27, 2017. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/climate-change-species-migration-disease.

“What Is Missing?” n.d. What Is Missing? Accessed September 7, 2021. https://whatismissing.org/.

“Which Countries Are Still Whaling?” 2014. IFAW. March 17, 2014. https://www.ifaw.org/news/which-countries-are-still-whaling.

“Wild.” n.d. In Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster. Accessed September 29, 2021. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wild.

Wilmers, Christopher C., James A. Estes, Matthew Edwards, Kristin L. Laidre, and Brenda Konar. 2012. “Do Trophic Cascades Affect the Storage and Flux of Atmospheric Carbon? An Analysis of Sea Otters and Kelp Forests.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10 (8): 409–15. https://doi.org/10.1890/110176.

Wilmers, Christopher C., and Oswald J. Schmitz. 2016. “Effects of Gray Wolf-Induced Trophic Cascades on Ecosystem Carbon Cycling.” Ecosphere 7 (10): e01501. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1501.

Yoon, Mi Young, and Sang Sun Yoon. 2018. “Disruption of the Gut Ecosystem by Antibiotics.” Yonsei Medical Journal 59 (1): 4–12. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2018.59.1.4.

Zhang, Sheng, and De-Chang Chen. 2019. “Facing a New Challenge: The Adverse Effects of Antibiotics on Gut Microbiota and Host Immunity.” Chinese Medical Journal 132 (10): 1135–38. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000245.

Zimmer, Carl. 2019. “A Billion-Year-Old Fungus May Hold Clues to Life’s Arrival on Land.” The New York Times, May 22, 2019, sec. Science. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/science/fungi-fossils-plants.html.

Zinöcker, Marit K., and Inge A. Lindseth. 2018. “The Western Diet–Microbiome-Host Interaction and Its Role in Metabolic Disease.” Nutrients 10 (3): 365. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10030365.

Trophic Cascades

Archibald, Catherine J. 2005. “Overview of the Recovery of the Gray Wolf Under the Endangered Species Act.” Animal Legal & Historical Center. 2005. https://www.animallaw.info/article/overview-recovery-gray-wolf-under-endangered-species-act.

Barton, M. 2005. “Restoration or Destruction: The Controversy over Wolf Reintroduction.” Journal of Young Investigators. http://www.jyi.org/issue/restoration-or-destruction-the-controversy-over-wolf-reintroduction.

“Bee Footprints.” 2019. Entomology Today. 2019. https://entomologytoday.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Bee-footprints.jpg.

Beschta, R., and W. Ripple. 2012. “Berry-Producing Shrub Characteristics Following Wolf Reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park.” Forest Ecology and Management 276: 132–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.03.035.

“Big Pros and Cons of Wolf Reintroduction.” n.d. http://connectusfund.org/8-big-pros-and-cons-of-wolf-reintroduction.

Bishop, Anne L., and Richard P. Bishop. 2014. “Resistance of wild African ungulates to foraging by red-billed oxpeckers (Buphagus erythrorhynchus): evidence that this behaviour modulates a potentially parasitic interaction.” African Journal of Ecology 52 (1): 103–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12093.

Bonfante, Paola, and Andrea Genre. 2010. “Mechanisms Underlying Beneficial Plant–Fungus Interactions in Mycorrhizal Symbiosis.” Nature Communications 1 (July): 48. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1046.

Burkhalter, Erika. 2019. “A Trophic Cascade in My Own Backyard.” Age of Awareness (blog). December 3, 2019. https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/a-trophic-cascade-in-my-own-backyard-a38f7bd16116.

Carpenter, Stephen. 2020. “Trophic Cascade.” Encyclopedia Britannica. May 30, 2020. https://www.britannica.com/science/trophic-cascade.

Carroll, Sean B. 2016. “The Ecologist Who Threw Starfish.” Nautilus (blog). March 10, 2016. http://nautil.us/issue/34/adaptation/the-ecologist-who-threw-starfish.

———. 2017. The Serengeti Rules: The Quest to Discover How Life Works and Why It Matters - With a New Q&A with the Author. Princeton University Press.

Center for Human-Carnivore Coexistence. n.d. “Wolves and Livestock - 8.010.” Colorado State University Extension. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/people-predators/wolves-and-livestock-8-010/.

Chadwick, Douglas. 2010. “Wolf Wars.” National Geographic, March 1, 2010. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/wolf-wars.

Cosier, Susan. 2010. “Reintroducing Wolves into National Parks Could Restore Ecosystems.” Audobon. 2010.

Cunningham, Conor. 2020. “Survival of the Fittest.” In Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/survival-of-the-fittest.

Darwin, Charles. 1868. Animals and Plants Under Domestication. London: John Murray. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=21&itemID=F877.1&viewtype=text.

Darwin, Charles Robert. n.d. “To A. R. Wallace  5 July [1866].” Accessed October 14, 2021. https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-5145.xml.

Davidson, Ana D, James K Detling, and James H Brown. 2012. “Ecological Roles and Conservation Challenges of Social, Burrowing, Herbivorous Mammals in the World’s Grasslands.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10 (9): 477–86. https://doi.org/10.1890/110054.

Denchak, Melissa. 2019. “Keystone Species 101.” NRDC. September 9, 2019. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/keystone-species-101.

Dykstra, Peter. 2020. “Bringing the Wolves Back.” EHN, March 22, 2020. https://www.ehn.org/yellowstone-wolves-recovery-2645548172.html.

Erlandson, Jon  M., Michael  H. Graham, Bruce  J. Bourque, Debra Corbett, James  A. Estes, and Robert  S. Steneck. 2007. “The Kelp Highway Hypothesis: Marine Ecology, the Coastal Migration Theory, and the Peopling of the Americas.” The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2 (2): 161–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564890701628612.

Eschner, Kat. 2017. “Those Little Birds On The Backs Of Rhinos Actually Drink Blood.” Smithsonian Magazine, September 22, 2017. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/those-little-birds-backs-rhinos-actually-drink-blood-180964912/.

Estes, James A., and John F. Palmisano. 1974. “Sea Otters: Their Role in Structuring Nearshore Communities.” Science 185 (4156): 1058–60. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4156.1058.

Evan. 2015. “The Threat of Reintroduced Wolves to Livestock in Yellowstone.” Debating Science (blog). December 2, 2015. https://blogs.umass.edu/natsci397a-eross/the-threat-of-reintroduced-wolves-to-livestock-in-yellowstone/.

Falk, Dan. 2020. “The Complicated Legacy of Herbert Spencer, the Man Who Coined ‘Survival of the Fittest.’” Smithsonian Magazine, April 29, 2020. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/herbert-spencer-survival-of-the-fittest-180974756/.

Fritts, S., E. Bangs, J. Fontaine, M. Johnson, M. Philips, E. Koch, and J. Gunson. 1997. “Planning and Implementing a Reintroduction of Wolves to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho.” Restoration Ecology 5 (1): 7–27. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.09702.x.

George, J. 2006. “Wolf Attack a Tragic, Cautionary Tale.” San Francisco Gate. 2006. http://www.sfgate.com/homeandgarden/article/Wolf-attack-a-tragic-cautionary-tale-2543491.php.

“Government Data Confirm That Wolves Have a Negligible Effect on U.S. Cattle & Sheep Industries.” 2019. https://www.humanesociety.org/sites/default/files/docs/HSUS-Wolf-Livestock-6.Mar_.19Final.pdf.

“Gray Wolf (Canis Lupus).” n.d. ECOS | US Fish & Wildlife Service. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/4488.

Heithaus, Michael R. 2001. “The Biology of Tiger Sharks, Galeocerdo Cuvier, in Shark Bay, Western Australia: Sex Ratio, Size Distribution, Diet, and Seasonal Changes in Catch Rates.” Environmental Biology of Fishes 61 (1): 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011021210685.

Heithaus, Michael R., A. J. Wirsing, L. M. Dill, Michael R. Heithaus, A. J. Wirsing, and L. M. Dill. 2012. “The Ecological Importance of Intact Top-Predator Populations: A Synthesis of 15 Years of Research in a Seagrass Ecosystem.” Marine and Freshwater Research 63 (11): 1039–50. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF12024.

“Helping Ranchers Coexist With Wolves.” n.d. Defenders of Wildlife. Accessed September 20, 2021. https://defenders.org/helping-ranchers-coexist-wolves.

Irfan, Umair. 2020. “‘Extinction Breeds Extinctions’: How Losing One Species Can Wipe out Many More.” Vox. June 6, 2020. https://www.vox.com/2020/6/6/21280720/endangered-species-extinction-ecosystem-climate-change-biodiversity-crisis.

Kauffman, Matthew J., Jedediah F. Brodie, and Erik S. Jules. 2010. “Are Wolves Saving Yellowstone’s Aspen? A Landscape-Level Test of a Behaviorally Mediated Trophic Cascade.” Ecology 91 (9): 2742–55. https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1949.1.

“Keystone Species.” 2019. National Geographic Society. September 13, 2019. http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/keystone-species/.

“Keystone Species.” 2021. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keystone_species&oldid=1046654590.

Levy, Sharon. 2020a. “Absent Wolves, Ecosystems Changed. Can New Wolves Restore Things?” April 29, 2020. https://undark.org/2020/04/29/wolf-reintroduction-trophic-cascades-colorado/.

———. 2020b. “Will Restoring Wolves Restore the Landscape? Maybe Not.” Undark Magazine. April 29, 2020. https://undark.org/2020/04/29/wolf-reintroduction-trophic-cascades-colorado/.

Linnell, John, Reidar Andersen, Andersone, and Linas Balciauskas. 2002. The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans. Edited by J Linnell. NINA NIKU. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236330045_The_fear_of_wolves_A_review_of_wolf_attacks_on_humans.

Martin, G. 2014. “Meat Prices Going up & Wolf Kill.” http://www.aginfo.net/AginfoReportView.cfm?reportid=28928.

McElligott, Alan, Ivan Maggini, Lorenz Hunziker, and Barbara König. 2004. “Interactions between Red-Billed Oxpeckers and Black Rhinos in Captivity.” Zoo Biology 23 (September): 347–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20013.

Middleton, Arthur D., Matthew J. Kauffman, Douglas E. McWhirter, John G. Cook, Rachel C. Cook, Abigail A. Nelson, Michael D. Jimenez, and Robert W. Klaver. 2013. “Animal Migration amid Shifting Patterns of Phenology and Predation: Lessons from a Yellowstone Elk Herd.” Ecology 94 (6): 1245–56. https://doi.org/10.1890/11-2298.1.

Mogerman, Josh. 2010. “Canis Lupus Listed: Wolves Regain Endangered Species Status.” NRDC. August 6, 2010. https://www.nrdc.org/media/2010/100806.

Monbiot, George. 2014. Feral: Rewilding the Land, the Sea, and Human Life. London: University of Chicago Press. https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/F/bo19341756.html.

Musiani, M., C. Mamo, L. Boitani, S. Breck, C. Callaghan, C. Gates, and G. Volpi. 2003. “Wolf Depredation Trends and the Use of Fladry Barriers to Protect Livestock in Western North America.Conservation.” Biology 17 (6): 1538–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2003.00063.x.

“Mutualistic Relationships.” n.d. New England Complex Systems Institute. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://necsi.edu/mutualistic-relationships.

Nelson, Abigail, Matthew J. Kauffman, Arthur D. Middleton, Mike Jimenez, Douglas McWhirter, Jarrett Barber, and Ken Gerow. 2012. “Elk Migration Patterns and Human Activity Influence Wolf Habitat Use in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.” Ecological Applications. https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1829.1.

“Northern Rocky Mountains Gray Wolf.” n.d. Center for Biological Diversity. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/mammals/northern_Rocky_Mountains_gray_wolf/index.html.

Oxpeckers and Mutualism. n.d. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://www.birdnote.org/listen/shows/oxpeckers-and-mutualism.

“Pollinators - Hummingbirds.” n.d. National Park Service. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://www.nps.gov/articles/hummingbirds.htm.

“Prairie Dog.” n.d. Defenders of Wildlife. Accessed September 23, 2021. https://defenders.org/wildlife/prairie-dog.

Ripple, William J., Robert L. Beschta, Jennifer K. Fortin, and Charles T. Robbins. 2014. “Trophic Cascades from Wolves to Grizzly Bears in Yellowstone.” Journal of Animal Ecology 83 (1): 223–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12123.

“Rocky Mountain Wolf Project.” n.d. Rocky Mountain Wolf Project. Accessed September 4, 2021. https://www.rockymountainwolfproject.org/.

Silliman, Brian R, and Christine Angelini. n.d. “Trophic Cascades Across Diverse Plant Ecosystems.” Nature Education Knowledge 3 (10): 44.

Sustainable Human. 2014. How Wolves Change Rivers. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysa5OBhXz-Q.

“The Truth about Wolves and Livestock.” 2009. http://lordsofnature.org/documents/TheTruthAboutWolvesandLivestock.pdf.

“The Wolf That Changed America ~ Wolf Wars: America’s Campaign to Eradicate the Wolf.” 2008. Nature | PBS. September 14, 2008. https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/the-wolf-that-changed-america-wolf-wars-americas-campaign-to-eradicate-the-wolf/4312/.

Wagner, Stephen C. 2010. “Keystone Species.” Nature Education Knowledge 3 (10): 51.

Ward, Tamara. 2019. “How Artificial Intelligence Could Change Conservation.” E&E News, November 2019. https://www.eenews.net/greenwire/stories/1061610079/search.

Weinstein, David. 2019. “Herbert Spencer.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta, Fall 2019. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/spencer/.

“Wildlife.” 2013. Yellowstone National Park. 2013. http://www.yellowstonenationalpark.com/wildlife.htm.

“Wolf Restoration.” 2015. National Park Service. 2015. http://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/wolf-restoration.htm.

“Wolf Restoration - Yellowstone National Park.” n.d. National Park Service. Accessed September 23, 2021. https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/wolf-restoration.htm.

Yong, Ed. 2013. “The Man Whose Dynasty Changed Ecology.” Scientific American. January 16, 2013. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-man-whose-dynasty-changed-ecology/.

Zanette, Liana Y., Emma C. Hobbs, Lauren E. Witterick, Scott A. MacDougall-Shackleton, and Michael Clinchy. 2019. “Predator-Induced Fear Causes PTSD-like Changes in the Brains and Behaviour of Wild Animals.” Scientific Reports 9 (August): 11474. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47684-6.

Grazing Ecology

Alexander, R. McN. 1993. “The Relative Merits of Foregut and Hindgut Fermentation.” Journal of Zoology 231 (3): 391–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb01927.x.

Anderson, Roger C. 2006. “Evolution and Origin of the Central Grassland of North America: Climate, Fire, and Mammalian Grazers.” The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 133 (4): 626–47.

Angelini, Christine, Schuyler Montfrans, Marc Hensel, Qiang He, and Brian Silliman. 2018. “The Importance of an Underestimated Grazer under Climate Change: How Crab Density, Consumer Competition, and Physical Stress Affect Salt Marsh Resilience.” Oecologia 187 (6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-018-4112-8.

Augustine, David J., Samuel J. McNaughton, and Douglas A. Frank. 2003. “Feedbacks Between Soil Nutrients and Large Herbivores in a Managed Savanna Ecosystem.” Ecological Applications 13 (5): 1325–37. https://doi.org/10.1890/02-5283.

Barkham, Patrick. 2018. “The Magical Wilderness Farm: Raising Cows among the Weeds at Knepp.” The Guardian, June 15, 2018, sec. Environment. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jun/15/the-magical-wilderness-farm-raising-cows-among-the-weeds-at-knepp.

Bellaigue, Christopher de. 2020. “The End of Farming?” The Guardian, February 25, 2020, sec. Environment. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/feb/25/the-end-of-farming-rewilding-intensive-agriculture-food-safety.

Dangal, Shree R. S., Hanqin Tian, Chaoqun Lu, Wei Ren, Shufen Pan, Jia Yang, Nicola Di Cosmo, and Amy Hessl. 2017. “Integrating Herbivore Population Dynamics Into a Global Land Biosphere Model: Plugging Animals Into the Earth System.” Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 9 (8): 2920–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016MS000904.

Davis, Stacy C., Laura A. Burkle, Wyatt F. Cross, and Kyle A. Cutting. 2014. “The Effects of Timing of Grazing on Plant and Arthropod Communities in High-Elevation Grasslands.” PLOS ONE 9 (10): e110460. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110460.

Dong, Shikui, Zhanhuan Shang, Jixi Gao, and Randall B. Boone. 2020. “Enhancing Sustainability of Grassland Ecosystems through Ecological Restoration and Grazing Management in an Era of Climate Change on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 287 (January): 106684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.106684.

Doorn, Ramón Van, and Leiden University. 2020. “Climate Change Presents African Grazers with Tricky Decision.” June 2, 2020. https://phys.org/news/2020-06-climate-african-grazers-tricky-decision.html.

Fountain, Henry. 2021. “A Different Kind of Land Management: Let the Cows Stomp.” The New York Times, February 17, 2021, sec. Climate. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/17/climate/regenerative-grazing-cattle-climate.html.

Frank, Douglas A., Samuel J. McNaughton, and Benjamin F. Tracy. 1998. “The Ecology of the Earth’s Grazing Ecosystems.” BioScience 48 (7): 513–21. https://doi.org/10.2307/1313313.

“Frequently Asked Questions about Caribou.” n.d. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Accessed September 21, 2021. https://www.fws.gov/refuge/arctic/carcon.html#migration.

Fryxell, J. M., and A. R. E. Sinclair. 1988. “Causes and Consequences of Migration by Large Herbivores.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 3 (9): 237–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(88)90166-8.

Gewin, Virginia. 2021. “A New Study on Regenerative Grazing Complicates Climate Optimism.” Civil Eats. January 6, 2021. https://civileats.com/2021/01/06/a-new-study-on-regenerative-grazing-complicates-climate-optimism/.

Greenaway, Twilight. 2020. “Tom Philpott Predicts the End of Farming as We Know It.” Civil Eats. August 27, 2020. https://civileats.com/2020/08/27/tom-philpott-predicts-the-end-of-farming-as-we-know-it/.

Griscom, Bronson W., Justin Adams, Peter W. Ellis, Richard A. Houghton, Guy Lomax, Daniela A. Miteva, William H. Schlesinger, et al. 2017. “Natural Climate Solutions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (44): 11645–50. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114.

Hazenbosch, Mirjam. 2018. “Oostvaardersplassen – How Wild Can It Be?” Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science. May 22, 2018. https://www.iccs.org.uk/blog/oostvaardersplassen-how-wild-can-it-be.

Hewins, D.B., M.P. Lyseng, and D.F. Schoderbek. 2018. “Grazing and climate effects on soil organic carbon concentration and particle-size association in northern grasslands.” Scientific Reports 8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19785-1.

Janis, Christine. 2008. “An Evolutionary History of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates.” In The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing, edited by Iain J. Gordon and Herbert H. T. Prins, 21–45. Ecological Studies. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72422-3_2.

Kartzinel, Tyler R., Patricia A. Chen, and Tyler C. Coverdale. 2015. “Molecular Analysis of Large Herbivore Diets.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (26). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503283112.

Kartzinel, Tyler R., Patricia A. Chen, Tyler C. Coverdale, David L. Erickson, W. John Kress, Maria L. Kuzmina, Daniel I. Rubenstein, Wei Wang, and Robert M. Pringle. 2015. “DNA Metabarcoding Illuminates Dietary Niche Partitioning by African Large Herbivores.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (26): 8019–24. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503283112.

Knapp, Alan K., John M. Blair, John M. Briggs, Scott L. Collins, David C. Hartnett, Loretta C. Johnson, and E. Gene Towne. 1999. “The Keystone Role of Bison in North American Tallgrass Prairie: Bison Increase Habitat Heterogeneity and Alter a Broad Array of Plant, Community, and Ecosystem Processes.” BioScience 49 (1): 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1525/bisi.1999.49.1.39.

Lane, Woody. 2020. Capturing Sunlight, Book 1: Skills & Ideas for Intensive Grazing, Sustainable Pastures, Healthy Soils, & Grassfed Livestock. Lane Livestock Services.

Lennox, Robert J., Jacqueline M. Chapman, Christopher M. Souliere, Christian Tudorache, Martin Wikelski, Julian D. Metcalfe, and Steven J. Cooke. 2016. “Conservation Physiology of Animal Migration.” Conservation Physiology 4 (1). https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cov072.

MacFadden, Bruce J. 2005. “Fossil Horses--Evidence for Evolution.” Science 307 (5716): 1728–30. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1105458.

Malm, Lisa. 2020. “Rewilding: Rare Birds Return When Livestock Grazing Has Stopped.” Phys Org. June 4, 2020. https://phys.org/news/2020-06-rewilding-rare-birds-livestock-grazing.html.

Mandlate, Luís Comissário, Randal Arsenault, and Flávio H. G. Rodrigues. 2019. “Grass Greenness and Grass Height Promote the Resource Partitioning among Reintroduced Burchell’s Zebra and Blue Wildebeest in Southern Mozambique.” Austral Ecology 44 (4): 648–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.12708.

Mbow, Cheikh, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Luis Gustavo Barioni, Tim G Benton, Mario Herrero, Murukesan Krishnapillai, Emma Liwenga, et al. 2019. “Chapter 5 - Food Security.” In IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land. IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-5/.

Meyer, Will. 2020. “Even Lab-Grown Meat Won’t Save Us From a ‘Terrible Reckoning.’” Medium. March 30, 2020. https://onezero.medium.com/even-lab-grown-meat-wont-save-us-from-a-terrible-reckoning-d749c7b5e006.

Milne, Eleanor, Stephen Williams, A. Bationo, Robin Reid, David Swift, Rich Conant, Niall Hanan, et al. 2015. “Grazing Lands, Livestock and Climate Resilient Mitigation in Sub-Saharan Africa.” USAID. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1138.2480.

Oldham, Jennifer. 2020. “Some Ranchers and Conservationists Agree: Grazing and Logging Can Save Birds.” Mongabay Environmental News, April 28, 2020, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/04/some-ranchers-and-conservationists-agree-grazing-and-logging-can-save-birds/.

Owen-Smith, Norman, Jodie Martin, and K. Yoganand. 2015. “Spatially Nested Niche Partitioning between Syntopic Grazers at Foraging Arena Scale within Overlapping Home Ranges.” Ecosphere 6 (9): art152. https://doi.org/10.1890/ES14-00487.1.

Permanent Delegation of Portugal to UNESCO. 2017. “Montado, Cultural Landscape.” UNESCO World Heritage Centre. January 2017. https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6210/.

Peters, Wibke, Mark Hebblewhite, Atle Mysterud, Daniel Eacker, A. J. Mark Hewison, John D. C. Linnell, Stefano Focardi, et al. 2019. “Large Herbivore Migration Plasticity along Environmental Gradients in Europe: Life-History Traits Modulate Forage Effects.” Oikos 128 (3): 416–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.05588.

Polissar, Pratigya J., Cassaundra Rose, Kevin T. Uno, Samuel R. Phelps, and Peter deMenocal. 2019. “Synchronous Rise of African C4 Ecosystems 10 Million Years Ago in the Absence of Aridification.” Nature Geoscience 12 (8): 657–60. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0399-2.

Ruess, R. W. 1984. “Nutrient Movement and Grazing: Experimental Effects of Clipping and Nitrogen Source on Nutrient Uptake in Kyllinga Nervosa.” Oikos 43 (2): 183–88. https://doi.org/10.2307/3544767.

“Saiga Antelope.” n.d. WCS Mongolia. Accessed September 21, 2021. https://mongolia.wcs.org/wildlife/saiga-antelope.aspx.

Schmitz, Oswald J., Peter A. Raymond, James A. Estes, Werner A. Kurz, Gordon W. Holtgrieve, Mark E. Ritchie, Daniel E. Schindler, et al. 2014. “Animating the Carbon Cycle.” Ecosystems 17 (March): 344–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-013-9715-7.

Schwartz, David. 2019. “European Experiments in Rewilding: Oostvaardersplassen.” Rewilding (blog). August 22, 2019. https://rewilding.org/european-experiments-in-rewilding-oostvaardersplassen/.

“Serengeti National Park.” n.d. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Accessed September 29, 2021. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/156/.

Shen, Hao, Shikui Dong, Shuai Li, Jiannan Xiao, Yuhui Han, Mingyue Yang, Jing Zhang, et al. 2019. “Grazing Enhances Plant Photosynthetic Capacity by Altering Soil Nitrogen in Alpine Grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 280 (August): 161–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.04.029.

Smith, Georgie. 2020. “Meet the South Poll Cow: The Healthier, Naturally Raised Cattle of the Future?” The Guardian, November 25, 2020, sec. Environment. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/nov/25/south-poll-cow-naturally-raised-cattle-grass.

Song, Lisa. 2019. “An (Even More) Inconvenient Truth: Why Carbon Credits For Forest Preservation May Be Worse Than Nothing.” ProPublica. May 22, 2019. https://features.propublica.org/brazil-carbon-offsets/inconvenient-truth-carbon-credits-dont-work-deforestation-redd-acre-cambodia/.

Souther, Sara, Matthew Loeser, Timothy E. Crews, and Thomas Sisk. 2019. “Complex Response of Vegetation to Grazing Suggests Need for Coordinated, Landscape-Level Approaches to Grazing Management.” Global Ecology and Conservation 20 (October): e00770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00770.

Spangler, Delanie. 2019. “Effects of Grazer Exclusion on Carbon Cycling in Created Freshwater Wetlands.” Thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology. https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses/10097.

Stichler, Charles. n.d. “Grass Growth and Development.” http://counties.agrilife.org/kerr/files/2011/09/grass-growth-and-development_3.pdf.

Strömberg, Caroline A.E. 2011. “Evolution of Grasses and Grassland Ecosystems.” Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 39 (1): 517–44. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152402.

“The Science.” 2019. Blue Nest Beef. July 17, 2019. https://bluenestbeef.com/science/.

Valdés-Correcher, Elena, Judith Sitters, Martin Wassen, Natacha Brion, and Harry Olde Venterink. 2019. “Herbivore Dung Quality Affects Plant Community Diversity.” Scientific Reports 9 (5675). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42249-z.

Vera, F. W. M. 2000. Grazing Ecology and Forest History. CABI Publishing.

Voisin, Andre. 1988. Grass Productivity. Illustrated edition. Washington, D.C: Island Press.

Wood, C Wesley, Philip A Moore, Brad C Joern, Randall D Jackson, and Miguel L Cabrera. 2012. “Nutrient Management on Pastures and Haylands.” In Conservation Outcomes from Pastureland and Hayland Practices: Assessment, Recommendations, and Knowledge Gaps, edited by C.J Nelson, 257–314. Lawrence, KS: Allen Press. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1080496.pdf.

Wood, Lippa. 2014. Enonkishu Conservacy #Action4Climate Competition @Connect4Climate. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dO6L8ikYyP8.

Wildlife Corridors

“A Land Divided.” 2018. National Parks Conservation Association. 2018. https://www.npca.org/articles/1770-a-land-divided.

“Amazon Deforestation at Highest Level in 10 Years, Says Brazil.” 2018. Mongabay Environmental News. November 24, 2018. https://news.mongabay.com/2018/11/amazon-deforestation-at-highest-level-in-10-years-says-brazil/.

Bamforth, Douglas B. 1987. “Historical Documents And Bison Ecology On The Great Plains.” Plains Anthropologist 32 (115): 1–16.

Barclay, Eliza, and Sarah Forstenson. 2017. “The Ecological Disaster That Is Trump’s Border Wall: A Visual Guide.” Vox, April 10, 2017. https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2017/4/10/14471304/trump-border-wall-animals.

Benz, Robin A., Mark S. Boyce, Henrik Thurfjell, Dale G. Paton, Marco Musiani, Carsten F. Dormann, and Simone Ciuti. 2016. “Dispersal Ecology Informs Design of Large-Scale Wildlife Corridors.” PLOS ONE 11 (9): e0162989. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162989.

Berger, Joel. 2004. “The Last Mile: How to Sustain Long-Distance Migration in Mammals.” Conservation Biology 18 (2): 320–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00548.x.

Bond, Monica. 2003. “Principles of Wildlife Corridor Design,” January. https://c4bd.org/publications/papers/wild-corridors.pdf.

“Brazil, Wildlife Corridors.” 2016. WeForest. January 12, 2016. https://www.weforest.org/project/brazil-wildlife-corridors.

“California Current: Species at Risk.” 2009. Oceana USA. September 27, 2009. https://usa.oceana.org/california-current-species-risk.

Caro, Tim, Trevor Jones, and Tim R. B. Davenport. 2009. “Realities of Documenting Wildlife Corridors in Tropical Countries.” Biological Conservation 142 (11): 2807–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.011.

Christie, Mark R, and L Lacey Knowles. 2015. “Habitat Corridors Facilitate Genetic Resilience Irrespective of Species Dispersal Abilities or Population Sizes.” Evolutionary Applications 8 (5): 454–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12255.

Cohen, Emily B., Wylie C. Barrow Jr., Jeffrey J. Buler, Jill L. Deppe, Andrew Farnsworth, Peter P. Marra, Scott R. McWilliams, et al. 2017. “How Do En Route Events around the Gulf of Mexico Influence Migratory Landbird Populations?” The Condor 119 (2): 327–43. https://doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-17-20.1.

“Comprehensive 1966 - 2017 Results! North American Breeding Bird Survey.” n.d. USGS. Accessed September 29, 2021. https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pwrc/science/comprehensive-1966-2015-results-north-american-breeding-bird-survey?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects.

Conservation Science Partners. 2019. “Methods and Approach Used to Estimate the Loss and Fragmentation of Natural Lands in the Conterminous U.S. from 2001 to 2017.” Technical Report. Truckee, CA: Conservation Science Partners. https://www.csp-inc.org/public/CSP_Disappearing_US_Tech_Report_v101719.pdf.

“Coral Reefs - Valuable but Vulnerable.” n.d. UNEP Coral Reef Unit. Accessed September 17, 2021. http://coral.unep.ch/Coral_Reefs.html.

Damschen, Ellen I., Nick M. Haddad, John L. Orrock, Joshua J. Tewksbury, and Douglas J. Levey. 2006. “Corridors Increase Plant Species Richness at Large Scales.” Science 313 (5791): 1284–86. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1130098.

“Deforestation Has Slowed down but Still Remains a Concern, New UN Report Reveals.” 2020. UN News. July 21, 2020. https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/07/1068761.

Dell’Amore, Christine. 2014. “Species Extinction Happening 1,000 Times Faster Because of Humans?” Adventure. May 31, 2014. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/140529-conservation-science-animals-species-endangered-extinction.

Dirzo, Rodolfo, and Peter H. Raven. 2003. “Global State of Biodiversity and Loss.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28 (1): 137–67. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105532.

European Commission Joint Research Centre. 2018. “New World Atlas of Desertification Shows Unprecedented Pressure on Planet’s Resources.” Phys Org. June 21, 2018. https://phys.org/news/2018-06-world-atlas-desertification-unprecedented-pressure.html.

“Extinction Over Time.” n.d. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Accessed September 17, 2021. http://naturalhistory.si.edu/education/teaching-resources/paleontology/extinction-over-time.

“Fact Sheet: Wildlife Habitat Fragmentation.” n.d. The Wildlife Society. http://wildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Wildlife-Habitat-Fragmentation.pdf.

“Facts and Figures on Marine Biodiversity.” n.d. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). Accessed September 17, 2021. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/ioc-oceans/focus-areas/rio-20-ocean/blueprint-for-the-future-we-want/marine-biodiversity/facts-and-figures-on-marine-biodiversity/.

FAO, and UNEP. 2020. “The State of the World’s Forests 2020.” FAO. 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/CA8642EN.

“Global Deforestation Rates & Statistics by Country.” 2020. Global Forest Watch. 2020. https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/global/?category=summary&dashboardPrompts=eyJzaG93UHJvbXB0cyI6dHJ1ZSwicHJvbXB0c1ZpZXdlZCI6W10sInNldHRpbmdzIjp7Im9wZW4iOmZhbHNlLCJzdGVwSW5kZXgiOjAsInN0ZXBzS2V5IjoiIn0sIm9wZW4iOnRydWUsInN0ZXBzS2V5IjoiZG93bmxvYWREYXNoYm9hcmRTdGF0cyJ9&location=WyJnbG9iYWwiXQ%3D%3D&map=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%3D%3D.

“Global Land Use Area Change Matrix.” n.d. FAO. Accessed September 17, 2021. http://www.fao.org/3/ag049e/AG049E03.htm.

Green, Sian, Zeke Davidson, Timothy Kaaria, and Charles Doncaster. 2018. “Do Wildlife Corridors Link or Extend Habitat? Insights from Elephant Use of a Kenyan Wildlife Corridor.” African Journal of Ecology 56 (November). https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12541.

“Habitat and Biodiversity Loss.” 2021. Our Shared Seas. 2021. https://oursharedseas.com/threats/threats-habitat-and-biodiversity/.

Heller, Nicole E., and Erika S. Zavaleta. 2009. “Biodiversity Management in the Face of Climate Change: A Review of 22 Years of Recommendations.” Biological Conservation 142 (1): 14–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.10.006.

Hoekstra, Jonathan M., Timothy M. Boucher, Taylor H. Ricketts, and Carter Roberts. 2005. “Confronting a Biome Crisis: Global Disparities of Habitat Loss and Protection.” Ecology Letters 8 (1): 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00686.x.

Höglund, Jacob, Anssi Laurila, and Patrik Rödin-Mörch. 2021. “Population Genomics and Wildlife Adaptation in the Face of Climate Change.” In Population Genomics: Wildlife, edited by Paul A. Hohenlohe and Om P. Rajora, 333–55. Population Genomics. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/13836_2019_69.

“How Many Species Are We Losing?” n.d. Accessed September 17, 2021. https://wwf.panda.org/discover/our_focus/biodiversity/biodiversity.cfm.

“Impact of Habitat Loss on Species.” n.d. World Wildlife Fund. Accessed September 17, 2021. https://wwf.panda.org/discover/our_focus/wildlife_practice/problems/habitat_loss_degradation/.

“In the Shadow of the Wall.” 2018. Defenders of Wildlife. April 2, 2018. https://defenders.org/newsroom/shadow-of-wall.

Jones, Trevor, Andrew J. Bamford, Daniella Ferrol-Schulte, Proches Hieronimo, Nicholas McWilliam, and Francesco Rovero. 2012. “Vanishing Wildlife Corridors and Options for Restoration: A Case Study from Tanzania.” Tropical Conservation Science 5 (4): 463–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/194008291200500405.

Knight, Richard. 2012. “Biodiversity Loss: How Accurate Are the Numbers?” BBC News, April 24, 2012, sec. Magazine. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17826898.

Krosby, Meade, Joshua Tewksbury, Nick M. Haddad, and Jonathan Hoekstra. 2010. “Ecological Connectivity for a Changing Climate.” Conservation Biology 24 (6): 1686–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01585.x.

Krost, Peter, Matthias Goerres, and Verena Sandow. 2018. “Wildlife Corridors under Water: An Approach to Preserve Marine Biodiversity in Heavily Modified Water Bodies.” Journal of Coastal Conservation 22 (1): 87–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-017-0554-0.

Laurance, William F. 1999. “Reflections on the Tropical Deforestation Crisis.” Biological Conservation 91 (2): 109–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00088-9.

Lindenmayer, David B., and Joern Fischer. 2006. Habitat Fragmentation and Landscape Change. Island Press. https://islandpress.org/books/habitat-fragmentation-and-landscape-change.

Martin. 2019. “UN Report: Nature’s Dangerous Decline ‘Unprecedented’; Species Extinction Rates ‘Accelerating.’” United Nations Sustainable Development. May 6, 2019. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2019/05/nature-decline-unprecedented-report.

McGuire, Jenny. 2016. “Can ‘climate Corridors’ Help Species Adapt to Warming World?” The Conversation. August 3, 2016. http://theconversation.com/can-climate-corridors-help-species-adapt-to-warming-world-61190.

McGuire, Jenny L., Joshua J. Lawler, Brad H. McRae, Tristan A. Nuñez, and David M. Theobald. 2016. “Achieving Climate Connectivity in a Fragmented Landscape.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (26): 7195–7200. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602817113.

Moran, Matthew D. 2019. “Bison Are Back, and That Benefits Many Other Species on the Great Plains.” Phys Org. January 18, 2019. https://phys.org/news/2019-01-bison-benefits-species-great-plains.html.

“National Butterfly Center.” n.d. Accessed September 29, 2021. https://www.nationalbutterflycenter.org/.

Neslen, Arthur. 2017. “Pepsico, Unilever and Nestlé Accused of Complicity in Illegal Rainforest Destruction.” The Guardian, July 21, 2017, sec. Environment. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jul/21/pepsico-unilever-and-nestle-accused-of-complicity-in-illegal-rainforest-destruction.

Parker, Laura. 2019. “6 Ways the Border Wall Could Disrupt the Environment.” National Geographic. January 10, 2019. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/how-trump-us-mexico-border-wall-could-impact-environment-wildlife-water.

Pearce, Fred. 2019. “Are Numbers of Species a True Measure of Ecosystem Health?” Yale E360, November 12, 2019. https://e360.yale.edu/features/are-numbers-of-species-a-true-measure-of-ecosystem-health.

Peters, Robert, William J Ripple, Christopher Wolf, Matthew Moskwik, Gerardo Carreón-Arroyo, Gerardo Ceballos, Ana Córdova, et al. 2018. “Nature Divided, Scientists United: US–Mexico Border Wall Threatens Biodiversity and Binational Conservation.” BioScience 68 (10): 740–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biy063.

Pinter-Wollman, Noa. 2012. “Human–Elephant Conflict in Africa: The Legal and Political Viability of Translocations, Wildlife Corridors, and Transfrontier Parks for Large Mammal Conservation.” Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 15 (2): 152–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880292.2012.678793.

“Plowprint Report.” 2021. World Wildlife Fund. https://www.worldwildlife.org/projects/plowprint-report.

Price, Jeff, Rachel Warren, Amy McDougall, Jeremy VanDerWal, Stephen Cornelius, Heather Sohl, and Niki Rust. 2018. “Wildlife in a Warming World: The Effects of Climate Change on Biodiversity in WWF’s Priority Places.” WWF. https://www.wwf.org.uk/sites/default/files/2018-03/WWF_Wildlife_in_a_Warming_World.pdf.

Quammen, David. 2012. The Song Of The Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinctions. Random House.

Riggio, Jason, and Tim Caro. 2017. “Structural Connectivity at a National Scale: Wildlife Corridors in Tanzania.” PLOS ONE 12 (11): e0187407. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187407.

Ritchie, Hannah, and Max Roser. 2021. “Forests and Deforestation.” Our World in Data. February 9, 2021. https://ourworldindata.org/deforestation.

Rosenberg, Kenneth V., Adriaan M. Dokter, Peter J. Blancher, John R. Sauer, Adam C. Smith, Paul A. Smith, Jessica C. Stanton, et al. 2019a. “Decline of the North American Avifauna.” Science 366 (6461): 120–24. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw1313.

———. 2019b. “Decline of the North American Avifauna.” Science 366 (6461): 120–24. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw1313.

Rulli, Maria Cristina, Stefano Casirati, Jampel Dell’Angelo, Kyle Frankel Davis, Corrado Passera, and Paolo D’Odorico. 2019. “Interdependencies and Telecoupling of Oil Palm Expansion at the Expense of Indonesian Rainforest.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 105 (May): 499–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.050.

Sarkar, Soumya. 2020. “Nature in Peril as Biodiversity Losses Mount Alarmingly, States the Living Planet Report.” Mongabay-India. September 16, 2020. https://india.mongabay.com/2020/09/nature-in-peril-as-biodiversity-losses-mount-alarmingly-states-the-living-planet-report/.

Sdgrassland. 2019. “Our Amazing Grasslands ~ Schmidt Family.” South Dakota Grassland Coalition (blog). March 29, 2019. https://sdgrass.org/our-amazing-grasslands-schmidt-family/.

“Serengeti National Park.” n.d. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Accessed September 29, 2021. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/156/.

Silveira, Leandro, Rahel Sollmann, Anah T. A. Jácomo, José A. F. Diniz Filho, and Natália M. Tôrres. 2014. “The Potential for Large-Scale Wildlife Corridors between Protected Areas in Brazil Using the Jaguar as a Model Species.” Landscape Ecology 29 (7): 1213–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-014-0057-4.

“Species Extinction – The Facts.” 2007. IUCN Red List. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/import/downloads/species_extinction_05_2007.pdf.

“Storing Carbon with Avoided Grassland Conversion | Natural Climate Solutions.” n.d. Nature4Climate. Accessed September 17, 2021. https://nature4climate.org/science/n4c-pathways/grasslands-and-agricultural-lands/avoided-grassland-conversion/.

TheWorldCounts. n.d. “Rate of Deforestation.” Accessed September 17, 2021. https://www.theworldcounts.com/challenges/planet-earth/forests-and-deserts/rate-of-deforestation/story.

“Threats to Habitat.” 2021. NOAA Fisheries. National. January 27, 2021. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/insight/threats-habitat.

USDA NRCS South Dakota. 2019. Our Amazing Grasslands ~ Schmidt Family. Big World Films. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lBVl_ZQJTQ.

Vos, Jurriaan M. De, Lucas N. Joppa, John L. Gittleman, Patrick R. Stephens, and Stuart L. Pimm. 2014. “Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction.” Conservation Biology 29 (2): 452–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12380.

Ward, Michael P., Thomas J. Benson, Jill Deppe, Theodore J. Zenzal, Robert H. Diehl, Antonio Celis-Murillo, Rachel Bolus, and Frank R. Moore. 2018. “Estimating Apparent Survival of Songbirds Crossing the Gulf of Mexico during Autumn Migration.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285 (1889): 20181747. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1747.

Weisse, Mikaela, and Elizabeth Dow Goldman. 2019. “The World Lost a Belgium-Sized Area of Primary Rainforests Last Year.” World Resources Institute. April 25, 2019. https://www.wri.org/insights/world-lost-belgium-sized-area-primary-rainforests-last-year.

“Where We Work.” n.d. Wildlands Network. Accessed October 7, 2021. https://wildlandsnetwork.org/where-we-work.

“White River Marsh.” 2016. Audubon. September 12, 2016. https://www.audubon.org/important-bird-areas/white-river-marsh.

Wilcove, David S. 1970. “Animal Migration: An Endangered Phenomenon?” Issues in Science and Technology (blog). January 1, 1970. https://issues.org/wilcove-animal-migration-conservation-extinction/.

“Wildlife Corridors and Climate Change Adaptation.” n.d. National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility. https://www.nccarf.jcu.edu.au/terrestrialbiodiversity/documents/Corridor_FINAL.pdf.

Williams, Brooke A., Oscar Venter, James R. Allan, Scott C. Atkinson, Jose A. Rehbein, Michelle Ward, Moreno Di Marco, et al. 2020. “Change in Terrestrial Human Footprint Drives Continued Loss of Intact Ecosystems.” One Earth 3 (3): 371–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.08.009.

Wood, Eric M., and Jherime L. Kellermann. 2015. Phenological Synchrony and Bird Migration: Changing Climate and Seasonal Resources in North America. CRC Press.

WWF. 2016. “Plowprint Report 2016.” WWF. https://c402277.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/publications/946/files/original/plowprint_AnnualReport_2016_GenInfo_FINAL_112016.pdf?1479923301.

———. 2020. “Plowprint 2020.” WWF. https://c402277.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/publications/1359/files/original/PlowprintReport_2020_FINAL_08042020.pdf?1596569610.

Grasslands

“Abandoned Farmland Restoration.” 2020. Project Drawdown. 2020. https://www.drawdown.org/solutions/abandoned-farmland-restoration/technical-summary#_edn2.

Best4Soil Network. 2020. Best 4 Soil A Network of Practitioners. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_L0h1b0Nqp8.

Bojārs, Edgars. 2017. “How Do Grasslands Benefit Humans.” Baltic Environmental Forum. https://vivagrass.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/broshure-final-how-grasslands-benefit-human-introduction-to-grassland-ecosystem-services-download.pdf.

Bond, William J. 2008. “What Limits Trees in C4 Grasslands and Savannas?” Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 39 (1): 641–59. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173411.

Burrascano, Sabina, Milan Chytrý, Tobias Kuemmerle, Eleonora Giarrizzo, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Francesco Maria Sabatini, and Carlo Blasi. 2016. “Current European Policies Are Unlikely to Jointly Foster Carbon Sequestration and Protect Biodiversity.” Elsevier Biological Conservation 201 (September): 370–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.005.

Clark-Emory, Carol. 2016. “U.N. Report Warns 40% of Pollinators Face Extinction.” Futurity. Futurity. https://www.futurity.org/bees-pollinators-extinction-1112572-2/.

Conservation, Tompkins. n.d. Patagonia National Park Chile. Tompkins Conservation. https://www.tompkinsconservation.org/explore.php.

Cowan, Ben, and Taliesin Black-Brown. 2018. A Regenerative Secret - Kiss the Ground. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2W8dKdgGhc&feature=emb_logo.

Cox, Craig, and Soren Rundquist. 2013. “Going, Going, Gone! Millions of Acres of Wetlands and Fragile Land Go Under the Plow.” Environmental Working Group. https://www.ewg.org/research/going-going-gone.

Crews, Timothy E. 2017. “Closing the Gap between Grasslands and Grain Agriculture.” Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy 26 (3). https://landinstitute.org/scientific-pub/closing-gap-grasslands-grain-agriculture/.

Dass, Pawlok, Benjamin Z Houlton, Yingping Wang, and David Warlind. 2018. “Grasslands May Be More Reliable Carbon Sinks than Forests in California.” Environmental Research Letters 13 (7): 074027. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aacb39.

Dignac, Marie-France, Delphine Derrien, Pierre Barré, Sébastien Barot, Lauric Cécillon, Claire Chenu, Tiphaine Chevallier, et al. 2017. “Increasing Soil Carbon Storage: Mechanisms, Effects of Agricultural Practices and Proxies. A Review.” Agronomy for Sustainable Development 37 (14). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-017-0421-2.

“Domestication.” 2011. National Geographic. 2011. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/domestication/.

Fargione, Joseph E., Steven Bassett, Timothy Boucher, Scott D. Bridgham, Richard T. Conant, Susan C. Cook-Patton, Peter W. Ellis, et al. 2018. “Natural Climate Solutions for the United States.” Science Advances 4 (11). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat1869.

Farley, Kathleen A., Leah L. Bremer, Carol P. Harden, and James Hartsig. 2012. “Changes in Carbon Storage under Alternative Land Uses in Biodiverse Andean Grasslands: Implications for Payment for Ecosystem Services.” Conservation Letters 6 (1): 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263x.2012.00267.x.

Fernandez, D. P., J. C. Neff, and R. L. Reynolds. 2008. “Biogeochemical and Ecological Impacts of Livestock Grazing in Semi-Arid Southeastern Utah, USA.” Journal of Arid Environments 72 (5): 777–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.10.009.

Feurdean, Angelica, Eszter Ruprecht, Zsolt Molnár, Simon M. Hutchinson, and Thomas Hickler. 2018. “Biodiversity-Rich European Grasslands: Ancient, Forgotten Ecosystems.” Biological Conservation 228 (December): 224–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.09.022.

Fish, United States, and Wildlife Services. 2020. “Pollinators: Threats to Pollinators.” Fws.Gov. United States Fish and Wildlife Services. https://www.fws.gov/pollinators/PollinatorPages/Threats.html.

Foundation, Pleistocene Park. 2020. “Pleistocene Park.” Pleistocenepark.Ru. Pleistocene Park Foundation. https://pleistocenepark.ru.

From the Fall of Dinos to the Rise of Humans. 2018. PBS Eons Digital Studios. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yR8cR75iKGU.

Fund, World Wildlife. 2020. “Plowprint Report.” World Wildlife Fund. https://www.worldwildlife.org/projects/plowprint-report.

Gibson, David J., and Jonathan A. Newman. 2019. Grasslands and Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/grasslands-and-climate-change/568228FCB3C0BE51016DD2FB28DFEA11.

Grace, John, José San José, Patrick Meir, Heloisa S. Miranda, and Ruben A. Montes. 2006. “Productivity and Carbon Fluxes of Tropical Savannas.” Journal of Biogeography 33 (3): 387–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01448.x.

“Grassland.” 2020. Encyclopedia.Com. 2020. https://www.encyclopedia.com/earth-and-environment/ecology-and-environmentalism/environmental-studies/grassland.

“Great Plains.” 2019. Defenders of Wildlife. 2019. https://defenders.org/wild-places/great-plains.

Ground, Kiss The. 2015. “The Soil Story by Kiss The Ground.” In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nvAoZ14cP7Q.

Hance, Jeremy. 2012. “Africa’s Great Savannahs May Be More Endangered than the World’s Rainforests.” Mongabay Environmental News, 2012, Conservation News edition. https://news.mongabay.com/2012/12/africas-great-savannahs-may-be-more-endangered-than-the-worlds-rainforests/.

Harrington, Rebecca. 2016. “Grass Takes up 2% of the Land in the Continental US.” Business Insider. 2016. https://www.businessinsider.com/americas-biggest-crop-is-grass-2016-2.

Harris, Tom. 2002. “How Grass Works.” How Stuff Works. 2002. https://home.howstuffworks.com/grass.htm.

Hawken, Paul, ed. 2017. Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse Global Warming. Penguin.

Helzer, Chris. 2019. “A Deep-Rooted Prairie Myth.” The Prairie Ecologist (blog). September 17, 2019. https://prairieecologist.com/2019/09/17/a-deep-rooted-prairie-myth/.

Hungate, Bruce A., Elisabeth A. Holland, Robert B. Jackson, F. Stuart Chapin, Harold A. Mooney, and Christopher B. Field. 1997. “The Fate of Carbon in Grasslands under Carbon Dioxide Enrichment.” Nature 388 (6642): 576–79. https://doi.org/10.1038/41550.

“Iberá National Park Argentina.” n.d. Tompkins Conservation. https://www.tompkinsconservation.org/explore-argentina.php.

“Insects and Pollinators.” 2019. USDA NRCS. 2019. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/plantsanimals/pollinate/.

“Is This a Bulb?” n.d. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Accessed September 21, 2021. https://gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu/plants/ornamentals/is-this-a-bulb.html.

Jones, M.B., and Alison Donnelly. 2004. “Carbon Sequestration in Temperate Grassland Ecosystems and the Influence of Management, Climate and Elevated CO2.” New Phytologist Foundation 164 (3): 423–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01201.x.

Kellogg, Elizabeth A. 1998. “Relationships of Cereal Crops and Other Grasses.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95 (5): 2005–10. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.5.2005.

Kerlin, Kat. 2018. “Grasslands More Reliable Carbon Sink than Trees.” UC Davis. 2018. https://www.ucdavis.edu/climate-science/news/grasslands-more-reliable-carbon-sink-trees.

Kessler, Rebecca. 2012. “In Midwest, Bringing Back Native Prairies Yard by Yard.” Yale E360. 2012. https://e360.yale.edu/features/in_us_midwest_restoring_native_prairie_ecosystems_kessler.

Levy, Evan. 2020. “You Should Be Excited about Grassland Plants.” Plantsnap. 2020. https://www.plantsnap.com/blog/you-should-be-excited-about-grassland-plants/.

“Livestock and Landscapes.” 2012. FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/ar591e/ar591e.pdf.

Marks, Raissa. 2005. “Wildlife Habitat Management Institute Native Pollinators.” USDA. https://plants.usda.gov/pollinators/Native_Pollinators.pdf.

Mason, J.A., and C.W. Zanner. 2005. “Grassland Soils: Environment of Pedogenesis in Grasslands.” In Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/grassland-soils.

McCarthy, Susan, and Katie Walsh. 2017. “Loss of Great Plains Grasslands Puts Critical Ecosystems at Risk.” World Wildlife Fund. 2017. https://www.worldwildlife.org/press-releases/loss-of-great-plains-grasslands-puts-critical-ecosystems-at-risk.

“More Lawns than Irrigated Corn.” 2005. NASA. November 8, 2005. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Lawn/lawn2.php.

Munson, Seth M., and A.Lexine Long. 2016. “Climate Drives Shifts in Grass Reproductive Phenology across the Western USA.” New Phytologist 213 (4): 1945–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14327.

Murphy, Brett P., Alan N. Andersen, and Catherine L. Parr. 2016. “The Underestimated Biodiversity of Tropical Grassy Biomes.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371 (1703). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0319.

Murphy, Stephen. 2018. “Managing Grasslands and Grassy Woodlands in Temperate Australia. Why We’re Losing the Battle to Save Them. Part 3. The Wisdom of Indigenous Elders.” Recreating the Country. 2018. https://www.recreatingthecountry.com.au/blog/managing-grasslands-and-grassy-woodlands-in-temperate-australia-why-were-losing-the-battle-to-save-them-part-3-the-wisdom-of-indigenous-elders.

“Native and Non-Native Root Comparison Chart.” n.d. https://cfpub.epa.gov/npstbx/files/KSMO_KnowYourRoots.pdf.

“Native Prairies Association of Texas.” 2019. Native Prairies Association of Texas. 2019. https://texasprairie.org/prairies-and-pollinators/.

Nippert, Jesse B., and Ricardo M. Holdo. 2015. “Challenging the Maximum Rooting Depth Paradigm in Grasslands and Savannas.” Functional Ecology 29 (6): 739–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12390.

Noss, Reed F. 2012. Forgotten Grasslands of the South: Natural History and Conservation. 2nd edition. Washington: Island Press.

Nunez, Christina. 2019. “Grasslands Information and Facts.” National Geographic. 2019. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/habitats/grasslands/.

Oldham, Jennifer. 2020. “Some Ranchers and Conservationists Agree: Grazing and Logging Can Save Birds.” Mongabay Environmental News, April 28, 2020, sec. Environmental news. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/04/some-ranchers-and-conservationists-agree-grazing-and-logging-can-save-birds/.

Peters, Adele. 2019a. “Apple Is Working to Restore African Grasslands to Curb Climate Change (and Save the Elephants.” Fast Company. 2019. https://www.fastcompany.com/90408802/apple-is-paying-to-restore-african-grasslands-to-curb-climate-change-and-save-the-elephants.

———. 2019b. “Apple Is Working to Restore African Grasslands to Curb Climate Change (and Save the Elephants).” Fast Company. September 25, 2019. https://www.fastcompany.com/90408802/apple-is-paying-to-restore-african-grasslands-to-curb-climate-change-and-save-the-elephants.

Peters, Debra P.C., ed. 2019. “Grasslands - More Important for Ecosystem Services than You Might Think.” https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2582.

Phillips-Mao, Laura. 2017. “Restoring Your Degraded Grassland to Conservation Prairie.” The Nature Conservancy. The Nature Conservancy. https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/Restoration-Guide-Degraded-Grassland-to-Conservation-Prairie.pdf.

Planet Earth II. 2017. Grasslands. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNJY7uIPXog.

Popkin, Gabriel. 2019a. “How Much Can Forests Fight Climate Change?” Nature 565 (7739): 280–82. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-00122-z.

———. 2019b. “The Forest Question.” Nature, January 17, 2019. https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-019-00122-z/d41586-019-00122-z.pdf.

“Prairie Dogs and Soil Impacts.” n.d. Great Plains Restoration Council. http://gprc.org/research/prairie-dogs-the-truth/prairie-dogs-and-soil-impacts/.

Pro, Atlas. 2020. “The Biogeography of the Ice Age - YouTube.” YouTube. Www.Youtube.Com. May 11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0NdFvRqZ10.

Reynolds, Emma. 2019. “World Must Reach ‘peak Meat’ by 2030 to Meet Climate Change Targets, Scientists Warn.” CNN, December 12, 2019. https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/12/world/peak-meat-2030-lancet-intl-scli-scn/index.html.

“Rhizomes and Stolons.” 2016. Oregon State University. March 28, 2016. https://forages.oregonstate.edu/regrowth/how-does-grass-grow/developmental-phases/vegetative-phase/rhizomes-and-stolons.

Sanderman, Jonathan, Tomislav Hengl, and Gregory J. Fiske. 2018. “Soil Carbon Debt of 12,000 Years of Human Land Use.” https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2017/08/15/1706103114.full.pdf.

Scharlemann, Jörn PW, Edmund VJ Tanner, Roland Hiederer, and Valerie Kapos. 2014. “Global Soil Carbon: Understanding and Managing the Largest Terrestrial Carbon Pool.” Carbon Management 5 (1): 81–91. https://doi.org/10.4155/cmt.13.77.

Smith, Jeremy M.B., and Jeremy M.B. Smith. 2020. “Grassland.” In Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/grassland.

“Soil Organic Matter - Guide for Educators.” 2013. USDA NRCS. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_053264.pdf.

Spiesman, Brian J., Herika Kummel, and Randall D. Jackson. 2018. “Carbon Storage Potential Increases with Increasing Ratio of C4 to C3 Grass Cover and Soil Productivity in Restored Tallgrass Prairies.” Oecologia 186 (2): 565–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-017-4036-8.

Sten, Micheala. 2020. “Fire-Adapted: Plants and Animals Rely on Wildfires for Resilient Ecosystems.” Defenders of Wildlife. 2020. https://defenders.org/blog/2020/07/fire-adapted-plants-and-animals-rely-wildfires-resilient-ecosystems.

Sytsma, Kenneth J. 2019. “Myrtales.” In Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/plant/Myrtales.

Tardiff, Sandra E., and Jack Arthur Stanford. 1998. “Grizzly Bear Digging: Effects on Subalpine Meadow Plants.” Biological Sciences Faculty Publications, Biological Sciences Faculty Publications, 315 (October). https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://en.wikipedia.org/&httpsredir=1&article=1321&context=biosci_pubs.

Texan By Nature. 2019. Grassland Restoration Incentive Program - TxN 2019 Conservation Wrangler. https://vimeo.com/380791905.

The Aspen Institute. 2013. Imagine America’s Serengeti: Building the Largest Wildlife Reserve in the Continental United States. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7DoRnRJnLI.

“The Nature Conservancy.” 2018. The Nature Conservancy. 2018. https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/united-states/minnesota/stories-in-minnesota/restoring-fire-to-native-grasslands/.

Trnka, M., L. Bartošová, A. Schaumberger, F. Ruget, H. Formayer, B. Seguin, J.E. Olesen, and J. Eitzinger. 2011. “Climate Change and Impact on European Grasslands.” Grassland Science in Europe 16: 39–51.

“Understanding Bulbs.” 2014. UC ANR. The Real Dirt Blog (blog). January 12, 2014. https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=12565.

University of California - Riverside. 2020. “Shrub Encroachment on Grasslands Can Increase Groundwater Recharge.” ScienceDaily. May 15, 2020. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/05/200515131907.htm.

USGCRP. 2018. “Second State of the Carbon Cycle Report.” Washington D.C.: U.S. Global Change Research Program. https://carbon2018.globalchange.govhttps://carbon2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/10.

Veldman, Joseph, Elise Buisson, Giselda Durigan, G. Fernandes, Soizig Le Stradic, Grégory Mahy, Daniel Negreiros, et al. 2015. “Toward an Old-Growth Concept for Grasslands, Savannas, and Woodlands.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 13 (April): 154–62. https://doi.org/10.1890/140270.

Veldman, Joseph W., Gerhard E. Overbeck, Daniel Negreiros, Gregory Mahy, Soizig Le Stradic, G. Wilson Fernandes, Giselda Durigan, Elise Buisson, Francis E. Putz, and William J. Bond. 2015. “Where Tree Planting and Forest Expansion Are Bad for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.” BioScience 65 (10): 1011–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biv118.

Weaver, J. E., and R. W. Darland. 1949. “Soil-Root Relationships of Certain Native Grasses in Various Soil Types.” Ecological Mongraphs 9 (4): 303–38.

“Welcome to the"4 per 1000" Initiative.” n.d. 4p1000. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://www.4p1000.org/.

White, Robin, Siobhan Murray, and Mark Rohweder. 2000. “Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems Grassland Ecosystems.” World Resources Institute. http://sustentabilidad.uai.edu.ar/pdf/info/page_grasslands.pdf.

Wilsey, Brian J. 2018. The Biology of Grasslands. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/8CxhDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover;

Windham-Myers, Lisamarie, Stephen Crooks, and Tiffany G. Troxler, eds. 2019. A Blue Carbon Primer: The State of Coastal Wetland Carbon Science, Practice and Policy. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.

Wolters, Claire. 2019. “Grasslands Threats Explained.” National Geographic. 2019. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/habitats/grassland-threats/.

Wood, Stephanie. n.d. “Meet the People Saving Canada’s Native Grasslands.” The Narwhal. Accessed August 26, 2021. https://thenarwhal.ca/carbon-cache-grasslands/.

Yang, Yi, David Tilman, George Furey, and Clarence Lehman. 2019. “Soil Carbon Sequestration Accelerated by Restoration of Grassland Biodiversity.” Nature Communications 10 (718). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08636-w.

Yong, Ed. 2015. “How Do African Grasslands Support So Many Plant-Eaters?” National Geographic. 2015. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2015/06/01/how-do-african-grasslands-support-so-many-plant-eaters/.

Zimmerman, Daniel. 2019. What Are Some Endangered Animals in the Earth’s Grassland Biome?” Sciencing. Leaf Group Media. https://sciencing.com/endangered-animals-earths-grassland-biome-6625728.html.

Rewilding Pollinators

Aizen, Marcelo A., and Lawrence D. Harder. 2009. “The Global Stock of Domesticated Honey Bees Is Growing Slower than Agricultural Demand for Pollination.” Current Biology: CB 19 (11): 915–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.03.071.

“Animal Pollination.” n.d. US Forest Service. Accessed September 12, 2021. https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/animals/index.shtml.

Aslan, Clare E., Erika S. Zavaleta, Bernie Tershy, and Donald Croll. 2013. “Mutualism Disruption Threatens Global Plant Biodiversity: A Systematic Review.” PLOS ONE 8 (6): e66993. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066993.

“Assessment Report on Pollinators, Pollination and Food Production.” 2018. Bonn, Germany: IPBES. http://ipbes.net/assessment-reports/pollinators.

Barkham, Patrick. 2020a. “Large Blue Butterfly Returns to Cotswolds Site for First Time in 150 Years.” The Guardian, August 13, 2020, sec. Environment. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/aug/13/large-blue-butterfly-flutters-in-cotswolds-for-first-time-in-150-years.

———. 2020b. “How Maverick Rewilders Are Trying to Turn Back the Tide of Extinction.” The Guardian, October 13, 2020, sec. Environment. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/13/maverick-rewilders-endangered-species-extinction-conservation-uk-wildlife.

Bergmann, Sarah. n.d. “Pollinator Pathway.” Accessed October 7, 2021. http://pollinatorpathways.com/.

Biesmeijer, J. C., S. P. M. Roberts, M. Reemer, R. Ohlemüller, M. Edwards, T. Peeters, A. P. Schaffers, et al. 2006. “Parallel Declines in Pollinators and Insect-Pollinated Plants in Britain and the Netherlands.” Science 313 (5785): 351–54. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127863.

Bradley, Mattia. 2021. “Why Agroecology Makes Sense.” Pollen (blog). January 20, 2021. https://medium.com/pollen/why-agroecology-makes-sense-9d7c7006553.

Bruscia, Linda. 2020. “Crop Rotation Planning and Yield Performance with Bees.” 365FarmNet (blog). August 12, 2020. https://www.365farmnet.com/en/newsroom/agriculture-and-bees-interaction-between-crop-rotation-flower-strips-pollination-and-yield/.

Bryce, Emma. 2021. “The Global Pollination ‘Trade’ Reveals How Crucial Biodiversity Is to Food Security.” Anthropocene Magazine. March 12, 2021. https://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2021/03/the-global-pollination-trade-reveals-how-crucial-biodiversity-is-to-food-security/.

Butler, Rhett A. 2014. “Emissions from Rainforest Logging Average 16% of Those from Deforestation.” Mongabay Environmental News. April 8, 2014. https://news.mongabay.com/2014/04/emissions-from-rainforest-logging-average-16-of-those-from-deforestation/.

Carrington, Damian. 2014. “Climate Change Is Disrupting Flower Pollination, Research Shows.” The Guardian, November 6, 2014, sec. Environment. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/nov/06/climate-change-is-disrupting-flower-pollination-research-shows.

Carrington, Damian, and Damian Carrington Environment editor. 2019. “Insect Collapse: ‘We Are Destroying Our Life Support Systems.’” The Guardian, January 15, 2019, sec. Environment. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/15/insect-collapse-we-are-destroying-our-life-support-systems.

———. 2020. “Insect Numbers down 25% since 1990, Global Study Finds.” The Guardian, April 23, 2020, sec. Environment. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/apr/23/insect-numbers-down-25-since-1990-global-study-finds.

“Center for Pollinator Research.” n.d. Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. Accessed October 7, 2021. https://ento.psu.edu/research/centers/pollinators.

Commons, Michael B. 2019. “Pollinators in Peril, Our Food System in Crisis, and the Potential for Restoration.” Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. May 3, 2019. https://th.boell.org/en/2019/05/03/pollinators-peril-our-food-system-crisis-and-potential-restoration.

“Corridors For Pollinators.” n.d. Save Our Monarchs. Accessed September 16, 2021. https://www.saveourmonarchs.org/corridors-for-pollinators.html.

“Countries Urged to Prioritize Protection of Pollinators to Ensure Food Security at UN Biodiversity Conference.” n.d. United Nations Sustainable Development (blog). Accessed October 7, 2021. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2016/12/pollinators/.

Davis, Rob. 2017. “This Unlikely 1960s Space Tech Can Help Save the Bees | Rob Davis | TEDxMinneapolis | TED Talk.” TED, Minneapolis, August. https://www.ted.com/talks/rob_davis_this_unlikely_1960s_space_tech_can_help_save_the_bees.

Díaz, Sandra, Andy Hector, and David A Wardle. 2009. “Biodiversity in Forest Carbon Sequestration Initiatives: Not Just a Side Benefit.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 1 (1): 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2009.08.001.

Donaldson-Matasci, Matina. 2013. “Honeybees and Monoculture: Nothing to Dance About.” Scientific American Blog Network (blog). June 7, 2013. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/honey-bees-and-monoculture-nothing-to-dance-about/.

Ebert, Grace. 2019. “Colored Micrographs Magnify Pollen Seeds, Plant Cells, and Leaf Structures in Photographs by Rob Kesseler.” Colossal. December 5, 2019. https://www.thisiscolossal.com/2019/12/rob-kesseler-pollen-photographs/.

Erb, Karl-Heinz, Thomas Kastner, Christoph Plutzar, Anna Liza S. Bais, Nuno Carvalhais, Tamara Fetzel, Simone Gingrich, et al. 2017. “Unexpectedly Large Impact of Forest Management and Grazing on Global Vegetation Biomass.” Nature 553 (7686): 73–76. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25138.

“Establishing Wildflower Margins to Improve Biodiversity.” 2019. DAERA. July 24, 2019. https://www.daera-ni.gov.uk/news/establishing-wildflower-margins-improve-biodiversity.

“FAO’s Global Action on Pollination Services for Sustainable Agriculture.” n.d. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed September 12, 2021. http://www.fao.org/pollination/en/.

Fuge, Lauren. 2019. “Hungry like a Wolf While Young Hearts Run Free.” Cosmos. April 28, 2019. https://cosmosmagazine.com/nature/animals/rewilding-hungry-like-a-wolf-while-young-hearts-run-free/, https://cosmosmagazine.com/nature/animals/rewilding-hungry-like-a-wolf-while-young-hearts-run-free/.

Gallón, Natalie, and Alaa Elassar. 2020. “A Second Monarch Butterfly Conservationist Has Been Found Dead in Mexico.” CNN. February 4, 2020. https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/03/americas/second-butterfly-conservationist-dead-mexico-trnd/index.html.

Gan, Yantai, Chang Liang, Chantal Hamel, Herb Cutforth, and Hong Wang. 2011. “Strategies for Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Field Crops for Semiarid Areas. A Review.” Agronomy for Sustainable Development 31 (4): 643–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0011-7.

Greenwood, Veronique. 2020. “Hummingbirds Navigate an Ultraviolet World We Never See.” The New York Times, June 19, 2020, sec. Science. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/19/science/hummingbirds-color-vision.html.

Guthery, Fred S. 2005. “Conserving Migratory Pollinators and Nectar Corridors in Western North America.” Journal of Wildlife Management 69 (2): 827–827. https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069[0827:CMPANC]2.0.CO;2.

Helmer, Jodi. 2019. Protecting Pollinators: How to Save the Creatures That Feed Our World. None ed. edition. Washington: Island Press.

Hinsley, Amy, Abigail Entwistle, and Dorothea V. Pio. 2014. “Does the Long-Term Success of REDD+ Also Depend on Biodiversity?” Oryx 49 (2): 216–21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605314000507.

Holland, Jennifer S. 2015. “9 Ways You Can Help Bees and Other Pollinators At Home.” National Geographic. May 24, 2015. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/150524-bees-pollinators-animals-science-gardens-plants.

“Insects & Pollinators.” n.d. USDA NRCS. Accessed September 12, 2021. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/plantsanimals/pollinate/.

“Jaime Rojo Photography.” n.d. Accessed August 26, 2021. https://www.rojovisuals.com/index.

Jarvis, Brooke. 2018. “The Insect Apocalypse Is Here.” The New York Times, November 27, 2018, sec. Magazine. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/27/magazine/insect-apocalypse.html.

Kelly, Sharon, and Frances Rankin. 2020. “Investigation: How Pesticide Companies Are Marketing Themselves as a Solution to Climate Change.” DeSmog (blog). November 18, 2020. https://www.desmog.com/2020/11/18/pesticides-industry-climate-change-marketing-pr/.

Klein, Alexandra-Maria, Bernard E Vaissière, James H Cane, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Saul A Cunningham, Claire Kremen, and Teja Tscharntke. 2006. “Importance of Pollinators in Changing Landscapes for World Crops.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274 (1608): 303–13. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3721.

Klink, Roel van, Diana E. Bowler, Konstantin B. Gongalsky, Ann B. Swengel, Alessandro Gentile, and Jonathan M. Chase. 2020. “Meta-Analysis Reveals Declines in Terrestrial but Increases in Freshwater Insect Abundances.” Science 368 (6489): 417–20. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax9931.

Kurz, W. A., C. C. Dymond, G. Stinson, G. J. Rampley, E. T. Neilson, A. L. Carroll, T. Ebata, and L. Safranyik. 2008. “Mountain Pine Beetle and Forest Carbon Feedback to Climate Change.” Nature 452 (7190): 987–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06777.

“Lesser Long Nosed Bat.” n.d. Pima County. http://www.pima.gov/CMO/SDCP/species/fsheets/llb.html.

Lister, Bradford C., and Andres Garcia. 2018. “Climate-Driven Declines in Arthropod Abundance Restructure a Rainforest Food Web.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (44): E10397–406. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722477115.

“Making Europe a Wilder Place.” n.d. Rewilding Europe. Accessed October 7, 2021. https://rewildingeurope.com/.

McKinney, Amy M., Paul J. CaraDonna, David W. Inouye, Billy Barr, C. David Bertelsen, and Nickolas M. Waser. 2012. “Asynchronous Changes in Phenology of Migrating Broad-Tailed Hummingbirds and Their Early-Season Nectar Resources.” Ecology 93 (9): 1987–93. https://doi.org/10.1890/12-0255.1.

Melicher, Dacotah. 2019. “Road Trip: How Hive Transportation Puts Stress on Honey Bees.” Entomology Today. April 1, 2019. https://entomologytoday.org/2019/04/01/road-trip-hive-transportation-stress-honey-bees/.

Morandin, Lora A., and Claire Kremen. 2013a. “Bee Preference for Native versus Exotic Plants in Restored Agricultural Hedgerows.” Restoration Ecology 21 (1): 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2012.00876.x.

———. 2013b. “Hedgerow Restoration Promotes Pollinator Populations and Exports Native Bees to Adjacent Fields.” Ecological Applications 23 (4): 829–39. https://doi.org/10.1890/12-1051.1.

Nahbhan, Gary. 2014. “Food Chain Restoration: Reconnecting Pollinators with Their Plants.” Gary Nabhan. January 8, 2014. https://www.garynabhan.com/news/2014/01/food-chain-restoration-reconnecting-pollinators-with-their-plants/.

N.C. Forest Service. 2015. “For Many Trees, Pollinators Are the Bees Knees.” N.C. Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (blog). June 17, 2015. http://info.ncagr.gov/blog/2015/06/17/for-many-trees-pollinators-are-the-bees-knees/.

“New Map of Worldwide Croplands Supports Food and Water Security.” 2017. US Geological Survey. November 14, 2017. https://www.usgs.gov/news/new-map-worldwide-croplands-supports-food-and-water-security.

Nezhukumatathil, Aimee. 2020. World of Wonders: In Praise of Fireflies, Whale Sharks, and Other Astonishments. 1st edition. Minneapolis: Milkweed Editions.

“Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals).” 1996. Smithsonian Institution. 1996. https://www.si.edu/spotlight/buginfo/bugnos.

Ollerton, Jeff, Rachael Winfree, and Sam Tarrant. 2011. “How Many Flowering Plants Are Pollinated by Animals?” Oikos 120 (3): 321–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18644.x.

Perfecto, Ivette, John Vandermeer, and Stacy M. Philpott. 2014. “Complex Ecological Interactions in the Coffee Agroecosystem.” Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 45 (1): 137–58. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091923.

“Pollinator Conservation - Conservation Projects - Protecting Wildlife.” n.d. Conserve Wildlife Foundation of New Jersey. Accessed October 7, 2021. http://www.conservewildlifenj.org/protecting/projects/pollinators/.

“Pollinator Pathway Toolkit.” 2019, March. http://pollinatorpathways.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/POLLINATOR-PATHWAY-TOOLKIT.pdf.

“Pollinators - Monarch Butterfly.” n.d. National Park Service. Accessed October 13, 2021. https://www.nps.gov/articles/monarch-butterfly.htm.

Potts, Simon G., Vera Imperatriz-Fonseca, Hien T. Ngo, Marcelo A. Aizen, Jacobus C. Biesmeijer, Thomas D. Breeze, Lynn V. Dicks, et al. 2016. “Safeguarding Pollinators and Their Values to Human Well-Being.” Nature 540 (7632): 220–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20588.

“Rewilding and Climate Breakdown.” n.d. Rewilding Britain. Accessed October 7, 2021. https://www.rewildingbritain.org.uk/news-and-views/research-and-reports/rewilding-and-climate-breakdown.

Sánchez-Bayo, Francisco, and Kris A. G. Wyckhuys. 2019. “Worldwide Decline of the Entomofauna: A Review of Its Drivers.” Biological Conservation 232 (April): 8–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020.

Schmidt, Fabian. 2017. “Insect and Bird Populations Declining Dramatically in Germany.” DW.COM. October 19, 2017. https://www.dw.com/en/insect-and-bird-populations-declining-dramatically-in-germany/a-41030897.

Schultz, Kevin. 2014. “Ants May Boost CO2 Absorption Enough to Slow Global Warming.” Scientific American. August 12, 2014. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ants-may-boost-co2-absorption-enough-to-slow-global-warming/.

Sibley, David Allen. 2020. What It’s Like to Be a Bird: From Flying to Nesting, Eating to Singing--What Birds Are Doing, and Why. Knopf.

Sieff, Kevin. 2020. “Climate Change Is Playing Havoc with Mexico’s Monarch Butterfly Migration.” Washington Post, January 5, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/climate-change-is-playing-havoc-with-mexicos-monarch-butterfly-migration/2019/12/23/e60c1e0e-21ab-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html.

Siliezar, Juan. 2020. “Harvard Bee Experts Discuss the Murder Hornet Threat.” Harvard Gazette (blog). June 3, 2020. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/06/harvard-bee-experts-discuss-the-murder-hornet-threat/.

Stokstad, Erik. 2019. “Breeders Toughen up Bees to Resist Deadly Mites.” Science. July 25, 2019. https://www.science.org/content/article/breeders-toughen-bees-resist-deadly-mites.

Sushma, Meenakshi. 2020. “Pollinator Week: How Climate Change Disrupts Flower Growth, Puts Bees at Risk.” DownToEarth. June 27, 2020. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/pollinator-week-how-climate-change-disrupts-flower-growth-puts-bees-at-risk-72006.

“The UN Environment Programme and Nature-Based Solutions.” 2019. UNEP - UN Environment Programme. September 2019. http://www.unep.org/unga/our-position/unep-and-nature-based-solutions.

University of California - Berkeley. 2006. “Pollinators Help One-Third Of The World’s Food Crop Production.” ScienceDaily. October 26, 2006. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/10/061025165904.htm.

University of Maryland. 2021. “Economics and Value of Pollination: Review Provides Insights into the Sustainability and Resilience of Managed versus Wild Pollinators.” ScienceDaily. May 20, 2021. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/05/210520133726.htm.

Urevig, Andrew. 2020. “How to Save Insects? Give Them Space.” Ensia (blog). March 3, 2020. https://ensia.com/notable/insects-extinction-habitat/.

Van Swaay, C, A Cuttelod, S Collins, D Maes, M López Munguira, M Šašić, J Settele, et al. 2010. European  Red List of Butterfies. Luxembourg: IUCN. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2779/83897.

Vilsack, Hon Tom, and Hon Gina McCarthy. 2016. “Pollinator Partnership Action Plan.” The White House. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/images/Blog/PPAP_2016.pdf.

Volney, W. Jan A, and Richard A Fleming. 2000. “Climate Change and Impacts of Boreal Forest Insects.” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 82 (1): 283–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00232-2.

Walker, Matt. 2015. “Pollinators In Decline Around The World.” BBC, 2015. http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150304-global-pollinators-in-decline.

Wallace, Claire. 2018. “The Impacts of a Rewilding Project on Pollinator Abundance and Diversity at a Local Scale.” University of Sussex. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/71404/1/Pollinator_Rewilding_Report.pdf.

“Watershed & Habitat Restoration.” n.d. Ands Restoration Network. Accessed September 16, 2021. https://www.borderlandsrestoration.org/watershed-and-habitat-restoration.html.

Watson, Robert. 2019. “Loss of Biodiversity Is Just as Catastrophic as Climate Change.” The Guardian, May 6, 2019, sec. Opinion. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/may/06/biodiversity-climate-change-mass-extinctions.

“What Is a Pollinator Pathway? – Your Connection to Wildlife.” 2019. Canadian Wildlife Federation Blog (blog). August 20, 2019. https://blog.cwf-fcf.org/index.php/en/what-is-a-pollinator-pathway/.

“What’s The Buzz? China Loses Fewer Honey Bees Than US, Europe.” 2016. Asian Scientist Magazine. September 1, 2016. https://www.asianscientist.com/2016/09/in-the-lab/china-bee-colony-losses/.

“Why Is Pollination Important?” n.d. USDA US Forest Service. Accessed October 7, 2021. https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/importance.shtml.

Wyborn, Carina. 2015. “Co-Productive Governance: A Relational Framework for Adaptive Governance.” Global Environmental Change 30 (January): 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.10.009.

Wetlands

“2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4.” 2006. IPCC Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Initiatives. 2006. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html.

“2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands.” 2013. Switzerland: IPCC. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/wetlands/index.html.

Alho, C. J. R. 2008. “Biodiversity of the Pantanal: Response to Seasonal Flooding Regime and to Environmental Degradation.” Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasleira De Biologia 68 (4 Suppl): 957–66. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842008000500005.

Alho, Cleber, and João Silva. 2012. “Effects of Severe Floods and Droughts on Wildlife of the Pantanal Wetland (Brazil)—A Review.” Animals 2 (4): 591–610. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani2040591.

“American White Pelican.” 2014. Audubon. November 13, 2014. https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/american-white-pelican.

Biello, David. 2009. “Peat and Repeat: Can Major Carbon Sinks Be Restored by Rewetting the World’s Drained Bogs?” Scientific American. December 8, 2009. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/peat-and-repeat-rewetting-carbon-sinks/.

“Biodiversity of Wetlands.” n.d. Torpical Forest Network. Accessed October 5, 2021. http://www.tropicalforestnetwork.com/wetlands.html.

Bourgeau-Chavez, L. L., S. L. Endres, J. A. Graham, J. A. Hribljan, R. A. Chimner, E. A. Lillieskov, and M. J. Battaglia. 2018. “6.04 - Mapping Peatlands in Boreal and Tropical Ecoregions.” In Comprehensive Remote Sensing, edited by Shunlin Liang, 24–44. Oxford: Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095489105445.

Brown, Sarah. 2019. “The Endangered Cow Being Saved by Cheese.” Atlas Obscura. June 10, 2019. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/endangered-cows-pantaneiro.

“Burned Area – Pantanal 2020.” n.d. LASA. https://lasa.ufrj.br/news/burned-area-pantanal-2020.

Burton, T. M., and R. W. Tiner. 2009. “Ecology of Wetlands.” In Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, 507–15. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780123706263/encyclopedia-of-inland-waters.

Byrd, Kristin B., Laurel Ballanti, Nathan Thomas, Dung Nguyen, James R. Holmquist, Marc Simard, and Lisamarie Windham-Myers. 2018. “A Remote Sensing-Based Model of Tidal Marsh Aboveground Carbon Stocks for the Conterminous United States.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 139 (May): 255–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.03.019.

Canada, Wildlife Conservation Society. 2021. “Northern Peatlands in Canada.” ArcGIS StoryMaps. February 22, 2021. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/19d24f59487b46f6a011dba140eddbe7.

Carroll, Sean B. 2016. “The Ecologist Who Threw Starfish.” Nautilus. March 10, 2016. http://nautil.us/issue/34/adaptation/the-ecologist-who-threw-starfish.

Cassidy, Emily. 2019. “Map of the Month: Where Are the World’s Wetlands?” Resource Watch Blog (blog). April 17, 2019. https://blog.resourcewatch.org/2019/04/17/map-of-the-month-where-are-the-worlds-wetlands/.

Cleal, Christopher, and Barry Thomas. 2005. “Palaeozoic Tropical Rainforests and Their Effect on Global Climates: Is the Past the Key to the Present?” Geobiology 3 (July): 13–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4669.2005.00043.x.

Colitt, Raymond. 2009. “World’s Largest Wetland Threatened in Brazil.” Reuters, February 17, 2009, sec. Environment. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-pantanal-idUKTRE51F4RO20090217.

Comas, X., N. Terry, L. Slater, M. Warren, R. Kolka, A. Kristiyono, N. Sudiana, D. Nurjaman, and T. Darusman. 2015. “Imaging Tropical Peatlands in Indonesia Using Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI): Implications for Carbon Stock Estimates and Peat Soil Characterization.” Biogeosciences 12 (10): 2995–3007. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2995-2015.

“Conserving the World’s Largest Wetland: The Pantanal.” n.d. https://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/downloads/pantanal_snapshot_8a__002__copy.pdf.

Correa, Sandra Bibiana, Joisiane K. Araujo, Jerry M. F. Penha, Catia Nunes da Cunha, Pablo R. Stevenson, and Jill T. Anderson. 2015. “Overfishing Disrupts an Ancient Mutualism between Frugivorous Fishes and Plants in Neotropical Wetlands.” Biological Conservation 191 (November): 159–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.06.019.

Cowardin, Lewis M, Virginia Carter, Francis C Golet, and Edward T LaRoe. 1979. Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. https://www.fws.gov/wetlands/documents/classwet/index.html#contents.

Crabben, Jan van der. 2021. “Agriculture in the Fertile Crescent & Mesopotamia.” Ancient History Encyclopedia. June 4, 2021. https://www.ancient.eu/article/9/agriculture-in-the-fertile-crescent/.

Curwood, Steve. 2020. “World’s Largest Wetlands on Fire.” Living on Earth. September 18, 2020. https://loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=20-P13-00038&segmentID=3.

Dahl, Thomas, and Gregory Allord. n.d. “History of Wetlands in the Conterminous United States.” National Fish and Wildlife Services. https://www.fws.gov/wetlands/Documents/History-of-Wetlands-in-the-Conterminous-United-States.pdf.

Dargie, G. C., S. L. Lewis, I. T. Lawson, E. T. A. Mitchard, S. E. Page, Y. E. Bocko, and S. A. Ifo. 2017. “Age, Extent and Carbon Storage of the Central Congo Basin Peatland Complex.” Nature 542 (7639): 86–90.

Dargie, Greta C., Ian T. Lawson, Tim J. Rayden, Lera Miles, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Susan E. Page, Yannick E. Bocko, Suspense A. Ifo, and Simon L. Lewis. 2019. “Congo Basin Peatlands: Threats and Conservation Priorities.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 24 (4): 669–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-017-9774-8.

Davidson, Nick C., C. Max Finlayson, Nick C. Davidson, and C. Max Finlayson. 2019. “Updating Global Coastal Wetland Areas Presented in Davidson and Finlayson (2018).” Marine and Freshwater Research 70 (8): 1195–1200. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF19010.

Dean, Joshua F., Jack J. Middelburg, Thomas Röckmann, Rien Aerts, Luke G. Blauw, Matthias Egger, and Mike S.M. Jetten. 2018. “Methane Feedbacks to the Global Climate System in a Warmer World.” Reviews of Geophysics 56 (1): 207–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017RG000559.

Disner, Geonildo Rodrigo, Maria Alice Pimentel Falcão, Aline Ingrid Andrade-Barros, Natalia Vitorino Leite dos Santos, Amanda Beatriz Silva Soares, Milena Marcolino-Souza, Kamila Sousa Gomes, Carla Lima, and Monica Lopes-Ferreira. 2021. “The Toxic Effects of Glyphosate, Chlorpyrifos, Abamectin, and 2,4-D on Animal Models: A Systematic Review of Brazilian Studies.” Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 17 (3): 507–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4353.

“Elwha River Restoration.” 2020. National Park Service, June. https://www.nps.gov/olym/learn/nature/elwha-ecosystem-restoration.htm.

“Farmable Wetlands Program.” n.d. United States Department of Agriculture Farm Service Agency. https://www.fsa.usda.gov/programs-and-services/conservation-programs/farmable-wetlands/index.

Fourqurean, James W., Carlos M. Duarte, Hilary Kennedy, Núria Marbà, Marianne Holmer, Miguel Angel Mateo, Eugenia T. Apostolaki, et al. 2012. “Seagrass Ecosystems as a Globally Significant Carbon Stock.” Nature Geoscience 5 (7): 505–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1477.

Franek, Alice, Engin Koncagul, Richard Connor, and Diwata Hunziker. 2015. “The United Nations World Water Development Report 2015.” UNESCO. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/images/WWDR2015Facts_Figures_ENG_web.pdf.

Free High-Quality Documentaries. 2020. The Sava Floodplains - Croatia’s Secret Paradise. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BzVS7YKAGA&t=427s.

Galetti, Mauro, Camila I. Donatti, Marco Aurélio Pizo, and Henrique C. Giacomini. 2008. “Big Fish Are the Best: Seed Dispersal of Bactris Glaucescens by the Pacu Fish (Piaractus Mesopotamicus) in the Pantanal, Brazil.” Biotropica 40 (3): 386–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00378.x.

Garzón, Camilo, and S Flórez. 2021. “Aerial Photographs Uncover Bogotá’s Indigenous Hydraulic System.” Eos. March 5, 2021. http://eos.org/articles/aerial-photographs-uncover-bogotas-indigenous-hydraulic-system.

Gewin, Virginia. 2018. “Rewetting the Swamp: Indonesia’s Bold Plan.” Scientific American, January 31, 2018. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/rewetting-the-swamp-indonesia-rsquo-s-bold-plan/.

Global Carbon Project. 2020. “The Global Methane Budget 2000-2017.” https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/methanebudget/20/files/GCP_MethaneBudget_2020_v2020-07-15.pdf.

“Global Wetland Outlook: State of the World’s Wetlands and Their Services to People.” 2018. Gland, Switzerland: Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/gwo_e.pdf.

Green, Edmund P., and Frederick T. Short. 2003. World Atlas of Seagrasses. UNEP-WCMC. http://archive.org/details/worldatlasofseag03gree.

Griscom, Bronson W., Justin Adams, Peter W. Ellis, Richard A. Houghton, Guy Lomax, Daniela A. Miteva, William H. Schlesinger, et al. 2017. “Natural Climate Solutions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (44): 11645–50. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114.

Heidari, Farnaz. 2017. “Eden Again, a Project to Promote the Restoration of the Mesopotamian Marshlands.” Tehran Times. January 16, 2017. https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/410111/Eden-Again-a-project-to-promote-the-restoration-of-the-Mesopotamian.

Hemes, Kyle S., Samuel D. Chamberlain, Elke Eichelmann, Tyler Anthony, Amy Valach, Daphne Szutu, Joe Verfaillie, Whendee L. Silver, and Dennis D. Baldocchi. 2019. “Assessing the Carbon and Climate Benefit of Restoring Degraded Agricultural Peat Soils to Managed Wetlands.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 268 (April): 202–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.01.017.

Hemes, Kyle S., Samuel D. Chamberlain, Elke Eichelmann, Sara H. Knox, and Dennis D. Baldocchi. 2018. “A Biogeochemical Compromise: The High Methane Cost of Sequestering Carbon in Restored Wetlands.” Geophysical Research Letters 45 (12): 6081–91. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl077747.

Hengl, Tomislav, and Ichsani Wheeler. 2018. “Soil Organic Carbon Stock in Kg/M2 for 5 Standard Depth Intervals (0–10, 10–30, 30–60, 60–100 and 100–200 Cm) at 250 m Resolution.” Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2536040.

“High Biodiversity.” n.d. The Wetlands Initiative. Accessed October 5, 2021. http://www.wetlands-initiative.org/high-biodiversity.

“History.” n.d. The Wetlands Initiative. Accessed October 5, 2021. http://www.wetlands-initiative.org/dixon-history.

“History of the Ramsar Convention.” n.d. Ramsar. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://www.ramsar.org/about/history-of-the-ramsar-convention.

Höper, Heinrich, J.P.Cagampan Jürgen Augustin, M. Drösler, Lars Lundin, Eddy Moors, Harri Vasander, James Waddington, and David Wilson. 2008. Restoration of Peatlands and Greenhouse Gas Balances. Edited by Maria Strack. Finland: International Peat Society. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37792364_Restoration_of_peatlands_and_greenhouse_gas_balances.

Horwath, William, and Yakov Kuzyakov, eds. 2018. Climate Change Impacts on Soil Processes and Ecosystem Properties,. 1st Edition. Vol. Volume 35. Elsevier. https://www.elsevier.com/books/climate-change-impacts-on-soil-processes-and-ecosystem-properties/horwath/978-0-444-63865-6.

“How the Midwest Lost Its Wetlands.” n.d. The Wetlands Initiative. Accessed September 21, 2021. http://www.wetlands-initiative.org/how-the-midwest-lost-its-wetlands.

Huber, Marguerite. 2014. “Wetlands: Earth’s Kidneys.” The EPA Blog (blog). June 19, 2014. https://blog.epa.gov/2014/06/19/wetlands-earths-kidneys/.

Hutchison, James, Andrea Manica, Ruth Swetnam, Andrew Balmford, and Mark Spalding. 2013. “Predicting Global Patterns in Mangrove Forest Biomass.” Conservation Letters 7 (3): 233–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12060.

“Illinois Natural History Survey.” n.d. University of Illinois Prairie Research Institute. https://www.inhs.illinois.edu/animals-plants/prairie/tallgrass/what/.

Ionova, Ana. 2020. “Fires in the Pantanal: ‘We Are Facing a Scenario Now That Is Catastrophic.’” Mongabay Environmental News, August 6, 2020. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/08/fires-in-the-pantanal-we-are-facing-a-scenario-now-that-is-catastrophic/.

Kaplan, Matt. 2008. “Fish Help to Spread Forest Seeds.” Nature, February. https://doi.org/10.1038/news.2008.555.

Kolka, Randall, Carl Trettin, Went Tang, Ken Krauss, Sheel Bansal, Judith Drexler, and Kimberly Wickland. 2018. “Second State of the Carbon Cycle Report - Chapter 13: Terrestrial Wetlands.” Carbon: U.S. Global Change Research Program. https://carbon2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/13/.

“Land Cover CCI Climate Research Data Package (CRDP) Viewer.” n.d. European Space Agency. Accessed September 8, 2021. http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download.php.

Langlois. n.d. “Saving the Panatanal.” World Wildlife Magazine. https://www.worldwildlife.org/magazine/issues/spring-2020/articles/saving-the-pantanal.

Libonati, Renata, Carlos C. DaCamara, Leonardo F. Peres, Lino A. Sander de Carvalho, and Letícia C. Garcia. 2020. “Rescue Brazil’s Burning Pantanal Wetlands.” Nature 588 (7837): 217–19. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03464-1.

Londoño, Ernesto. 2017. “Brazil Wavers on Environment, and Earth’s Largest Wetland Starts to Wither.” The New York Times, December 23, 2017, sec. World. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/23/world/americas/brazil-pantanal-wetlands-michel-temer.html.

Marengo, Jose A., Ana P. Cunha, Luz Adriana Cuartas, Karinne R. Deusdará Leal, Elisangela Broedel, Marcelo E. Seluchi, Camila Miranda Michelin, et al. 2021. “Extreme Drought in the Brazilian Pantanal in 2019–2020: Characterization, Causes, and Impacts.” Frontiers in Water 3: 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2021.639204.

Martino, Ronald L., and Stephen F. Greb. 2009. “Walking Trails of the Giant Terrestrial Arthropod Arthropleura from the Upper Carboniferous of Kentucky.” Journal of Paleontology 83 (1): 140–46. https://doi.org/10.1666/08-093R.1.

Mcowen, Chris, Lauren Weatherdon, Jan-Willem Bochove, Emma Sullivan, Simon Blyth, Christoph Zockler, Damon Stanwell-Smith, et al. 2017. “A Global Map of Saltmarshes.” Biodiversity Data Journal 5 (March): e11764. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e11764.

Mega, Emiliano Rodríguez. 2020. “‘Apocalyptic’ Fires Are Ravaging the World’s Largest Tropical Wetland.” Nature 586 (7827): 20–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02716-4.

Mitsch, W.J., U. Mander, B. Bernal, R. Lal, and L. Zhang. 2018. “The Role of Wetland Processes in the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Change.” American Geophysical Union 41 (December). https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AGUFM.B41E2755M/abstract.

Moomaw, William R., G. L. Chmura, Gillian T. Davies, C. M. Finlayson, B. A. Middleton, Susan M. Natali, J. E. Perry, N. Roulet, and Ariana E. Sutton-Grier. 2018. “Wetlands In a Changing Climate: Science, Policy and Management.” Wetlands 38 (April): 183–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-1023-8.

Nations, United. n.d. “Protection and Preservation of Wetlands.” UN Sustainable Development. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=11874.

Nel, André, Jakub Prokop, Martina Pecharová, Michael S. Engel, and Romain Garrouste. 2018. “Palaeozoic Giant Dragonflies Were Hawker Predators.” Scientific Reports 8 (August): 12141. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30629-w.

O’Doherty, Caroline. 2021. “Bord Na Móna Confirms It Has Ended Peat Harvesting for Good.” Independent.Ie, January 14, 2021. https://www.independent.ie/news/bord-na-mona-confirms-it-has-ended-peat-harvesting-for-good-39970397.html.

Olson, David M., Eric Dinerstein, Eric D. Wikramanayake, Neil D. Burgess, George V. N. Powell, Emma C. Underwood, Jennifer A. D’amico, et al. 2001. “Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth: A New Global Map of Terrestrial Ecoregions Provides an Innovative Tool for Conserving Biodiversity.” BioScience 51 (11): 933–38. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2.

Oviedo, Gonzalo, and Mariam Kenza Ali. 2018. “The Relationship of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities with Wetlands.” Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/indigenous_peoples_local_communities_wetlands_e.pdf.

Page, Susan E., John O. Rieley, and Christopher J. Banks. 2011. “Global and Regional Importance of the Tropical Peatland Carbon Pool.” Global Change Biology 17 (2): 798–818. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02279.x.

“Pantanal.” n.d. The Nature Conservancy. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/pantanal/.

“Park Statistics - Grand Teton National Park.” 2019. National Park Service. April 12, 2019. https://www.nps.gov/grte/learn/management/statistics.htm.

Pearce, Melanie, and Luke Wong. 2017. “Why Do Pelicans Only Land in Some Inland Areas?” ABC News, October 18, 2017. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-19/curious-central-west-why-pelicans-prefer-some-places/9054518.

“Peatlands.” n.d. Western Pennsylvania Conservancy. Accessed September 15, 2021. https://waterlandlife.org/wildlife-pnhp/special-places-2/peatlands/.

Planet Earth II. 2017. Grasslands. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNJY7uIPXog.

Pollastri, Tatiana, and David Biller. 2021. “As Brazil’s Wetlands Burned, Government Did Little to Help.” AP NEWS, April 26, 2021. https://apnews.com/article/brazil-wetlands-animals-wildlife-latin-america-242091863afb68509456bd8440caa8b9.

“Project Benefits.” n.d. Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority. https://coastal.la.gov/our-work/key-initiatives/diversion-program/project-benefits/.

“Regional Highlights - Global Fire Emissions Database.” 2020. Global Fire Data. 2020. http://www.globalfiredata.org/regional.html#matogrosso.

“Results of the 2018 Bioblitz.” n.d. The Wetlands Initiative. Accessed October 5, 2021. http://www.wetlands-initiative.org/new-bioblitz-results.

Richardson, Curtis J. 2018. “Mesopotamian Marshes of Iraq.” The Wetland Book, May, 1685–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4001-3_70.

“Rift Valley.” 2015. National Geographic. June 15, 2015. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/rift-valley/.

Robbins, Jim. 2017. “Why the World’s Rivers Are Losing Sediment and Why It Matters.” Yale E360. June 20, 2017. https://e360.yale.edu/features/why-the-worlds-rivers-are-losing-sediment-and-why-it-matters.

“Russian Federation.” 2018. IAEA. 2018. https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/cnpp2018/countryprofiles/Russia/Russia.htm.

Sahrawat, Lal and Kanwar. 2004. “Terminal Electron Acceptors for Controlling Methane Emissions from Submerged Rice Soils.” Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 35 (9): 1401–13. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120037554.

Sanderman, Jonathan. 2019. “Global Mangrove Soil Carbon: Dataset and Spatial Maps.” Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/OCYUIT.

Sanderman, Jonathan, Tomislav Hengl, Greg Fiske, Kylen Solvik, Maria Fernanda Adame, Lisa Benson, Jacob J. Bukoski, et al. 2018. “A Global Map of Mangrove Forest Soil Carbon at 30m Spatial Resolution.” Environmental Research Letters 13 (5): 055002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabe1c.

Simard, M., T. Fatoyinbo, C. Smetanka, V. H. Rivera-Monroy, E. Castaneda, N. Thomas, and T. Van Der Stocken. 2019. “Global Mangrove Distribution, Aboveground Biomass, and Canopy Height.” ORNL DAAC, May. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1665.

Slater, Ben. 2011. “Fossil Focus: Coal Swamps.” Palaeontology [Online] (blog). September 1, 2011. https://www.palaeontologyonline.com/articles/2011/fossil-focus-coal-swamps/.

“Soaring.” 2009. Unreal Nature (blog). May 2, 2009. https://unrealnature.wordpress.com/2009/05/02/soaring/.

Sousa, Luis M. de, Laura Poggio, Niels H. Batjes, Gerard B. M. Heuvelink, Bas Kempen, Eloi Riberio, and David Rossiter. 2020. “SoilGrids 2.0: Producing Quality-Assessed Soil Information for Theglobe.” Preprint. Soils and the natural environment. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2020-65.

Sparrow, Jeff. 2020. “Undraining the Swamp: How Rewilders Have Reclaimed Golf Courses and Waterways.” The Guardian, September 10, 2020, sec. Environment. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/11/undraining-the-swamp-how-rewilders-have-reclaimed-golf-courses-and-waterways.

Spawn, S. A., and H. K. Gibbs. 2020. “Global Aboveground and Belowground Biomass Carbon Density Maps for the Year 2010.” ORNL DAAC, March. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1763.

Steimel, Dirck. 2020. “Farmers See Value in Wetlands.” Iowa Farm Bureau. May 18, 2020. https://www.iowafarmbureau.com/Article/Farmers-see-value-in-wetlands.

Szalay, Jessie. 2017. “Lake Baikal: World’s Largest, Deepest Lake.” Live Science. January 27, 2017. https://www.livescience.com/57653-lake-baikal-facts.html.

Tcvetkov, P.S. 2017. “The History, Present Status and Future Prospects of the Russian Fuel Peat Industry.” Mires and Peat 19 (14): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.19189/MaP.2016.OMB.256.

Telesca, Luca, Andrea Belluscio, Alessandro Criscoli, Giandomenico Ardizzone, Eugenia T. Apostolaki, Simonetta Fraschetti, Michele Gristina, et al. 2015. “Seagrass Meadows (Posidonia Oceanica) Distribution and Trajectories of Change.” Scientific Reports 5 (1): 12505. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12505.

Texas Parks and Wildlife. 2017. Wondrous Wetlands | Whiteboard. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-aQLwnJKWc&t=38s.

“The Carboniferous Period.” n.d. UC Museum of Paleontology. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/carboniferous/carboniferous.php.

“The Importance of Wetlands.” n.d. Ramsar. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://www.ramsar.org/about/the-importance-of-wetlands.

The Secrets of Nature. 2015. Bohemia - A Year in the Wetlands. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gwk71FP19K4.

“The Story of Peat in Ireland.” n.d. Ireland 2050. Accessed October 14, 2021. http://ireland2050.ie/past/peat/.

Thomas, Nathan, Richard Lucas, Peter Bunting, Andrew Hardy, Ake Rosenqvist, and Marc Simard. 2017. “Distribution and Drivers of Global Mangrove Forest Change, 1996–2010.” Edited by Shijo Joseph. PLOS ONE 12 (6): e0179302. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179302.

Thomson, Jimmy. 2020. “One Key Solution to the World’s Climate Woes? Canada’s Natural Landscapes.” The Narwhal (blog). July 8, 2020. https://thenarwhal.ca/climate-canadas-natural-landscapes/.

Tillyard, Robin John. 1917a. The Biology of Dragonflies: (Odonata Or Paraneuroptera). CUP Archive. https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=J584AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA324&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false.

———. 1917b. The Biology of Dragonflies: (Odonata Or Paraneuroptera). CUP Archive.

Tiner, R. W. 2009. “Ecology of Wetlands: Classification Systems.” In Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, 516–25. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780123706263/encyclopedia-of-inland-waters.

Toner, Emily. 2018. “Power from Peat—More Polluting than Coal—Is on Its Way out in Ireland.” Science, December 12, 2018. https://www.science.org/content/article/power-peat-more-polluting-coal-its-way-out-ireland.

Twombly, Matt. 2020. “People of the Pantanal.” World Wildlife Magazine, 2020. https://www.worldwildlife.org/magazine/issues/spring-2020/articles/people-of-the-pantanal.

“Types of Peatlands.” n.d. International Peatland Society. Accessed September 15, 2021. https://peatlands.org/peatlands/types-of-peatlands/.

UNEP-WCMC, and Frederick T. Short. 2005. “Global Distribution of Seagrasses.” WMS; KML (.kml); Vector (polygon); Vector (point). United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). https://doi.org/10.34892/X6R3-D211.

University of Minnesota. 2021. “Protecting Local Water Has Global Benefits.” ScienceDaily. May 11, 2021. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/05/210511092001.htm.

USGCRP. 2018. “Second State of the Carbon Cycle Report.” Washington D.C.: U.S. Global Change Research Program. https://carbon2018.globalchange.govhttps://carbon2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/13.

Voiland, Adam. 2020. “Fires Char the Pantanal.” NASA Earth Observatory. August 27, 2020. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/147269/fires-char-the-pantanal.

Wagner, Warren H, Ernest M Gifford, and John T Mickel. 2016. “Equisetopsida.” In Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/plant/Equisetidae.

“Water and Sanitation.” 2018. United Nations Sustainable Development. 2018. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/.

Weikle, Brandie. 2021. “Canada’s Swamps Are the Secret Weapon to Fighting Climate Change, Say Experts | CBC Radio.” CBC. May 12, 2021. https://www.cbc.ca/radio/whatonearth/canada-s-swamps-are-the-secret-weapon-to-fighting-climate-change-say-experts-1.6022340.

“Wetlands.” 2017. Reports and Assessments. EPA. November 2, 2017. https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/wetlands.

Wetlands: A Natural Solution to Climate Change. 2019. The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRTVi32I0Rg.

“Wetlands and Indigenous Values.” 2016. Australian Government Department of the Environment. https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/b04e5e2a-4256-4548-974e-00f7d84670a9/files/factsheet-wetlands-indigenous-values.pdf.

“Wetlands in Russia.” n.d. Wetlands International Russia. https://russia.wetlands.org/wetlands/wetlands-in-russia/.

“Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Sites).” n.d. Ramsar. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://www.ramsar.org/about/wetlands-of-international-importance-ramsar-sites.

“Wetlands: Why Should I Care?” 2015. Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/factsheet1_why_should_i_care_0.pdf.

“Wetlands: Why Should I Care?” n.d. https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/factsheet1_why_should_i_care_0.pdf.

“What Is Biodiversity and Why Do We Need It?” 2020. WWT. July 12, 2020. https://www.wwt.org.uk/news-and-stories/blog/what-is-biodiversity-and-why-do-we-need-it.

“World of Change: Yellow River Delta.” 2010. NASA Earth Observatory. January 26, 2010. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/YellowRiver.

Xu, Jiren, Paul J. Morris, Junguo Liu, and Joseph Holden. 2017. “PEATMAP: Refining Estimates of Global Peatland Distribution Based on a Meta-Analysis.” University of Leeds. https://archive.researchdata.leeds.ac.uk/251/.

Zhu, Changming, Xin Zhang, and Qiaohua Huang. 2018. “Four Decades of Estuarine Wetland Changes in the Yellow River Delta Based on Landsat Observations between 1973 and 2013.” Water 10 (7): 17–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10070933.

Beavers

“About Beavers.” 2019. Beavers: Wetlands & Wildlife. July 2, 2019. https://www.beaversww.org/about-beavers/.

Bailey, David R., Benjamin J. Dittbrenner, and Ken P. Yocom. 2019. “Reintegrating the North American Beaver (Castor Canadensis) in the Urban Landscape.” WIREs Water 6 (1): e1323. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1323.

Baker, Bruce W., and Edward P. Hill. 2003. “Beaver (Castor Canadensis).” In Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation, edited by G. A. Feldhamer, B. C. Thompson, and J. A. Chapman, 2nd ed., 288–310. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. http://nebula.wsimg.com/da97f656b6eb1d536a53a4c21462cb4b?AccessKeyId=2CD06EEF7CF6FD29860F&disposition=0&alloworigin=1.

Dittbrenner, Benjamin J. 2019. “Restoration Potential of Beaver for Hydrological Resilience in a Changing Climate.” Thesis, University of Washington. https://digital.lib.washington.edu:443/researchworks/handle/1773/44263.

Goldfarb, Ben. 2018a. Eager: The Surprising, Secret Life of Beavers and Why They Matter. Chelsea Green Publishing.

———. 2018b. “They Will Build It.” BioGraphic (blog). November 22, 2018. https://www.biographic.com/they-will-build-it/.

———. 2018c. “In Praise of Urban Beavers.” Center for Humans & Nature. December 11, 2018. https://www.humansandnature.org/in-praise-of-urban-beavers.

Halley, Duncan, Frank Rosell, and Alexander Saveljev. 2012. “Population and Distribution of Eurasian Beaver (Castor Fiber).” Baltic Forestry, January.

“Leave It to Beavers.” 2014. PBS. April 9, 2014. https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/leave-it-to-beavers-production-credits/8860/.

Müller-Schwarze, Dietland, and Lixing Sun. 2003. The Beaver: Natural History of a Wetlands Engineer. Cornell University Press.

Naiman, Robert J., Carol A. Johnston, and James C. Kelley. 1988. “Alteration of North American Streams by Beaver.” BioScience 38 (11): 753–62. https://doi.org/10.2307/1310784.

Pollock, Michael M., George R. Pess, Timothy J. Beechie, and David R. Montgomery. 2004. “The Importance of Beaver Ponds to Coho Salmon Production in the Stillaguamish River Basin, Washington, USA.” North American Journal of Fisheries Management 24 (3): 749–60. https://doi.org/10.1577/M03-156.1.

Seton, Earnest Thompson. 1929. Lives of Game Animals. Vol. 4. New York: Doubleday, Doran and Co.

“The Beaver Whisperers.” n.d. Earth Touch News Network. Accessed August 16, 2021. https://www.earthtouchnews.com//video-on-demand/the-beaver-whisperers/#.

White, H. Bryant, Thomas Decker, Michael J. O’Brien, John F. Organ, and Nathan M. Roberts. 2015. “Trapping and Furbearer Management in North American Wildlife Conservation.” The International Journal of Environmental Studies 72 (5): 756–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2015.1019297.

Bioregions

abuckley. 2015. “Cascadia Graces the Cover of the 2015 Esri Map Book.” ArcGIS Blog (blog). May 22, 2015. https://www.esri.com/arcgis-blog/products/product/mapping/cascadia-graces-the-cover-of-the-2015-esri-map-book/.

Berg, Peter. 2002. “Bioregionalism.” Planet Drum. 2002. http://www.planetdrum.org/bioregion_bioregionalism_defined.htm#Bioregionalism.

Evanoff, Richard. 2017. “Bioregionalism: A Brief Introduction and Overview.” The Aoyama Journal of International Politics, Economics and Communication 99 (November): 11.

Garber, Megan. 2017. “What Does ‘Community’ Mean?” The Atlantic. July 3, 2017. https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/07/what-does-community-mean/532518/.

“Global Safety Net.” n.d. Global Safety Net. Accessed August 12, 2021. http://www.globalsafetynet.app/viewer/.

Henkel, William B. 1993. “Cascadia: A State of (Various) Mind(s).” Chicago Review 39 (3/4): 110–18. https://doi.org/10.2307/25305728.

McCloskey, David. 2015. “Map of Cascadia.” Cascadia Institute. https://cascadia-institute.org/images/Cascadia-Map-big.png.

“One Earth.” n.d. One Earth. Accessed August 16, 2021. https://www.oneearth.org/bioregions/.

“Welcome to Salmon Nation.” n.d. Salmon Nation. Accessed August 12, 2021. https://salmonnation.net/.

Wilding

“Background | Knepp Wildland.” n.d. Knepp Wildland. Accessed September 29, 2021. https://knepp.co.uk/background.

Barkham, Patrick. 2018. “The Magical Wilderness Farm: Raising Cows among the Weeds at Knepp.” The Guardian, June 15, 2018, sec. Environment. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jun/15/the-magical-wilderness-farm-raising-cows-among-the-weeds-at-knepp.

“Clay Soils: Plants For.” n.d. RHS. Accessed September 29, 2021. http://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pid=305.

Goodman, Pamela. 2020. “The Extraordinary Rewilding of Knepp Castle.” House & Garden, October 3, 2020. https://www.houseandgarden.co.uk/gallery/knepp-castle-in-sussex.

“Knepp Safaris.” n.d. Accessed September 29, 2021. https://www.kneppsafaris.co.uk/whats-on/.

“Rewiliding.” n.d. Knepp Wild Range Meat. Accessed September 29, 2021. https://www.kneppwildrangemeat.co.uk/rewilding.

Tree, Isabella. 2018a. “Creating a Mess – The Knepp Rewilding Project.” In Practice, June 2018. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/595ca91bebbd1a1d0aaab285/t/5b1af97b1ae6cfcbab41befa/1528494463789/InPractice100_Jun2018_Knepp+%28003%29.pdf.

———. 2018b. “We Need to Bring Back the Wildwoods of Britain to Fight Climate Change.” The Guardian, November 26, 2018, sec. Opinion. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/nov/26/wildwoods-britain-climate-change-northern-forest.

———. 2019. Wilding: Returning Nature to Our Farm. New York Review Books.

———. 2020. “How Rewilding Brought Nature Back to England’s Knepp Estate.” Vogue, October 27, 2020. https://www.vogue.com/article/how-rewilding-brought-nature-back-to-englands-knepp-estate.

“Weald.” 2021. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weald&oldid=1046758118.

“Words of Wisdom: Exploring the ‘Muddy’ History of Sussex.” 2019. South Downs National Park. November 11, 2019. https://www.southdowns.gov.uk/sussex-mud/.

Wild Things

“A Quarter of Sharks and Rays Threatened with Extinction.” 2014. IUCN. January 21, 2014. https://www.iucn.org/content/a-quarter-sharks-and-rays-threatened-extinction.

“Are Whip-Poor-Will Populations Declining? What Can We Do about It?” 2009. All About Birds. April 1, 2009. https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/are-whip-poor-will-populations-declining-what-can-we-do-about-it/.

BBC News. 2019. “Japan Whaling: Why Commercial Hunts Have Resumed despite Outcry,” July 2, 2019, sec. Asia. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48592682.

Berkunsky, I., P. Quillfeldt, D. J. Brightsmith, M. C. Abbud, J. M. R. E. Aguilar, U. Alemán-Zelaya, R. M. Aramburú, et al. 2017. “Current Threats Faced by Neotropical Parrot Populations.” Biological Conservation 214 (October): 278–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.016.

“BirdLife Data Zone.” n.d. BirdLife International. Accessed September 22, 2021. http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/results?cmn=&cty=0&fam=0&gen=0&kw=parrots&reg=0&spc=&thrlev1=&thrlev2=&so=rl.

BirdLife Internationa. 2020. “Grus Americana.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, August. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22692156A181242855.en.

BirdLife International. 2016. “Colinus Virginianus.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, October. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728956A95000808.en.

“Bison Range.” n.d. US Fish & Wildlife Service. Accessed September 22, 2021. https://www.fws.gov/bisonrange/timeline.htm.

Boutin, C., A. Baril, S. K. McCabe, P. A. Martin, and M. Guy. 2011. “The Value of Woody Hedgerows for Moth Diversity on Organic and Conventional Farms.” Environmental Entomology 40 (3): 560–69. https://doi.org/10.1603/EN10105.

“Carl Safina.” n.d. Accessed September 29, 2021. https://www.carlsafina.org.

Carrington, Damian. 2019. “Plummeting Insect Numbers ‘Threaten Collapse of Nature.’” The Guardian, February 10, 2019, sec. US news. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/10/plummeting-insect-numbers-threaten-collapse-of-nature.

“Common Birds Are Declining in North America.” n.d. BirdLife International. Accessed September 22, 2021. http://datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/casestudy/common-birds-are-declining-in-north-america.

Courchamp, Franck, Ivan Jaric, Céline Albert, Yves Meinard, William J. Ripple, and Guillaume Chapron. 2018. “The Paradoxical Extinction of the Most Charismatic Animals.” PLOS Biology 16 (4): e2003997. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2003997.

Cowles, Gregory. 2015. “Review: Carl Safina’s ‘Beyond Words’ Doesn’t Mince Any on Animal Abilities.” The New York Times, August 3, 2015, sec. Science. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/04/science/review-beyond-words-carl-safina.html.

Fitzpatrick, John W., and Nathan Senner. 2018. “Opinion | Shorebirds, the World’s Greatest Travelers, Face Extinction.” The New York Times, April 27, 2018, sec. Opinion. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/04/27/opinion/shorebirds-extinction-climate-change.html, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/04/27/opinion/shorebirds-extinction-climate-change.html.

Fobar, Rachel. 2018. “Japan Will Resume Commercial Whaling. Get the Facts.” Animals, December 26, 2018. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/japan-considers-leaving-international-whaling-commission.

Frick, Winifred F., Jacob F. Pollock, Alan C. Hicks, Kate E. Langwig, D. Scott Reynolds, Gregory G. Turner, Calvin M. Butchkoski, and Thomas H. Kunz. 2010. “An Emerging Disease Causes Regional Population Collapse of a Common North American Bat Species.” Science 329 (5992): 679–82. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1188594.

Hallmann, Caspar A., Martin Sorg, Eelke Jongejans, Henk Siepel, Nick Hofland, Heinz Schwan, Werner Stenmans, et al. 2017. “More than 75 Percent Decline over 27 Years in Total Flying Insect Biomass in Protected Areas.” Edited by Eric Gordon Lamb. PLOS ONE 12 (10): e0185809. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185809.

Heckscher, Christopher M. 2018. “A Nearctic-Neotropical Migratory Songbird’s Nesting Phenology and Clutch Size Are Predictors of Accumulated Cyclone Energy.” Scientific Reports 8 (9899). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28302-3.

International), BirdLife International (BirdLife. 2018a. “Pterodroma Cahow.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, August. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698088A132624115.en.

———. 2018b. “Pelecanus Occidentalis.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, August. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22733989A132663224.en.

“Jamie Rappaport Clark.” 2021. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamie_Rappaport_Clark&oldid=1030785308.

“Many Bird Species Are Close to Extinction.” n.d. BirdLife International. Accessed September 22, 2021. http://datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/state/theme4.

McGlashen, Andy. 2019. “Are These Birds Better Than Computers at Predicting Hurricane Seasons?” Audubon. August 13, 2019. https://www.audubon.org/news/are-these-birds-better-computers-predicting-hurricane-seasons.

“New Bird Species and Giraffe under Threat – IUCN Red List.” 2016. IUCN. December 8, 2016. https://www.iucn.org/news/secretariat/201612/new-bird-species-and-giraffe-under-threat-%E2%80%93-iucn-red-list.

Paleczny, Michelle, Edd Hammill, Vasiliki Karpouzi, and Daniel Pauly. 2015. “Population Trend of the World’s Monitored Seabirds, 1950-2010.” PLOS ONE 10 (6): e0129342. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129342.

“Pterodroma Cahow (Bermuda Petrel).” n.d. Accessed September 22, 2021. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22698088/132624115.

Rosenberg, Kenneth V., Adriaan M. Dokter, Peter J. Blancher, John R. Sauer, Adam C. Smith, Paul A. Smith, Jessica C. Stanton, et al. 2019. “Decline of the North American Avifauna.” Science 366 (6461): 120–24. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw1313.

Safina, Carl. 2020a. Becoming Wild: How Animal Cultures Raise Families, Create Beauty, and Achieve Peace. New York.

———. 2020b. “Psychic Numbing: Keeping Hope Alive in a World of Extinctions.” Yale E360. February 26, 2020. https://e360.yale.edu/features/psychic-numbing-keeping-hope-alive-in-a-world-of-extinctions.

Sánchez-Bayo, Francisco, and Kris A. G. Wyckhuys. 2019. “Worldwide Decline of the Entomofauna: A Review of Its Drivers.” Biological Conservation 232 (April): 8–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020.

Slovic, Paul. 2007. “"If I Look at the Mass I Will Never Act’’: Psychic Numbing and Genocide.” Judgment and Decision Making 2 (2): 79–95.

“The Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity And Ecosystem Services - Summary for Policymakers.” 2019. Bonn, Germany: IPBES. https://ipbes.net/sites/default/files/inline/files/ipbes_global_assessment_report_summary_for_policymakers.pdf.

“Third of Open Ocean Sharks Threatened with Extinction.” 2009. IUCN. June 25, 2009. https://www.iucn.org/content/third-open-ocean-sharks-threatened-extinction.

“USFWS: America’s Mussels.” 2019. US Fish & Wildlife Service. May 29, 2019. https://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.html.

Valdivia, Abel, Shaye Wolf, and Kieran Suckling. 2019. “Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles Listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act Are Recovering.” PLOS ONE 14 (1): e0210164. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210164.

“We Have Lost over 150 Bird Species since 1500.” n.d. BirdLife International. Accessed September 22, 2021. http://datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/casestudy/we-have-lost-over-150-bird-species-since-1500.

“Which Countries Are Still Whaling?” 2014. IFAW. March 17, 2014. https://www.ifaw.org/news/which-countries-are-still-whaling.

Land

Introduction

“68% of the World Population Projected to Live in Urban Areas by 2050, Says UN.” 2018. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. May 16, 2018. https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html.

“2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4.” 2006. IPCC Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Initiatives. 2006. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html.

“2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands.” 2013. Switzerland: IPCC. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/wetlands/index.html.

Amundson, Ronald, and Léopold Biardeau. 2018. “Opinion: Soil Carbon Sequestration Is an Elusive Climate Mitigation Tool.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (46): 11652–56. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1815901115.

Arteaga-Vazquez, Mario A. 2016. “Land Plant Evolution: Listen to Your Elders.” Current Biology 26 (1): R26–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.001.

Borrelli, Pasquale, David A. Robinson, Larissa R. Fleischer, Emanuele Lugato, Cristiano Ballabio, Christine Alewell, Katrin Meusburger, et al. 2017. “An Assessment of the Global Impact of 21st Century Land Use Change on Soil Erosion.” Nature Communications 8 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02142-7.

Bossio, D. A., S. C. Cook-Patton, P. W. Ellis, J. Fargione, J. Sanderman, P. Smith, S. Wood, et al. 2020. “The Role of Soil Carbon in Natural Climate Solutions.” Nature Sustainability 3 (5): 391–98. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0491-z.

Brown, Gabe. 2018. Dirt to Soil: One Family’s Journey into Regenerative Agriculture. Chelsea Green Publishing.

Byrd, Kristin B., Laurel Ballanti, Nathan Thomas, Dung Nguyen, James R. Holmquist, Marc Simard, and Lisamarie Windham-Myers. 2018. “A Remote Sensing-Based Model of Tidal Marsh Aboveground Carbon Stocks for the Conterminous United States.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 139 (May): 255–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.03.019.

“Chapter 1: Framing and Context — Special Report on Climate Change and Land.” 2019. IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land. 2019. https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-1/.

“Chapter 3: Desertification — Special Report on Climate Change and Land.” n.d. IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land. Accessed September 4, 2020. https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-3/.

“Chapter 4: Land Degradation — Special Report on Climate Change and Land.” n.d. IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land. Accessed September 2, 2020. https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-4/.

Chatterjee, Rhitu. 2016. “Where Did Agriculture Begin? Oh Boy, It’s Complicated.” NPR, July 15, 2016, sec. Food For Thought. https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/07/15/485722228/where-did-agriculture-begin-oh-boy-its-complicated.

“Commonland.” n.d. Commonland. Accessed August 22, 2021. https://www.commonland.com/.

Corvidae, Jacob, Laurie Stone, Matt Jungclaus, Angela Whitney, and Peter Bronski. 2018. “The Carbon-Free Regions Handbook: Land Use.” RMI. 2018. https://rmi.org/insight/carbon-free-regions-handbook-land-use/.

Dacke, Marie, Emily Baird, Marcus Byrne, Clarke H. Scholtz, and Eric J. Warrant. 2013. “Dung Beetles Use the Milky Way for Orientation.” Current Biology 23 (4): 298–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.12.034.

Dargie, G. C., S. L. Lewis, I. T. Lawson, E. T. A. Mitchard, S. E. Page, Y. E. Bocko, and S. A. Ifo. 2017. “Age, Extent and Carbon Storage of the Central Congo Basin Peatland Complex.” Nature 542 (7639): 86–90.

Dargie, Greta C., Ian T. Lawson, Tim J. Rayden, Lera Miles, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Susan E. Page, Yannick E. Bocko, Suspense A. Ifo, and Simon L. Lewis. 2019. “Congo Basin Peatlands: Threats and Conservation Priorities.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 24 (4): 669–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-017-9774-8.

De, Mriganka, Jason A. Riopel, Larry J. Cihacek, Michael Lawrinenko, Rebecca Baldwin-Kordick, Steven J. Hall, and Marshall D. McDaniel. 2020. “Soil Health Recovery after Grassland Reestablishment on Cropland: The Effects of Time and Topographic Position.” Soil Science Society of America Journal 84 (2): 568–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20007.

Delaux, Pierre-Marc, Guru V. Radhakrishnan, Dhileepkumar Jayaraman, Jitender Cheema, Mathilde Malbreil, Jeremy D. Volkening, Hiroyuki Sekimoto, et al. 2015. “Algal Ancestor of Land Plants Was Preadapted for Symbiosis.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (43): 13390–95. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515426112.

Douglas, David. 2013. “Hawaii’s Astonishing Green Beach Gets Its Color From Olivine Crystals Eroded From an Ancient Volcanic Formation.” David Douglas. August 1, 2013. https://blog.daviddouglas.com/hawaii_s_astonishing_green_beach_gets_its_color_from_olivine_crystals_eroded_from_an_ancient_volcanic_formation.html.

“Dung Beetle.” n.d. San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants. Accessed September 21, 2021. https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/dung-beetle.

FAO. n.d. “Fast Facts: The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources.”

———. n.d. “Land Use, Irrigation and Agricultural Practices: 1961-2017.” http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/environment/data/land-use/en/.

“FAOSTAT.” n.d. Accessed August 27, 2020a. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/LC/visualize.

“———.” n.d. Accessed August 27, 2020b. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/LC/visualize.

Flos, Stefan. 2020. GreenSand ENG - Shiploads on the Horizon. H2video/nl. https://vimeo.com/435761607.

Fourqurean, James W., Carlos M. Duarte, Hilary Kennedy, Núria Marbà, Marianne Holmer, Miguel Angel Mateo, Eugenia T. Apostolaki, et al. 2012. “Seagrass Ecosystems as a Globally Significant Carbon Stock.” Nature Geoscience 5 (7): 505–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1477.

Girardin, Cécile A. J., Stuart Jenkins, Nathalie Seddon, Myles Allen, Simon L. Lewis, Charlotte E. Wheeler, Bronson W. Griscom, and Yadvinder Malhi. 2021. “Nature-Based Solutions Can Help Cool the Planet — If We Act Now.” Nature 593 (7858): 191–94. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2.

Green, Edmund P., and Frederick T. Short. 2003. World Atlas of Seagrasses. UNEP-WCMC. http://archive.org/details/worldatlasofseag03gree.

Griscom, Bronson W., Justin Adams, Peter W. Ellis, Richard A. Houghton, Guy Lomax, Daniela A. Miteva, William H. Schlesinger, et al. 2017. “Natural Climate Solutions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (44): 11645–50. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114.

Grosberg, Richard K., Geerat J. Vermeij, and Peter C. Wainwright. 2012. “Biodiversity in Water and on Land.” Current Biology 22 (21): R900–903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.050.

Hengl, Tomislav, and Ichsani Wheeler. 2018. “Soil Organic Carbon Stock in Kg/M2 for 5 Standard Depth Intervals (0–10, 10–30, 30–60, 60–100 and 100–200 Cm) at 250 m Resolution.” Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2536040.

“Home Page.” n.d. Carbon Cycle Institute. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://www.carboncycle.org/.

Houlton, Benjamin Z. 2020. “An Effective Climate Change Solution May Lie in Rocks beneath Our Feet.” Australian Times News (blog). July 18, 2020. https://www.aussietimes.com/technology/an-effective-climate-change-solution-may-lie-in-rocks-beneath-our-feet/.

“How ‘Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks’ Could Make Global Warming Worse.” 2020. Resilience. April 16, 2020. https://www.resilience.org/stories/2020-04-16/how-carbon-cycle-feedbacks-could-make-global-warming-worse/.

Howard, Albert. 2007. The Soil and Health: A Study of Organic Agriculture. The University Press of Kentucky.

Hutchison, James, Andrea Manica, Ruth Swetnam, Andrew Balmford, and Mark Spalding. 2013. “Predicting Global Patterns in Mangrove Forest Biomass.” Conservation Letters 7 (3): 233–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12060.

Ivanina, Vadym. 2017. “What Makes up Marginal Lands and How Can It Be Defined and Classified?” Presented at the Sustainable exploitation of biomass for bioenergy from marginal lands (MagL) in Europe, Vienna, April 25. https://www.seemla.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/V.-Ivanina_Session-SSS2.10.pdf.

Kashwan, Prakash. 2020. “American Environmentalism’s Racist Roots Have Shaped Global Thinking about Conservation.” The Conversation. March 9, 2020. https://theconversation.com/american-environmentalisms-racist-roots-have-shaped-global-thinking-about-conservation-143783.

Lal, Rattan, Pete Smith, Hermann F. Jungkunst, William J. Mitsch, Johannes Lehmann, P. K. Ramachandran Nair, Alex B. McBratney, et al. 2018. “The Carbon Sequestration Potential of Terrestrial Ecosystems.” Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 73 (6): 145A-152A. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.73.6.145A.

“Land Cover CCI Climate Research Data Package (CRDP) Viewer.” n.d. European Space Agency. Accessed September 8, 2021. http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download.php.

Lehmann, Johannes, and Angela Possinger. 2020. “Removal of Atmospheric CO2 by Rock Weathering Holds Promise for Mitigating Climate Change.” Nature 583 (7815): 204–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01965-7.

Liu, Xiaoping, Guohua Hu, Yimin Chen, Xia Li, Xiaocong Xu, Shaoying Li, Fengsong Pei, and Shaojian Wang. 2018. “High-Resolution Multi-Temporal Mapping of Global Urban Land Using Landsat Images Based on the Google Earth Engine Platform.” Remote Sensing of Environment 209: 227–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.02.055.

Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Panmao Zhai, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Debra Roberts, Jim Skea, Priyadarshi R. Shukla, and Eduardo Calvo Buendía. 2020. “Summary for Policymakers.” In Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2020/02/SPM_Updated-Jan20.pdf.

McKibben, Bill. 2020. “If There’s Something Valuable Under the Soil, Life Aboveground Can Be Hard.” The New Yorker, November 12, 2020. https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-a-warming-planet/if-theres-something-valuable-under-the-soil-life-aboveground-can-be-hard.

Mcowen, Chris, Lauren Weatherdon, Jan-Willem Bochove, Emma Sullivan, Simon Blyth, Christoph Zockler, Damon Stanwell-Smith, et al. 2017. “A Global Map of Saltmarshes.” Biodiversity Data Journal 5 (March): e11764. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e11764.

Messerli, Peter, Amaury Peeters, Oliver Schoenweger, Vong Nanhthavong, and Andreas Heinimann. 2015. “Marginal Lands or Marginal People? Analysing Key Processes Determining the Outcomes of Large-Scale Land Acquisitions in Lao PDR and Cambodia.” International Development Policy | Revue Internationale de Politique de Développement, no. 6 (October). https://doi.org/10.4000/poldev.2037.

Montgomery, David R. 2017. Growing a Revolution: Bringing Our Soil Back to Life. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United. 2011. The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture: Managing Systems at Risk. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203142837.

Olson, David M., Eric Dinerstein, Eric D. Wikramanayake, Neil D. Burgess, George V. N. Powell, Emma C. Underwood, Jennifer A. D’amico, et al. 2001. “Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth: A New Global Map of Terrestrial Ecoregions Provides an Innovative Tool for Conserving Biodiversity.” BioScience 51 (11): 933–38. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2.

Philpott, Tom. 2020. “Unless We Change Course, the US Agricultural System Could Collapse | Tom Philpott.” The Guardian, August 26, 2020, sec. Opinion. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/aug/26/us-farming-agriculture-food-supply-danger.

Rasmussen, Wayne D, Gary W Crawford, George Edwin Fussell, George Ordish, Alic William Gray, kusum Nair, and Kenneth Mellanby. 2020. “Origins of Agriculture.” In Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/agriculture.

Retallack, Gregory J., and Nora Noffke. 2019. “Are There Ancient Soils in the 3.7 Ga Isua Greenstone Belt, Greenland?” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 514 (January): 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.10.005.

Ricciardi, Vincent, Zia Mehrabi, Hannah Wittman, Dana James, and Navin Ramankutty. 2021. “Higher Yields and More Biodiversity on Smaller Farms.” Nature Sustainability 4 (7): 651–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00699-2.

Ritchie, Hannah, and Max Roser. 2019. “Land Use.” Our World in Data. September 2019. https://ourworldindata.org/land-use.

Robins, Colin R. 2016. “Soils, Science, Society, and the Environment.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. August 5, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.69.

Sanderman, Jonathan. 2019. “Global Mangrove Soil Carbon: Dataset and Spatial Maps.” Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/OCYUIT.

Sanderman, Jonathan, Tomislav Hengl, Greg Fiske, Kylen Solvik, Maria Fernanda Adame, Lisa Benson, Jacob J. Bukoski, et al. 2018. “A Global Map of Mangrove Forest Soil Carbon at 30m Spatial Resolution.” Environmental Research Letters 13 (5): 055002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabe1c.

Shepherd, Nan. 2011. The Living Mountain. Canongate Books.

Simard, M., T. Fatoyinbo, C. Smetanka, V. H. Rivera-Monroy, E. Castaneda, N. Thomas, and T. Van Der Stocken. 2019. “Global Mangrove Distribution, Aboveground Biomass, and Canopy Height.” ORNL DAAC, May. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1665.

Sousa, Luis M. de, Laura Poggio, Niels H. Batjes, Gerard B. M. Heuvelink, Bas Kempen, Eloi Riberio, and David Rossiter. 2020. “SoilGrids 2.0: Producing Quality-Assessed Soil Information for Theglobe.” Preprint. Soils and the natural environment. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2020-65.

Spawn, S. A., and H. K. Gibbs. 2020. “Global Aboveground and Belowground Biomass Carbon Density Maps for the Year 2010.” ORNL DAAC, March. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1763.

Stavi, Ilan, and Rattan Lal. 2015. “Achieving Zero Net Land Degradation: Challenges and Opportunities.” Special Issue on the Fourth Drylands Deserts and Desertification “DDD” Conference 112 (January): 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2014.01.016.

Telesca, Luca, Andrea Belluscio, Alessandro Criscoli, Giandomenico Ardizzone, Eugenia T. Apostolaki, Simonetta Fraschetti, Michele Gristina, et al. 2015. “Seagrass Meadows (Posidonia Oceanica) Distribution and Trajectories of Change.” Scientific Reports 5 (1): 12505. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12505.

Temple, James. 2020. “How Green Sand Could Capture Billions of Tons of Carbon Dioxide.” MIT Technology Review. June 22, 2020. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/22/1004218/how-green-sand-could-capture-billions-of-tons-of-carbon-dioxide/.

“The Terraton InitiativeTM: Supporting Calculations.” n.d. Indigo Ag. https://www.greenbiz.com/sites/default/files/terraton_1-pager_1.pdf.

Thomas, Nathan, Richard Lucas, Peter Bunting, Andrew Hardy, Ake Rosenqvist, and Marc Simard. 2017. “Distribution and Drivers of Global Mangrove Forest Change, 1996–2010.” Edited by Shijo Joseph. PLOS ONE 12 (6): e0179302. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179302.

Tree, Isabella, and Eric Schlosser. 2019. Wilding: Returning Nature to Our Farm. Illustrated edition. New York: New York Review Books.

UNEP-WCMC, and Frederick T. Short. 2005. “Global Distribution of Seagrasses.” WMS; KML (.kml); Vector (polygon); Vector (point). United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). https://doi.org/10.34892/X6R3-D211.

University of Royal Holloway London. 2010. “Oxygen Fuels the Fires of Time.” ScienceDaily. August 2, 2010. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100802091125.htm.

Xu, Jiren, Paul J. Morris, Junguo Liu, and Joseph Holden. 2017. “PEATMAP: Refining Estimates of Global Peatland Distribution Based on a Meta-Analysis.” University of Leeds. https://archive.researchdata.leeds.ac.uk/251/.

Zeder, Melinda A. 2011. “The Origins of Agriculture in the Near East.” Current Anthropology 52 (S4): S221–35. https://doi.org/10.1086/659307.

Regenerative Agriculture

Ackerman, Zoë. 2020. “Regenerative Organic Can Feed the World.” Field of the Future Blog (blog). August 10, 2020. https://medium.com/presencing-institute-blog/regenerative-organic-can-feed-the-world-1d7a410d0441.

Adey, Walter H., and Karen Loveland. 2007. “CHAPTER 6 - The Input of Organic Energy: Particulates and Feeding.” In Dynamic Aquaria (Third Edition), edited by Walter H. Adey and Karen Loveland, 93–100. London: Academic Press. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123706416500157.

Al-Kaisi, Mahdi, and David Kwaw-Mensah. 2016. Building Soil Health. Iowa State University Exetnsion and Outreach. https://store.extension.iastate.edu/product/Building-Soil-Health.

Almeida, Alexandre, Alex L. Mitchell, Miguel Boland, Samuel C. Forster, Gregory B. Gloor, Aleksandra Tarkowska, Trevor D. Lawley, and Robert D. Finn. 2019. “A New Genomic Blueprint of the Human Gut Microbiota.” Nature 568 (7753): 499–504. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-0965-1.

Álvarez, José Ramón Guzmán. 2016. “The Image of a Tamed Landscape: Dehesa through History in Spain.” Culture & History Digital Journal 5 (1): e003–e003. https://doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2016.003.

Amaral, Luiz. 2019. “The Data Revolution Hasn’t Yet Hit Agriculture,” March. https://www.wri.org/insights/data-revolution-hasnt-yet-hit-agriculture.

“Analysis | Houston Is Experiencing Its Third ‘500-Year’ Flood in 3 Years. How Is That Possible?” 2017. Climate Signals. August 29, 2017. https://www.climatesignals.org/headlines/analysis-houston-experiencing-its-third-500-year-flood-3-years-how-possible.

Ashoka. 2020. “We Can Partner With Nature To Feed Everybody.” Forbes. October 7, 2020. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ashoka/2020/10/07/we-can-partner-with-nature-to-feed-everybody/.

Asimov, Eric. 2019. “In Oregon Wine Country, One Farmer’s Battle to Save the Soil.” The New York Times, October 17, 2019, sec. Food. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/17/dining/drinks/climate-change-regenerative-agriculture-wine.html.

Baszile, Natalie. 2021. We Are Each Other’s Harvest: Celebrating African American Farmers, Land, and Legacy. Amistad.

Bates, Albert, and Kathleen Draper. 2018. Burn: Using Fire to Cool the Earth. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green.

Bee, Violet. 2019. “Reviving the American Chestnut.” Radical Hope (blog). November 7, 2019. https://medium.com/radical-hope/reviving-the-american-chestnut-db32809adb3b.

Benbi, Dinesh K., Kiranvir Brar, Amardeep S. Toor, and Shivani Sharma. 2015. “Sensitivity of Labile Soil Organic Carbon Pools to Long-Term Fertilizer, Straw and Manure Management in Rice-Wheat System.” Pedosphere 25 (4): 534–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(15)30034-5.

Berger, John J. 2019. “Can Soil Microbes Slow Climate Change?” Scientific American, March 26, 2019. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-soil-microbes-slow-climate-change/.

Biardeau, Léopald, Rebecca Crebbin-Coates, Ritt Keerati, Sara Litke, and Hortencia Rodríguez. 2016. “Soil Health and Carbon Sequestration in US Croplands: A Policy Analysis.” Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California Berkeley. https://food.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/GSPPCarbon_03052016_FINAL.pdf.

Bossio, D. A., S. C. Cook-Patton, P. W. Ellis, J. Fargione, J. Sanderman, P. Smith, S. Wood, et al. 2020. “The Role of Soil Carbon in Natural Climate Solutions.” Nature Sustainability 3 (5): 391–98. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0491-z.

Brown, Gabe. 2018. Dirt to Soil: One Family’s Journey into Regenerative Agricultur. Chelsea Green Publishing.

———. 2020. “Regenerative Agriculture – Letting Nature Work For You.” Presented at the Farming For The Future 2020, Lawrence, MI, March 14. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExXwGkJ1oGI.

Brown, Joel. 2020. “Going Vegan Will Not Save the Planet.” Age of Awareness (blog). January 17, 2020. https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/going-vegan-will-not-save-the-planet-831fb3e10e06.

Browne, Amy. 2019. “From the Ground Up – Regenerative Agriculture.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vQW8Tl_KLc.

Bunch, Roland. 2020. “Why Smallholder Farmers Are Key to Scaling Regenerative Agriculture: 10 Case Studies.” One Earth. November 7, 2020. https://www.oneearth.org/why-smallholder-farmers-are-key-to-scaling-regenerative-agriculture-10-case-studies/.

Byrd, Kristin B., Laurel Ballanti, Nathan Thomas, Dung Nguyen, James R. Holmquist, Marc Simard, and Lisamarie Windham-Myers. 2018. “A Remote Sensing-Based Model of Tidal Marsh Aboveground Carbon Stocks for the Conterminous United States.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 139 (May): 255–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.03.019.

Carvalho, Fernando P. 2020. “Glyphosate, the Herbicide That Become a Nightmare and the Precautionary Principle.” International Journal of Environmental Studies 77 (6): 1012–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2020.1773682.

Chadwick, Douglas H. n.d. “Mycorrhizal Fungi:The Amazing Underground Secret to a Better Garden.” Mother Earth News. Accessed September 6, 2021. https://www.motherearthnews.com/organic-gardening/gardening-techniques/mycorrhizal-fungi-zm0z14aszkin.

Chapman, Dave. 2021. “Nourishment,” 2021. https://mailchi.mp/realorganicproject/symposium-session-2-reminder-5117860?e=d44092478b.

Chapman, Glen. 2018. “Regenerative Techniques and Tools.” Southern Blue Regenerative (blog). August 21, 2018. https://www.southernblue.com.au/regenerative-techniques-and-tools/.

Chester, John. 2019. “Soil Is Everything: John & Molly Chester’s Biggest Little Farm.” Rich Roll (blog). November 25, 2019. https://www.richroll.com/podcast/biggest-little-farm-482/.

Clark, Moe. 2019. “Agriculture Is Part of the Climate Change Problem. Colorado Wants Farmers’ Soil to Be Part of the Solution.” The Colorado Sun. December 4, 2019. https://coloradosun.com/2019/12/04/agriculture-climate-change-compost-carbon-capture/.

“Cover Cropping.” n.d. Center for Regenerative Agriculture and Resilient Systems | California State University, Chico. Accessed October 13, 2021. https://www.csuchico.edu/regenerativeagriculture/ra101-section/cover-crop-biomass.shtml.

Crable, Ad. 2020. “Soil Health Practices Increasingly Helping Farmers Hit Pay Dirt.” Bay Journal. June 9, 2020. https://www.bayjournal.com/news/pollution/soil-health-practices-increasingly-helping-farmers-hit-pay-dirt/article_d350a37c-a98f-11ea-ab1f-b70614502d8b.html.

Crippa, M., E. Solazzo, D. Guizzardi, F. Monforti-Ferrario, F. N. Tubiello, and A. Leip. 2021. “Food Systems Are Responsible for a Third of Global Anthropogenic GHG Emissions.” Nature Food 2 (March): 198–209. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00225-9.

Curell, Christina. 2011. “Why Is Soil Water Holding Capacity Important?” MSU Extension. November 11, 2011. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/why_is_soil_water_holding_capacity_important.

Daan. 2019. “Why Ploughing Is Such A Bad Idea.” Medium. February 21, 2019. https://medium.datadriveninvestor.com/why-ploughing-is-such-a-bad-idea-62956c17967c.

De Stefano, Andrea, and Michael G. Jacobson. 2018. “Soil Carbon Sequestration in Agroforestry Systems: A Meta-Analysis.” Agroforestry Systems 92 (2): 285–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-017-0147-9.

Demczuk, Gabriella. 2021. “Planting Crops — and Carbon, Too.” Washington Post. January 22, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2021/climate-solutions/climate-regenerative-agriculture/.

Devdiscourse News Desk. 2020. “Greenpeace Launches $1bn Proposal Calling for Regenerative Agriculture | Business.” Devdiscourse. July 5, 2020. https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/business/1039793-greenpeace-launches-1bn-proposal-calling-for-regenerative-agriculture.

Donley, Nathan, and Tari Gunstone. 2021. “Pesticides Are Killing the Organisms That Keep Our Soils Healthy.” Scientific American. June 1, 2021. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/pesticides-are-killing-the-worlds-soils/.

“Doug Pow: Practical Regenerative Agriculture.” 2020. Future Directions International (blog). February 18, 2020. https://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/doug-pow-practical-regenerative-agriculture-biochar/.

EcoFarmVideo. 2018. David Johnson, 2018 EcoFarm Keynote. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmj611RfBgs.

Einhorn, Catrin. 2020. “Restoring Farmland Could Drastically Slow Extinctions, Fight Climate Change.” The New York Times, October 14, 2020, sec. Climate. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/14/climate/biodiversity-farmland-extinction.html.

Elliott, Scott. 2021. “Rediscovering Cover Crops and the Power of ‘Green Manure.’” USDA. July 29, 2021. https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2020/01/14/rediscovering-cover-crops-and-power-green-manure.

Evans, Kate. 2020. “Regeneration.” New Zealand Geographic (blog). August 2020. https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/regeneration/.

FAO, ed. 2018. Building Climate Resilience for Food Security and Nutrition. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2018. Rome: FAO.

Feldman, Jordana. 2020. “Want a More Sustainable Food System? Focus on Better Dirt.” The Globe and Mail, October 7, 2020. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/article-want-a-more-sustainable-food-system-focus-on-better-dirt/.

Feng, Wenting, Alain F. Plante, and Johan Six. 2011. “Improving Estimates of Maximal Organic Carbon Stabilization by Fine Soil Particles.” Biogeochemistry 112 (1): 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-011-9679-7.

“Fertilizer | FAOSTAT.” n.d. FAO. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RFN;

“Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. “Action Against Desertification: Desertification and Land Degradation.” 2020. FAO. 2020. http://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification/overview/desertification-and-land-degradation/en/.

Fountain, Henry. 2021. “A Different Kind of Land Management: Let the Cows Stomp.” The New York Times, February 17, 2021, sec. Climate. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/17/climate/regenerative-grazing-cattle-climate.html.

Gao, Yanzheng, Ziyan Zhou, Wanting Ling, Xiaojie Hu, and Shuang Chen. 2017. “Glomalin-Related Soil Protein Enhances the Availability of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry 107 (April): 129–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.01.002.

García-Ruiz, José M., Santiago Beguería, Estela Nadal-Romero, José C. González-Hidalgo, Noemí Lana-Renault, and Yasmina Sanjuán. 2015. “A Meta-Analysis of Soil Erosion Rates across the World.” Geomorphology 239 (June): 160–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.03.008.

“GBD Results Tool.” n.d. Global Health Data Exchange. Accessed September 15, 2021. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool.

“GeoFootprint - Accelerating Sustainable Agriculture.” n.d. GeoFootprint. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://geofootprint.com/.

Gerke, Jörg. 2018. “Concepts and Misconceptions of Humic Substances as the Stable Part of Soil Organic Matter: A Review.” Agronomy 8 (5): 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8050076.

Germanos, Andrea. 2020. “‘Regenerative Agriculture and the Soil Carbon Solution’: New Paper Outlines Vision for Climate Action.” Common Dreams. September 26, 2020. https://www.commondreams.org/news/2020/09/26/regenerative-agriculture-and-soil-carbon-solution-new-paper-outlines-vision-climate.

Giles, Jim. n.d. “Can Regenerative Agriculture Deliver on Its Promise?” Greenbiz. Accessed September 3, 2021. https://www.greenbiz.com/article/can-regenerative-agriculture-deliver-its-promise.

Goldberg, Max. 2020. “Regenerative Organic Certification -- Why You Need to Know About It.” Livingmaxwell: A Guide to Organic Food & Drink (blog). February 24, 2020. https://livingmaxwell.com/regenerative-organic-certification-add-on-label-what-is-roc-organic-seal.

Gosnell, Hannah, Nicholas Gill, and Michelle Voyer. 2019. “Transformational Adaptation on the Farm: Processes of Change and Persistence in Transitions to ‘Climate-Smart’ Regenerative Agriculture.” Global Environmental Change 59 (November): 101965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101965.

“Grazing Ecology and Forest History.” n.d. CABI.Org (blog). Accessed September 21, 2021. https://development.cabi.org/bookshop/book/9780851994420/.

Grillo, Christine. 2019. “Q&A with Regi Haslett-Marroquin on The True Cost of Food: The Bill Is Already in the Mail.” John Hopkins Center for a Livable Future. May 15, 2019. https://clf.jhsph.edu/viewpoints/qa-regi-haslett-marroquin-true-cost-food-bill-already-mail.

Griscom, Bronson W., Justin Adams, Peter W. Ellis, Richard A. Houghton, Guy Lomax, Daniela A. Miteva, William H. Schlesinger, et al. 2017. “Natural Climate Solutions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (44): 11645–50. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114.

Gunther, Andrew. 2021. “‘Regenerative Farming’: The next Big Con?” Medium (blog). July 21, 2021. https://agwalerts.medium.com/regenerative-farming-the-next-big-con-a08b5eec7238.

Hamilton, E. William, Douglas A. Frank, Paul M. Hinchey, and Tanya R. Murray. 2008. “Defoliation Induces Root Exudation and Triggers Positive Rhizospheric Feedbacks in a Temperate Grassland.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40 (11): 2865–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.08.007.

“Healthy Soils for Healthy Plants for Healthy Humans.” 2020. EMBO Reports 21 (8): e51069. https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.202051069.

“How Earthworms Can Help Your Soil.” 2021. 2021. https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/soils/guides/soil-biology/earthworms.

Howitz, Konrad T., and David A. Sinclair. 2008. “Xenohormesis: Sensing the Chemical Cues of Other Species.” Cell 133 (3): 387–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.04.019.

Howlett, David Scott, Gerardo Moreno, Maria Rosa Mosquera Losada, P. K. Ramachandran Nair, and Vimala D. Nair. 2011. “Soil Carbon Storage as Influenced by Tree Cover in the Dehesa Cork Oak Silvopasture of Central-Western Spain.” Journal of Environmental Monitoring 13 (7): 1897–1904. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1EM10059A.

Hussain, Sarfraz, Tariq Siddique, Muhammad Saleem, Muhammad Arshad, and Azeem Khalid. 2009. “Chapter 5 Impact of Pesticides on Soil Microbial Diversity, Enzymes, and Biochemical Reactions.” In Advances in Agronomy, 102:159–200. Academic Press. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065211309010050.

Ingham, Elaine R. n.d. “Soil Fungi.” Natural Resources Conservation Service. Accessed September 6, 2021. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053864.

Ioannou, Lori. 2019. “This Is a $15 Trillion Opportunity for Farmers to Fight Climate Change.” CNBC. June 12, 2019. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/11/this-is-a-15-trillion-opportunity-for-farmers-to-fight-climate-change.html.

Islam, R., and R. Reeder. 2014. “No-till and Conservation Agriculture in the United States: An Example from the David Brandt Farm, Carroll, Ohio.” International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2 (1): 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-6339(15)30017-4.

Itzkan, Seth J. 2020. “Opinion: Software to Swallow — Impossible Foods Should Be Called Impossible Patents.” Medium (blog). May 27, 2020. https://sethitzkan.medium.com/opinion-software-to-swallow-impossible-foods-should-be-called-impossible-patents-71805ecec9de.

Jacoby, Richard, Manuela Peukert, Antonella Succurro, Anna Koprivova, and Stanislav Kopriva. 2017. “The Role of Soil Microorganisms in Plant Mineral Nutrition—Current Knowledge and Future Directions.” Frontiers in Plant Science 8: 1617. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01617.

James, Anthony. n.d. “‎32 Extract. Land, Mind & Regeneration, with Charles Massy on Apple Podcasts.” The RegenNarration Podcast. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/32-extract-land-mind-regeneration-with-charles-massy/id1236423380?i=1000492581735.

Janzen, Henry. 2019. “The Future of Humic Substances Research: Preface to a Debate.” Journal of Environmental Quality 48 (2): 205–6. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2019.01.0001c.

Jaqua, Maggie. 2019. “Regenerative Agriculture: 25 Things to Know Now.” WholeFoods Magazine (blog). August 22, 2019. https://wholefoodsmagazine.com/grocery/features-grocery/regenerative-agriculture-25-things-to-know-now/.

Johnson, Ayana Elizabeth, and Louise Elizabeth Maher-Johnson. 2018. “Soil and Seaweed: Farming Our Way to a Climate Solution.” Scientific American Blog Network. November 2, 2018. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/soil-and-seaweed-farming-our-way-to-a-climate-solution/.

“Johnson-Su BEAM Research & Bioreactor Registry – Center for Regenerative Agriculture and Resilient Systems.” n.d. Accessed August 22, 2021. https://www.csuchico.edu/regenerativeagriculture/bioreactor/index.shtml.

Kandel, S. L., N. Herschberger, S.h. Kim, and S. L. Doty. 2015. “Diazotrophic Endophytes of Poplar and Willow for Growth Promotion of Rice Plants in Nitrogen-Limited Conditions.” Crop Science 55 (4): 1765–72. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2014.08.0570.

Katayama, Naomi, Masamichi Yamashita, Yoshiro Kishida, Chung-Chu Liu, Iwao Watanabe, and Hidenori Wada. 2008. “Azolla as a Component of the Space Diet during Habitation on Mars.” Acta Astronautica, From Dream to Reality: Living, Working and Creating for Humans in Space - A selection of papers presented at the 16th IAA Humans in Space Symposium, Beijing, China, 2007, 63 (7): 1093–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.01.023.

Kell, Douglas B. 2011. “Breeding Crop Plants with Deep Roots: Their Role in Sustainable Carbon, Nutrient and Water Sequestration.” Annals of Botany 108 (3): 407–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr175.

Kempf, John. 2020. Quality Agriculture: Conversations about Regenerative Agronomy with Innovative Scientists and Growers. Regenerative Agriculture Publishing.

Lal, R., D. C. Reicosky, and J. D. Hanson. 2007. “Evolution of the Plow over 10,000 Years and the Rationale for No-till Farming.” Soil and Tillage Research 93 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.11.004.

Lal, Rattan. 2020. “Regenerative Agriculture for Food and Climate.” Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, August. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2020.0620A.

Lal, Rattan, Pete Smith, Hermann F. Jungkunst, William J. Mitsch, Johannes Lehmann, P. K. Ramachandran Nair, Alex B. McBratney, et al. 2018. “The Carbon Sequestration Potential of Terrestrial Ecosystems.” Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 73 (6): 145A-152A. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.73.6.145A.

“Land Cover | FAOSTAT.” n.d. FAO. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/LC.

“Land Use | FAOSTAT.” n.d. FAO. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RL.

Lenton, Timothy M., Michael Crouch, Martin Johnson, Nuno Pires, and Liam Dolan. 2012. “First Plants Cooled the Ordovician.” Nature Geoscience 5 (2): 86–89. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1390.

Leonard, Robert, and Matt Russell. 2019. “Small Farms in the Midwest Can Heal the Environment and Prosper with ‘Green New Deal.’” Kansas City Star, February 1, 2019. https://www.kansascity.com/opinion/readers-opinion/guest-commentary/article225404310.html.

Leopold, Aldo. 1949. A Sand County Almanac.

Leskiw, Tom. 2002. “Restoration of Riparian Areas within the Megram Fire.” In: Dumroese, R. K.; Riley, L. E.; Landis, T. D., Technical Coordinators. National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations-1999, 2000, and 2001. Proceedings RMRS-P-24. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. p. 277-280. Vol. 024. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/31407.

Lin, Weiwei, Manhong Lin, Hongyan Zhou, Hongmiao Wu, Zhaowei Li, and Wenxiong Lin. 2019. “The Effects of Chemical and Organic Fertilizer Usage on Rhizosphere Soil in Tea Orchards.” PLOS ONE 14 (5): e0217018. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217018.

Lopez-Bote, C. J. 1998. “Sustained Utilization of the Iberian Pig Breed.” Meat Science, Meat Consumption and Culture 44th International Congress of Meat Science and Technology, 49 (January): S17–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1740(98)90036-5.

Ma, Michelle, John Freeman, and Ahsan Alli. n.d. “Endophytes in Space: How Microbial Plant Probiotics Could Help Grow Food Crops in Microgravity and on Other Worlds.” Intrinsyx Bio (blog). Accessed October 1, 2021. https://intrinsyxbio.com/endophytes-in-space/.

Ma, Michellle. 2020. “Microbes Help Unlock Phosphorus for Plant Growth.” UW News. November 24, 2020. https://www.washington.edu/news/2020/11/24/microbes-help-unlock-phosphorus-for-plant-growth/.

Mann, Charles C. 2004. “Diversity on the Farm.” Ford Foundation, Political Economy Research Institute - University Of Massachusetts. https://peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/Mann.pdf.

Marles, Robin J. 2017. “Mineral Nutrient Composition of Vegetables, Fruits and Grains: The Context of Reports of Apparent Historical Declines.” Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 56 (March): 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2016.11.012.

Massy, Charles. 2018. Call of the Reed Warbler: A New Agriculture, A New Earth. Chelsea Green Publishing.

———. 2020. Top three rules for Regenerative AG Interview by Allen Williams. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OC7fTEwNkPc.

Masters, Nicole. 2019. For the Love of Soil: Strategies to Regenerate Our Food Production Systems. Printable Reality.

“Masters of Regeneration Radio | Podcast in Eng & Spa.” n.d. Tomasrayes. Accessed August 30, 2021. https://www.tomasrayes.com/mastersofregenerationradio.

Maywa, Montenegro, Annie Shattuck, and Joshua Sbicca. 2019. “A Modernized New Deal Could Revive the American Agriculture Industry.” Pacific Standard. July 5, 2019. https://psmag.com/environment/deal-or-new-deal-for-us-farmers.

Mbuthia, Lilian Wanjiru, Veronica Acosta-Martínez, Jennifer DeBruyn, Sean Schaeffer, Donald Tyler, Evah Odoi, Molefi Mpheshea, Forbes Walker, and Neal Eash. 2015. “Long Term Tillage, Cover Crop, and Fertilization Effects on Microbial Community Structure, Activity: Implications for Soil Quality.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry 89 (October): 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.06.016.

McMahon, Jeff. n.d. “Why Agriculture’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Are Almost Always Underestimated.” Forbes. Accessed August 24, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2019/12/02/5-reasons-agricultures-greenhouse-gas-emissions-are-usually-underestimated/.

McSweeney, Robert. 2019. “Explainer: Desertification and the Role of Climate Change.” Carbon Brief. August 6, 2019. https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change.

Meena, Ram, Sandeep Kumar, Rahul Datta, Rattan Lal, Vinod Vijayakumar, Martin Brtnicky, Mahaveer Sharma, et al. 2020. “Impact of Agrochemicals on Soil Microbiota and Management: A Review.” Land 9 (2). https://doi.org/10.3390/land9020034.

Milinchuk, Artem. 2020. “Council Post: Is Regenerative Agriculture Profitable?” Forbes. January 30, 2020. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesfinancecouncil/2020/01/30/is-regenerative-agriculture-profitable/.

Miller, Joshua, Katja Koehler-Cole, Rodrigo Werle, and Daren D Redfearn. 2017. “Cover Crops: A Primer.” University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension. June 2017. https://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/html/g2284/build/g2284.htm.

“Minerals: Their Functions and Sources.” 2020. University of Michigan Health | Michigan Medicine. December 17, 2020. https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/ta3912.

Montgomery, David R. 2007a. Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations. 1st edition. Berkeley: University of California Press.

———. 2007b. “Soil Erosion and Agricultural Sustainability.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (33): 13268–72. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611508104.

———. 2017. Growing a Revolution: Bringing Our Soil Back to Life. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

Mutch, Dale R, and Todd E Martin. n.d. “Cover Crops.” https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/234/78911/covercrop.pdf.

Najibi, Nasser, and Naresh Devineni. 2018. “Recent Trends in the Frequency and Duration of Global Floods.” Earth System Dynamics 9 (2): 757–83. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-757-2018.

“New Book on Using True Cost Accounting for Food.” 2021. Food Tank (blog). June 23, 2021. https://foodtank.com/news/2021/06/new-book-addresses-hidden-costs-of-food/.

“NextGen|ReGen Campaign Seeks to Grow Next Generation of Regenerative Farmers.” 2020. March 6, 2020. https://www.no-tillfarmer.com/articles/9531-nextgenregen-campaign-seeks-to-grow-next-generation-of-regenerative-farmers.

Niaz, Kamal, Muhammad Ajmal Shah, Fazlullah Khan, Uzma Saleem, Celia Vargas, and Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant. 2020. “Chapter Five - Bioavailability and Safety of Phytonutrients.” In Phytonutrients in Food, edited by Seyed Mohammad Nabavi, Ipek Suntar, Davide Barreca, and Haroon Khan, 117–36. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. Woodhead Publishing. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128153543000034.

Nichols, Kris. n.d. “Does Glomalin Hold Your Farm Together?” https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1144429.pdf.

Nigh, Ronald, and Stewart AW Diemont. 2013. “The Maya Milpa: Fire and the Legacy of Living Soil.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 11 (s1): e45–54. https://doi.org/10.1890/120344.

Niiler, Eric. 2020. “‘Carbon Farming’ Could Make US Agriculture Truly Green.” Wired, August 24, 2020. https://www.wired.com/story/carbon-farming-could-make-us-agriculture-truly-green/.

Ohlson, Kristin. 2014. ‎The Soil Will Save Us. Harmony/Rodale. https://books.apple.com/us/book/the-soil-will-save-us/id1378863493.

Ontl, Todd A, and Lisa A Schulte. 2012. “Soil Carbon Storage.” Nature Education Knowledge 3 (10): 35.

Orozco-Mosqueda, Ma del Carmen, Ma del Carmen Rocha-Granados, Bernard R. Glick, and Gustavo Santoyo. 2018. “Microbiome Engineering to Improve Biocontrol and Plant Growth-Promoting Mechanisms.” Microbiological Research 208 (March): 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2018.01.005.

Paustian, Keith, Calire Chenu, Rich Conant, Francesca Cotrufo, Rattan Lal, Pete Smith, and Jean-Francois Soussana. 2020. “Climate Mitigation Potential of Regenerative Agriculture Is Significant!” Tropicall Agricullture Association. https://taa.org.uk/climate-mitigation-potential-of-regenerative-agriculture-is-significant/.

“Pesticides Use | FAOSTAT.” n.d. FAO. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RP.

Peters, Adele, Adele Peters, and Adele Peters. 2019. “This 22-Part Plan Is How We Can Feed the World by 2050.” Fast Company. July 17, 2019. https://www.fastcompany.com/90377232/this-22-part-plan-is-how-can-we-feed-the-world-by-2050.

“Plants at the Preserve - Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve.” n.d. US National Park Service. Accessed September 15, 2021. https://www.nps.gov/tapr/learn/nature/plants-at-the-preserve.htm.

Plume, Karl. 2020. “Bayer Launches Carbon Capture Program for Farmers in U.S. and Brazil.” Reuters, July 21, 2020, sec. Chemicals - Agricultural. https://www.reuters.com/article/bayer-farming-climate-change-idUSL2N2ES00S.

Pope, Clay. 2021. “Regen Farming Tools Go Beyond Just Keeping Carbon.” February 10, 2021. https://www.no-tillfarmer.com/blogs/1-covering-no-till/post/10384-regen-farming-tools-go-beyond-just-keeping-carbon.

Popkin, Gabriel. 2020. “Can ‘Carbon Smart’ Farming Play a Key Role in the Climate Fight?” Yale E360, March 31, 2020. https://e360.yale.edu/features/can-carbon-smart-farming-play-a-key-role-in-the-climate-fight.

Prengaman, Kate. 2020. “Microbiome Boost.” Good Fruit Grower. April 2, 2020. https://www.goodfruit.com/microbiome-boost/.

“Projects.” n.d. One Earth. Accessed August 26, 2021. https://www.oneearth.org/projects/.

“Quercus Ilex.” n.d. Royal Horticultural Society. Accessed October 13, 2021. http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/14264/quercus-ilex/details.

Ranganathan, Janet, Richard Waite, Tim Searchinger, and Jessica Zionts. 2020. “Regenerative Agriculture: Good for Soil Health, but Limited Potential to Mitigate Climate Change.” WRI. May 12, 2020. https://www.wri.org/insights/regenerative-agriculture-good-soil-health-limited-potential-mitigate-climate-change.

Raynaud, Xavier, and Naoise Nunan. 2014. “Spatial Ecology of Bacteria at the Microscale in Soil.” PLOS ONE 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087217.

Real Organic Project. n.d. “Who Owns Organic?” Accessed October 1, 2021. https://mailchi.mp/realorganicproject/symposium-session-2-reminder-5215172?e=d44092478b.

“Regen.Earth.” n.d. Spherical. Accessed October 13, 2021. https://regen.earth.

“Regenerative Ag- Clearing up Some Misconceptions.” 2020. Regenetarianism (Formerly L.A. Chefs Column) (blog). December 4, 2020. https://lachefnet.wordpress.com/2020/12/03/regenerative-ag-clearing-up-some-misconceptions/.

“REVITALIZATION: The Journal of Economic & Environmental Resilience.” n.d. REVITALIZATION. Accessed August 26, 2021. https://revitalization.org/.

Rhodes, Christopher J. 2017. “The Imperative for Regenerative Agriculture.” Science Progress 100 (1): 80–129. https://doi.org/10.3184/003685017X14876775256165.

Ricciardi, Vincent, Zia Mehrabi, Hannah Wittman, Dana James, and Navin Ramankutty. 2021. “Higher Yields and More Biodiversity on Smaller Farms.” Nature Sustainability 4 (7): 651–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00699-2.

Riley, Sharon J. 2020. “Meet the Canadian Farmers Fighting Climate Change.” The Narwhal (blog). September 5, 2020. https://thenarwhal.ca/canadian-farmers-climate-change/.

Sanderman, Jonathan, Tomislav Hengl, and Gregory J. Fiske. 2017. “Soil Carbon Debt of 12,000 Years of Human Land Use.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (36): 9575–80. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706103114.

Schindler, Walter. 2021. “Decreasing Your Carbon Footprint Through Abandoned Farmland Restoration.” Forbes. April 5, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2021/04/05/decreasing-your-carbon-footprint-through-abandoned-farmland-restoration/.

Schlesinger, William H., and Ronald Amundson. 2019. “Managing for Soil Carbon Sequestration: Let’s Get Realistic.” Global Change Biology 25 (2): 386–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14478.

Schwartz, Judith D. 2014. “Soil as Carbon Storehouse: New Weapon in Climate Fight?” Yale E360, March 4, 2014. https://e360.yale.edu/features/soil_as_carbon_storehouse_new_weapon_in_climate_fight.

Seijen, Koenvan. 2018. “Peter Donovan – The Wonders of Soil and Asking Better Questions When Investing in It.” Investing in Regenerative Agriculture and Food (blog). May 21, 2018. https://investinginregenerativeagriculture.com/2018/05/21/peter-donovan/.

Shen, Xing, Fan Yang, Chunwang Xiao, and Yong Zhou. 2020. “Increased Contribution of Root Exudates to Soil Carbon Input during Grassland Degradation.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry 146 (July): 107817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107817.

Siegfried, Alina. 2019. “Working with the Soil Mafia.” Medium. April 26, 2019. https://stories.ehf.org/working-with-the-soil-mafia-5dbe0d9a74d1.

Sledge, Farmer. 2020. “A Devastating Omission (A Grazier’s Manifesto).” Age of Awareness (blog). July 14, 2020. https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/a-devastating-omission-a-graziers-manifesto-df306c7aa7d4.

Smith, Pete. 2016. “Soil Carbon Sequestration And Biochar As Negative Emission Technologies".” Global Change Biology 22 (3): 1315–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13178.

“Soil Compaction.” 2018. University of Minnesota Extension. 2018. https://extension.umn.edu/soil-management-and-health/soil-compaction.

“Soil Health Updates.” n.d. Soil Health Academy. Accessed September 3, 2021. https://soilhealthacademy.org/blog/.

“Soil Organic Carbon App.” 2016. Water, Land and Ecosystems. June 1, 2016. https://wle.cgiar.org/solutions/soil-organic-carbon-app.

“Soil Organic Matter in Cropping Systems.” 2019. University of Minnesota Extension. 2019. https://extension.umn.edu/soil-management-and-health/soil-organic-matter-cropping-systems.

“Soil Restoration Forms Crucial Component of Australia’s Green Energy Strategy.” 2020. The Cattle Site. September 26, 2020. https://t