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Wetland area of Scots pine in the Abernethy Forest, Cairngorms National Park, Scotland.

Wetland area of Scots pine in the Abernethy Forest, Cairngorms National Park, Scotland.

Credit: Mark Hamblin / Nature Picture Library

Wetlands

Call to action:

Protect and restore wetlands, one of the most important, threatened, and under-appreciated ecosystems on earth.

Wetlands are the unsung heroes of the natural world. They provide food, fresh water, and livelihoods for 3 billion people and habitat for 40 percent of all wildlife species. They are found on every continent except Antarctica. They can be freshwater or saline, seasonal or permanent, inland or coastal. Wetlands filter pollution, buffer droughts, and protect against floods. They are highly efficient at storing carbon in soils, particularly coastal wetlands, which can sequester ten times more carbon than tropical forests. Wetlands are disappearing faster than any other type of ecosystem. Sixty percent have been lost worldwide, and the remainder are being impacted by rising temperatures, bigger storms, and prolonged drought amplified by climate change. Wetlands are well-studied. We know how to restore and protect them and must do so with urgency.

Nexus Rating SystemBeta

Solutions to the climate emergency have unique social and environmental effects, positive and negative. To develop a broader understanding of the solutions in Nexus, we rate each solution on five criteria.

Sources for each Nexus are graded numerically (-3 through 10), and the average is displayed as a letter grade. You can explore each source in depth by clicking “view sources” below. For more information, see our Nexus Ratings page.

Wetlands
7.73
8.18
7.60
8.67
6.67

Culture
Women
Biodiversity
Carbon
Reference Social Justice Culture Women Biodiversity Carbon
Restoring Wetlands Through an Indigenous Lens: Mexico City and Hawai_i 9.0 9.0
Coastal wetlands reduce property damage during tropical cyclones
Wetland spirits and indigenous knowledge: Implications for the conservation of wetlands in the Peruvian Amazon 8.0 9.0 8.0
The relationship of indigenous peoples and local communities with wetlands 7.0 9.0 8.0 9.0
Learning from Experience: How indigenous peoples and local communities contribute to wetland conservation in Asia and Oceania 9.0
Arctic Wetlands and Biodiversity Management: The Fundamental Role Indigenous Peoples Play 9.0 6.0 9.0
Wetland mapping to support Indigenous-led conservation in northern B.C. 8.0 9.0
Understanding Wetlands From an Indigenous Perspective 8.0 9.0 8.0
The importance of playa wetlands to biodiversity of the Southern High Plains 9.0
Wetlands and biodiversity 10.0
The relationship between biodiversity and wetland cover varies across regions of the conterminous United States 8.0
Wetlands are Biodiversity Support Systems 8.0
Guidance on Mainstreaming Gender Under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands 9.0
Social networks as conservation practice: Targeting wetland conservation for women landowners 7.0
The Rising Role of Rural Women in Wetland Conservation 7.0 6.0
Womens Roles in Managing Wetlands 7.0 7.0 7.0
Women and wetlands: the hidden side of conservation solutions 7.0 8.0 8.0
Indigenous women in Colombia protect rich Amazonian wetland from overfishing 9.0 9.0 9.0
Assessment of the role of women in wetland conservation 7.0 7.0 7.0
Gender Roles in Wetlands Conservation and Restoration in Muranga County Kenya 7.0 7.0
Womens empowerment through wetland management in Uganda 8.0
Coastal Wetland Protection - Project Drawdown 6.0
Coastal ‘Blue Carbon’: An Important Tool for Combating Climate Change 7.0
Greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration potential in restored wetlands of the Canadian prairie pothole region 7.0
7.7 8.2 7.6 8.7 6.7

Action Items

Individuals

Learn what wetlands are, where they are located, and why they are needed. Far from the insect-infested swamps of popular imagination, wetlands exist in a wide variety of types, shapes, and sizes. Any area of land that is saturated with water for a period of time could be a wetland. Divided between inland and coastal types, wetlands include fens, bogs, moors, marshes, muskegs, quagmires, mudflats, potholes, vernal pools, Cienegas, playas, sloughs, bayous, peatlands, deltas, and mangrove forests. Wetlands can be found above the Arctic Circle, deep in the tropics, high in the mountains, along coasts, in arid lands, and in the heart of cities. They can be as small as an acre or as big as the 70,000 square-mile Pantanal in South America. Here are ten important wetlands. Here are the ten largest in the world. The essential ecosystem services they provide include:

Learn why wetlands are threatened. Many types of human activities imperil wetlands. Major threats include:

Take action to protect wetlands. A wetland may exist downstream from where you live, in your neighborhood or community, on public lands nearby, or in another place known to you. Here are some things that you can do:

  • Use nontoxic products. Household cleaning, lawn, garden, and medicinal products need to be free of chemicals that harm wetlands and aquatic life. Dispose responsibly. Do not pour any down a drain unless the product is known to be safe. Use nonnitrogen lawn supplements.
  • Reduce, reuse, and recycle your trash. Landfills can be a source of contaminants that end up in wetlands. Avoid using bleached paper, which contains toxic chemicals that can contaminate water.
  • Conserve water. Many wetlands, especially seasonal ones, depend on a limited supply of fresh water. There are many ways to conserve water at home. Use only as much as you need. Check your pipes and fittings regularly for any leakages. During the summer months, water your plants early in the morning. Install rain barrels.
  • Clean up. Keep sidewalks, lawns, and driveways clear of pet waste, trash, toxic chemicals, fertilizers, and motor oil—all of which can wash into storm drains and end up in wetlands.
  • Plant trees, shrubs, and flowers that are native to where you live. If you’re planning to install a garden or landscaping, do research to see which plants are native to your area and can support wetland health by reducing the threat of invasive species (see Plant Diversity Nexus).
  • Flag illegal clearing or dumping activity. In many parts of the world, wetlands are protected areas, which means it is a violation to dump waste, excavate soil, unload dirt, or otherwise harm them. Talk to the person committing the violation, if possible. Report the damage to the appropriate local or state authorities. Here is information from the EPA on reporting.
  • Attend local planning meetings that involve wetlands. In many places, proposed impacts to a wetland must go through a permitting process. Most of these decisions are discussed in public meetings. Let officials know that you don’t support building on wetlands.
  • Purchase federal duck stamps (U.S.). Duck stamps are required for hunting but can be purchased for conservation. The money raised benefits wildfowl habitat, including the acquisition and protection of wetlands.
  • Participate in World Wetlands Day (February 2). This is an annual event sponsored by the United Nations to call for awareness of wetlands. In 2022, there were over 1,400 events, including lectures, meetings, tours, bird walks, restoration work, and student activities.
  • Visit a wetland. Many outdoor public spaces, parks, and nature reserves have wetlands. Be respectful.

Join or volunteer with a local wetland protection organization or project. If you live near a wetland, consider supporting nonprofit organizations devoted to protecting the area.

  • Get involved in a wetland cleanup in your community. Find an organization in your area and contact them about joining their team as a volunteer or intern. Here is an example from Virginia, and another in Spain.
  • A new initiative in India enlists volunteers to protect local wetlands through cleanup work and the reporting of dumping and other illegal activities.
  • The EPA provides a detailed list of activities that volunteers can undertake to protect wetlands, including joining peer-to-peer networks, monitoring restoration progress, applying for a grant, and conducting outreach.
  • Ducks Unlimited works to conserve and restore wildfowl habitat in North America and has a wide range of opportunities for volunteers, mostly in local chapters. A critical area of work are prairie potholes in the Midwest.
  • There are many opportunities for wetland conservation associated with restoring beavers to their former habitat (see Beavers Nexus).
  • In many nations, wetlands conservation is part of a larger effort to restore degraded land in a variety of ecosystems. An example is wetland restoration along the Havel River region in northeast Germany, which suffered degradation due to streamside development.

Join a campaign and/or make a donation to organizations that protect and restore wetlands. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) play a critical role in the defense of wetlands around the world. Supporting these organizations with a donation or membership is vital to their success (see Key Players).

Get trained and/or earn an education certificate in wetlands restoration. Programs include:

Speak up. Write an op-ed to a newspaper or social media site advocating for the protection and restoration of wetlands, particularly as a climate change solution. Consider writing longer pieces for online sites such as Medium, like this one about ecological restoration.

Groups

Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Landowners

Understand the regulations and laws regarding wetlands where you live. In the U.S., 75 percent of all wetlands are privately owned. For some, the regulation of wetlands by government agencies has been a source of dispute and legal conflict, but for many others, it is a matter of understanding the process.

Protect and restore wetlands. If you have wetlands on your property, including coastal wetlands, view their protection and restoration as an opportunity to help a critical ecosystem that benefits us all.

  • In the U.S., if you suspect you might have wetlands on your property and intend to impact it, you must get a professional wetland delineation survey done first. This formal assessment establishes the location and size of a wetland for purposes of complying with the Clean Water Act and other federal, state, and local regulations.
  • If you have a wetland, maintain a buffer strip of native plants along the streambanks and wetland edges. A buffer will stabilize the streambank, prevent erosion, and improve the health of the land in general.
  • Do not use pesticides, herbicides, and synthetic fertilizers in agricultural practices since they are likely to accumulate in the wetland.
  • Avoid and/or replace non-native and invasive species of plants, as they are likely to adversely impact native wetland species.
  • Do not dump trash or chemical waste in areas where they might eventually migrate into wetlands.
  • Keep stormwater runoff as clean as possible by removing any substance that might pollute a wetland as a result of a flood or storm event.
  • If necessary, consider mitigating the loss of your wetland by restoring a degraded wetland somewhere else or by creating a bank of new wetlands. Mitigation banks can be on your land or someone else’s. In the U.S., a regulating authority, such as the USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service, must give its approval prior to any mitigation activity.
  • Rewilding private wetlands could be an investment opportunity.
  • Implement creek and riparian area restoration on your property. Let the Water Do the Work by riparian specialist Bill Zeedyk is a manual on how to harness the regenerative power of moving water to reshape stream banks, rebuild floodplains, and restore wetlands. A multiyear wet-meadow restoration project in the Gunnison Valley of western Colorado featuring Zeedyk’s work has successfully “rewetted” many acres of wildlife habitat. Here is an online guide to riparian restoration planning.

Join a collaborative restoration effort or a watershed group. There are regional, multistakeholder groups in the U.S. that include or feature agricultural producers in restoration activities. Some examples include:

City and County/State/Federal Land Managers

Stop the loss of wetland habitat in cities and on county, state, and federal land, and restore as many wetlands as possible. Although jurisdiction for wetland protection mainly falls to the federal government in many nations, local governments have an important role to play in protecting wetlands.

  • The improper construction and maintenance of public roads and bridges can interfere with natural water patterns, damaging or destroying wetlands.
  • Beavers often create wetlands with their dams and ponds. Their presence can complicate things for land managers, including road and bridge repair and maintenance, as well as flood management. There are many options for coexistence with beavers (see Beavers Nexus).
  • If the destruction of a wetland is necessary for a larger community benefit, scientifically constructed wetlands can be used to balance or offset the loss. These are ecologically engineered projects involving soils, plants, and water retention structures that mimic the function of natural wetlands. Constructed wetlands are also useful for wastewater treatment and often need state or municipal funding to implement. Here is information from the EPA on constructed wetlands.

Governance

Governments must implement policies that are wetland-friendly. In recent years, the continued loss of wetlands has prompted many governments around the world to implement incentives to encourage wetlands protection and restoration to augment regulations.

Learn

Watch

Incredible Wetlands - IMPA Award Winner by Water Rocks! (24 mins.)

Wetlands: The Drain Game by Prairie Public (26 mins.)

Bohemia: A Year in the Wetlands by Go Wild (50 mins.)

Partners in Wetlands Restoration by LakesCountryTV (10 mins.)

An Everglades Documentary: Follow the Water by The Everglades Foundation (10 mins.)

Saving One of the Most Pristine Wetlands on Earth by National Geographic (6 mins.)

Pantanal Wetlands by WWF-Brasil (8 mins.)

Constructed Wetlands Presentation by Tyler Sinnott (10 mins.)

Read

Wetlands (5th ed.) by William Mitsch and James Gosselink / ResearchGate

About Habitats: Wetlands by Cathryn and John Sill / Peachtree

Water Lands: A Vision for the World’s Wetlands and Their People by Fred Pearce and Jane Madgwick / HarperCollins Publishers

Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd ed.) by Paul Keddy / Cambridge University Press

Wetland Carbon and Environmental Management edited by Ken W. Krauss, Zhiliang Zu, and Camille L. Stagg / Wiley

Let the Water Do the Work: Induced Meandering, an Evolving Method for Restoring Incised Channels (2nd ed.) by Bill Zeedyk and Van Clothier / Chelsea Green Publishing

The Beaver: Natural History of a Wetlands Engineer by Dietland Muller-Schwarze / Comstock Publishing Associates

Swampwalker’s Journal: A Wetlands Year by David Carroll / Mariner Books

Who Needs a Swamp? A Wetland Ecosystem by Karen Patkau / Tundra Books;

Florida's Wetlands (Florida's Natural Ecosystems and Native Species) by Ellie Whitney, Bruce Means, and Anne Rudloe / Pineapple Press

Salt Marshes: A Natural and Unnatural History by Judith Weis and Carol Butler / Rutgers University Press

Ramsar Wetlands: Values, Assessment, Management edited by Peter Gell, Nick Davidson, and Max Finlayson/ Elsevier

Marshes and Swamps! With 25 Science Projects for Kids by J. K. O’Sullivan and Tom Casteel / Nomad Press

Fun in the Mud: A Wetlands Tale by Sally Bolger and Regina Shklovsky / Roundtree Books

Meadowlands: A Wetlands Survival Story by Thomas Yezerski / Farrar, Straus and Giroux

Pantanal: Understand and Preserving the World’s Largest Wetland (2nd ed.) by Frederick Swarts / Paragon House

Global Wetland Outlook: A Special Report 2021 by the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

Listen

The Ecobot Podcast (technology & wetlands science)

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