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Regenerative rancher Greg Judy smiling with his cattle on pasture.

Regenerative rancher Greg Judy smiling with his cattle on pasture.

Credit: Kim Wade

Animal Integration

Call to action:

Integrate animals into farms as a regenerative agriculture practice to improve soil health, sequester carbon dioxide, and reduce industrialized meat and dairy production.

For centuries, the cultivation of crops was partnered with raising animals, generating food, income, clothing, and sources of power for farmers. Manure helped maintain healthy soil. A century ago, most farms raised cattle, pigs, poultry, and fish integrated with crop production. However, industrial agriculture segregated crops and animals to promote specialization, boost efficiency, and increase commodification. This split led to the development of crop monocultures and industrialized meat and dairy production, including the use of confinement facilities and feedlots, with negative consequences for human, animal, and planetary health. Ending this separation and reintegrating animals into regenerative agriculture, including aquatic systems, will reduce greenhouse gas emissions, restore ecosystem health, and diversify farm economies.

Nexus Rating SystemBeta

Solutions to the climate emergency have unique social and environmental effects, positive and negative. To develop a broader understanding of the solutions in Nexus, we rate each solution on five criteria.

Sources for each Nexus are graded numerically (-3 through 10), and the average is displayed as a letter grade. You can explore each source in depth by clicking “view sources” below. For more information, see our Nexus Ratings page.

Animal Integration
8.22
0.00
0.00
8.60
5.33

Culture
Women
Biodiversity
Carbon
Reference Social Justice Culture Women Biodiversity Carbon
Reconnecting Grazing Livestock to Crop Landscapes: Reversing Specialization Trends to Restore Landscape Multifunctionality 8.0 9.0
Role of integrated crop-livestock systems in improving agriculture production and addressing food security A review 9.0 9.0
Resilience of an Integrated CropLivestock System to Climate Change: A Simulation Analysis of Cover Crop Grazing in Southern Brazil 8.0
Crop Livestock Integration 7.0 8.0
Crop-livestock integration enhanced soil aggregate-associated carbon and nitrogen and phospholipid fatty acid 8.0 6.0
Relationships between site characteristics farming system and biodiversity on Australian mixed farms 9.0
Mixed farming systems: potentials and barriers for climate change adaptation in food systems
Croplivestock integration beyond the farm level: a review 9.0 9.0
Managing grazing animals to achieve nutrient cycling and soil improvement in no-till integrated systems 8.0
Plant community responses to integrating livestock into a reduced-till organic cropping system 9.0
Managing Grazing to Restore Soil Health Ecosystem Function and Ecosystem Services 9.0 9.0
Diversification and ecosystem services for conservation agriculture 8.0 8.0
Trade-offs among individual and collective performances related to croplivestock integration among farms: a case study in southwestern France 9.0
Status of integrated crop-livestock research in the mixed farming systems of the Global South: a scoping study 7.0
Integrated crop-livestock effects on soil carbon sequestration in Benin, West Africa 5.0
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/2/338 5.0
8.2 0.0 0.0 8.6 5.3

Action Items

Individuals

Learn about the benefits of integrating animals into farm operations. For centuries, traditional and Indigenous societies have understood the close relationships between crops and animals, including fowl and fish. Today, these regenerative relationships are core to modern agroecology (see Agroecology Nexus). For example, tree crops, pastures, and livestock can be combined ecologically in mutually beneficial ways (see Silvopasture Nexus). Industrial agriculture, however, separates crops from animals to the detriment of both. Confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) harm animal health and are a major source of greenhouse gases. Reintegrating animals into crop production—also called mixed farming—offers a variety of benefits, including:

Support animal integration by buying products from farmers and ranchers who practice regenerative agriculture or from retailers who support them. Purchasing items signals other producers to adopt similar practices and goals (see Plant Diversity Nexus and Agroecology Nexus for more suggestions).

  • Look for farms in your area that integrate livestock and crops. The combinations can be varied and not well advertised, so look carefully at websites or call farmers directly to find out more. Examples: Polyface Farm in Virginia and Brown Farm in North Dakota.
  • More generally, grass-fed livestock and dairy farms are examples of regenerative agriculture and may feature crop integration. Here is a detailed directory of grass-fed farms and ranches in the United States, Canada, and internationally. Buy directly from the producer, if possible.
  • Wildlife and bird-friendly beef, such as Audubon’s Conservation Ranching program and Blue Nest Beef, are often produced by regenerative ranchers. Here is a buying guide from the Audubon Society.
  • Check your grocery store for grass-fed food. Suppliers include Panorama Meats, Farm Foods Market, Crowd Cow, and U.S. Wellness Meats.
  • Eat at a restaurant that supports agroecological and regenerative agriculture. Here is a list of restaurants from Zero Foodprint.

Take a tour of a regenerative farm. One of the best ways to understand the role livestock can play in regenerative food systems is to visit a farm or ranch. Many offer tours, including White Oak Pastures farm in Georgia, Gabe Brown’s farm in North Dakota, and farms in Costa Rica.

  • Agritourism offers opportunities around the world to stay a night or a week on a working farm. Here is a story about how agritourism helps small farms. Here is a search engine for stays in Italy.

Groups

Farmers and Ranchers

Learn which animals can be integrated into regenerative crop agriculture. Integration can involve many types of animals, including turkeys, ducks, rabbits, sheep, goats, horses, ostriches, llamas, and fish. In Asia, cattle and goats often graze under plantation trees, such as rubber coconut, providing weed control while fertilizing the soil. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has a primer on mixed farming. Regenerative practices that can help facilitate crop/livestock integration include organic no-till, cover crops, agroforestry, silvopasture, perennial crops, composting, keyline and permaculture, and multispecies grazing. Examples include:

  • Grazing sheep in walnut orchards, Sierra Orchards in California.
  • Grazing sheep in vineyards in Australia, Central Europe, and California.
  • Here are three examples of crop/livestock integration from Iowa.
  • Here is a study of smallholder farms in Africa using crop/livestock integration.
  • Zack Smith, a farmer in Iowa, employs a variation he calls stock cropping.

Learn why animals should be integrated into your farming operation. Integration influences crop production principally by improving soil properties, including increased fertility and reduced erosion. Researchers have seen an overall increase in crop yields and weed control and a decrease in costs when compared to conventional systems. Livestock performance is improved by the nutrient availability provided by grazing in autumn and winter.

  • In Asia, the integration of livestock, fish, and crops has proved to be a sustainable system through centuries of experience. Livestock manure can be used to fertilize grass or other plant growth that can also constitute feed for fish. Vegetables can be irrigated from the fishponds, and their residues and by-products can be used for feeding livestock.
  • Integrating poultry into crop production can bring a variety of benefits, including nutrient enhancement from chicken manure, pest reduction, and additional income streams.
  • Greg Judy’s Green Pastures Farm in Missouri is a model of well-managed grazing and profitability, including the benefits of not having to employ hormone implants, deworming, or insecticides.
  • Instead of transporting feed to the farm, livestock can graze on the farm, recycling nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and carbon in the soil.
  • Tackle weeds with grazing instead of using an herbicide.
  • Grazing cover crops or crop residues after harvest allows farmers to take the livestock off the perennial grasslands earlier in the fall, extending the grass recovery period and providing a higher nutritional diet for livestock.
  • Integration allows cattle and sheep to secure their energy needs from plants instead of supplements.
  • The regular use of organic amendments such as manure from grazing is an effective way to increase soil organic matter, and with regular use, it can increase soil fertility and carbon sequestration significantly.
  • Regenerative practices prevent erosion by keeping the ground covered and stable with deep plant roots, creating the potential to reduce nitrogen and other excessive nutrient loads entering waterways.
  • In a crop/livestock system in which crop residues remain on fields for animals to graze (as opposed to burning them), those residues provide a variety of critical functions: keeping soil covered and cool, helping to hold and filter contaminants from water, and improving the water cycle.
  • Integrated crop/livestock systems provide an economically viable farm environment. A study determined that if a farmer converted one-third of a thousand-acre conventional corn-soy farm to a grass-based grazing system integrated with diverse crops, they could save $30,000 each year, reduce their emissions and water footprint while generating $98,000 in profit.
  • The Rodale Institute conducted a literature review of current research on the different ways crop and livestock integration is beneficial for farmers.
  • Here is a How-To Guide to grazing cover crops. Here are educational material on integrated livestock and crop systems from SARE.

Understand how to integrate animals into your farm. Gabe Brown transformed his family’s depleted farm into a biologically rich and productive operation by turning dirt into soil with regenerative agriculture. Brown follows five principles developed by nature over time: (1) Limit physical disturbance of the soil; (2) keep the soil covered at all times; (3) strive for diversity of both plant and animal species; (4) maintain a living root in the soil as long as possible; and (5) integrate animals. There are many ways to integrate animals into crop production. Here are a few:

Researchers

Conduct further research on the impacts of animal integration. Research has revealed many links between aboveground plant and animal management and increased carbon storage and nutrient cycling belowground. While the agroecological aspects of integrated crop/livestock systems have received attention from researchers, including its role in addressing food insecurity, the environmental aspects need more attention, including the impact of integration on native wildlife. Other areas for further research include:

  • Economic analyses of integrated crop/livestock models are needed. Here is an example from Iowa.
  • Implementing technologies that assist with monitoring needs. Emerging technology—sometimes called nature tech—including the use of drones and satellite imagery to provide data to farmers and others about animal integration into agricultural operations.
  • How integration can help boost resilience to climate change, particularly in developing nations.

Governance

Create policies and provide support for farmers that encourage animal integration on farms. Administrative bodies, such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture, can do more to create a policy environment that encourages farmers to integrate animals into their operations. They can also provide educational and logistical support through their outreach and grant-making programs.

  • Here are policies that can boost farmers’ participation in crop/livestock integration.
  • This research article discusses policies that should be developed to encourage integration involving various forms of financial and technical support, targeted to different integration types, participants, and project stages.
  • This article compares policies in Brazil, New Zealand, and the U.S. that have worked well—and not—to incentivize the adoption of integrated crop/livestock systems.

Key Players

White Oak Pastures, a farm led by Will Harris, is one of only a few Savory Hubs, focuses on regenerative agriculture, on-farm meat processing, animal welfare, zero-waste, rebuilding their rural community.

Brown’s Ranch, led by Gabe Brown, practices holistic management, regenerative agriculture, soil health, diverse cropping strategies, and eliminated the use of synthetic fertilizers, fungicides, and pesticides while increasing production. 

Polyface Farms, started by the Salatin family, disregarded "conventional" wisdom and plated trees, huge compost piles, dug ponds, and moved cows daily with portable fencing and sheltering systems, and now shines as a premier example of how a non-industrial farm should produce food. Joel Salatin's books are a repository of knowledge for enhancing natural agricultural systems. 

Burroughs Family Farms started over a hundred years ago as fairy producer, growing into a collective of farms producing hand-raised and sustainably grown products while protecting the soil and water, eventually earning their Regenerative Organic certification in 2022.

Full Belly Farm, operated by Paul Muller and co, is a certified organic farm in Northern California growing 80 different crops and is fully committed to sustainability and long-term environmental stewardship. 

Fat Uncle Farms, run by Nathanael Siemens and his wife Beki, has a unique farming model using organic agriculture, permaculture gardening, and ecosystem management, and is attempting to create a holistic process appropriate to California’s changing climate conditions.

Paicines Ranch is habitat for a diversity of wildlife including animals, birds, insects, trees, plants, grasses, springs, rivers, and much more. Their mission is to work with the dynamic natural world at the ranch to regenerate the health of the ecosystem from the soil up while growing delicious, nourishing food for our community.

Allen Williams works in Mississippi and Alabama and is a partner in a pastured and regenerative agriculture-based protein business named Joyce Farms. His cropping systems are highly diverse, incorporating multiple species of livestock and heritage grains. 

Green Pasture Farm, run and operated by Greg and Jan Judy, raises cattle, sheep, mushrooms, pigs and chickens on 1620 acres of owned and leased land in Rucker, Missouri. Their livestock graze rich pasture while building healthy soil, and offer tools to help other farmers find similar success. 

The Savory Institute has a mission to expand the Holistic Management framework into the global consciousness, focusing on healthy ecosystems, rich biological diversity, abundant wildlife, living soils, streams, rivers, healthy forests, oceans, and air. 

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