Sunrise over lowland rainforest in the Danum Valley in Borneo. The Danum Valley Conservation Area encompasses 171 square miles. It is one of the most diverse forests in the world, with over 200 species of plants per hectare, 270 bird species, and 124 species of mammals, including the Bornean rhinoceros and pygmy elephant. The rainforest is said to be 130 million years old. In 2019, the tallest tropical tree in the world was discovered there, a 331-foot Yellow Meranti Tree.

Credit: Frans Lanting/National Geographic

Tropical Forests

Call to action:

Tropical rainforests are highly endangered ecosystems critical to life on earth. Human activity has caused one third of the original rainforests to be lost and one third to be degraded. The final third is intact but under threat. The destruction of tropical forests needs to end immediately, followed by permanent protection.

Although tropical rainforests occupy less than 10 percent of the land on earth, they hold more than half of the world’s biological diversity, including endangered tigers, jaguars, macaws, tapirs, gorillas, monkeys, and orangutans. The largest forests are located in Africa, Indonesia, and South America. Historically, tropical forests have been an important sink for carbon dioxide. However, as a result of deforestation, many tropical forests have become a net source of greenhouse gases. Human activity, including logging, mining, development, and conversion to agriculture eliminate a football-field-size patch of forest every six seconds. Supporting the rights of Indigenous peoples is critical to stopping the destruction. Nearly a quarter of all tropical forests are managed by Indigenous peoples, who provide a buffer against logging and human-caused fires.

Action Items

Individuals

Learn why tropical forests are threatened and why it is important to protect and restore them. Tropical forests are found in seventy nations and originally covered more than 3.5 billion acres. A small section of rainforest can hold 1,500 flowering plants, 750 species of trees, 400 species of birds, and 150 species of butterflies. Worldwide, loss of total tropical tree cover averaged 30 million acres per year between 2010 and 2018. In 2020, the loss of primary (old-growth) tropical forest increased 12 percent despite the global economic slowdown. The leader was Brazil. The nation saw a record number of fires in 2020, a consequence of human activity and long-term drought. Key points to learn:

Primary (old-growth) rainforests are critical to sustaining wildlife diversity, storing carbon, especially in older trees, and providing ecosystem services, such as food production and flood protection, to communities.
Rainforests are home to critically endangered species, including the Amazon jaguar, Bengal tiger, mountain gorilla, orangutan, golden lion tamarin monkey, poison dart frog, harpy eagle, and tapir.
Rainforests are home to hundreds of Indigenous tribes, who depend on their integrity for survival.
Tropical forests sequester large amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide, benefiting our climate, but deforestation and burning is transforming these carbon sinks into net carbon emitters.
Logging and fire are the main drivers of degradation in South American forests, while fuelwood extraction and charcoal production are the main drivers in African forests. Types of agricultural use and extraction that replace rainforests includes cattle production, soy and palm oil plantations, timber removal, commercial agroforestry, and mining.
Many tropical forest wildlife species cannot survive in open agroforests, monoculture plantations, or young secondary forests.
Two thousand new plants are discovered every year around the world by botanists, most of them flowering plants found only in the tropics.
Tropical forests are reservoirs for genetic diversity, which improves the chances of a species to be resilient, resist diseases and pests, and adapt to climate change. Genetic diversity is a lynchpin to evolution.
Tropical forests are the source of some of the world’s largest rivers, including the Amazon, Mekong, Congo, and Orinoco, and play a critical role in global water and precipitation cycles.
Once lost or degraded, it can take as long as two hundred years for a tropical forest to recover. It can take much longer for a forest to fully regenerate to its original ecological state with its full complement of plants and animals.
Globally, of the 1.6 billion people who live within three miles of a forest, 65 percent live in the tropics. Many have limited incomes and are dependent on forest resources for survival.
Popular food native to tropical forests include chocolate, nuts, citrus, coconuts, vanilla pods, bananas, and spices.
Some tropical forests are World Heritage sites.
Tropical forests are a critical source of medicine (see below).

Reduce your consumption of tropical forest-based commodities, especially beef, soy, palm oil, and paper, or switch to certified forest-friendly sources. Deforestation of tropical forests is principally driven by the production of four commodities—cattle, soy, palm oil, and wood (timber and pulp)—much of which is exported. Beef is the top driver of deforestation and responsible for the highest carbon emissions. The deforestation impacts of palm oil are lower than soy, but palm oil produces more carbon emissions. Reducing consumer demand for these products will lower the pressure on tropical forests and allow them to be protected and regenerated. Other products contribute as well. Here is an article on the role the fashion industry plays in tropical deforestation.

Buy only local products where you live, whenever possible.
Eat less red meat and eat only grass-fed meat sourced from regenerative farms and ranches. Here is a grass-fed directory for North America.
Buy products that use soy sourced sustainably. The World Wildlife Fund and other organizations have established standards for responsible soy products and help to promote sustainable soy trade.
Use recycled paper or use Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified paper products.
Coffee is grown in the tropics and contributes to deforestation when grown as a monoculture or within protected areas. Buy organic, fair-trade, shade-grown coffee whenever possible.
Avoid products that use palm oil (see Palm Oil Nexus).
Check the rankings of companies most responsible for tropical forest destruction before buying a product. This organization ranks companies on their impact on rainforests. Some of the largest companies doing a poor job include Cargill, Walmart, and ADM (see Bad Actors below).
Use non-wood forest products that are harvested sustainably, including nuts, fruits, mushrooms, spices, herbs, sweeteners, fragrances, seeds, resins, oils, rubber, and medicinal plants. The Rainforest Alliance has a directory of farm and forest products that meet environmental and social sustainability goals.
Avoid products made from threatened tropical woods, such as ebony, teak, rosewood, and mahogany. Here is a list.
Don’t buy exotic pets, many of which are stolen from tropical forests, including reptiles and amphibians.

Make a donation to organizations that protect and restore tropical forests and support the rights of Indigenous peoples. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) play a critical role in the defense of tropical forests and Indigenous peoples around the world. Many of them work closely with Indigenous peoples and local communities to protect forests (see Indigenous Groups). Supporting these organizations with a donation or membership is vital to their success (see Key Players for a list).

Participate in ecotourism and travel to tropical forest destinations. Ecotourism takes visitors to natural environments with the goal of supporting local conservation efforts, observing wildlife, and the local economy. In tropical forests, ecotourism provides an economic alternative to the destruction of the forest, proving more profitable per hectare than those cleared for pastures and plantations. To ensure forests are left undisturbed, it is critical that governments see the economic benefits of ecotourism. Choices include:

Tour the Tropics
Kimkim
Amazon Conservation
Jacada Travel
Lodges in Peru
National Geographic Expeditions
Intrepid Travel
Exodus Travels
Ecolodges in Costa Rica
Kapawi Ecolodge in Ecuador
Congo Basin
Rainforest Expeditions
Northern Congo
Gorilla tours (via the International Gorilla Conservation Programme)
Wild Planet Adventures
Responsible Travel

Join a campaign and speak up. Add your voice to the many others advocating for tropical forests.

The Rainforest Action Network runs a variety of campaigns, including corporate accountability, environmental justice, and palm oil protests.
Rainforest Rescue runs petition campaigns.
Amnesty International’s protest to stop illegal cattle grazing
A petition to stop the burning of the Amazon.
Greenpeace’s campaign to support Indigenous peoples.
Here is a list of rainforest protection petitions in various languages.

Join a social media site run by an advocate for tropical forests. Here is a sampling:

Rainforest Action Network on Facebook and Twitter
Rainforest Trust on Facebook and Twitter
Pachamama Alliance on Facebook
Amazon Watch on Instagram
Amazon Conservation Team on Facebook and Twitter
Coalition for Rainforest Nations on Facebook
World Wildlife Fund on Facebook and Twitter

Support the protection of tropical forests in order to conserve their medicinal value. Tropical forests hold as many as two hundred thousand different species of plants, many of which have not been catalogued. In addition to producing food for humans and animals, these plants are a reservoir of medicines. Eighty percent of the human population on earth relies on traditional medicines, mostly derived from plants. The genetic and chemical diversity of rainforest plants, forged by evolution over millennia in response to pests, disease, and environmental stress, provides medicine for Indigenous peoples. The first antimalarial drug, quinine, was developed from a neotropical tree native to the Andes. According to the National Cancer Institute in the United States, approximately 70 percent of plants that show anticancer properties exist only in tropical rainforests. Only a small fraction of tropical plants have been examined by scientists for their medicinal potential. Conflicts have arisen between pharmaceutical firms and Indigenous tribes over access, legal rights, and patent ownership of natural resources.

Here is an article on the value of natural products from tropical forests as a regenerative source of new medicines.
Here is an article on the medicinal qualities found in the Amazon rainforest.
Here is a list of tropical trees that could supply medicine.

Support the restoration of tropical forests. Passive restoration is simple and low cost. It focuses on releasing land from unsustainable use through protective measures that allow natural regeneration and succession. Active restoration involves planting and cultivating native seedlings as well as removing invasive species. Both can increase the quantity of carbon sequestration, though active restoration does so more quickly. Active restoration is usually employed in areas where soil has been severely degraded and where natural seedbanks are not present (see Degraded Land Restoration Nexus).

Restoration isn’t meaningful if the forests are cut down or burned a decade or so later. Forests have to be maintained over time for economic and ecological benefits to be established.
Restoration efforts must work closely with Indigenous peoples and local, forest-dependent communities.
Restoration must be done in conjunction with international monitoring in order to track overall progress and sustain successes. Advances in satellite technology make monitoring more accessible.
Here is a story about an agroforestry cooperative in western Brazil that has reclaimed degraded land for sustainable agriculture, including the cultivation of fruit trees, spices, and medicinal plants.

Groups

Indigenous

Work with Indigenous leaders, NGOs, scientists, policy makers, media, and other to ensure your rights are respected and your homelands protected. Protecting Indigenous peoples is key to protecting tropical forests. Many of the remaining intact forests are used by Indigenous peoples and local communities who have been practicing sustainability for millennia. Collaborating with Indigenous peoples is key to reducing and eliminating deforestation in the tropics and mitigating climate change. Indigenous reserves have low rates of deforestation and fire, high levels of biological diversity, and high rates of carbon sequestration. Partnerships between scientists, advocates, policymakers, and Indigenous leaders can expand the protection of intact tropical forests. However, in many instances, the legal right of Indigenous peoples to their land and their way of life is not acknowledged by governments and corporations. The right of Indigenous peoples to their land is enshrined in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, adopted in 2007. The death of Indigenous activists in defense of tropical forests is not widely recognized or acknowledged. Human rights abuses and murder committed against Indigenous groups is ongoing. In 2019, Indigenous leaders signed a Declaration demanding an end to the violence.

Here is a story about Indigenous-led conservation efforts in the Amazon.
Here is a study on the effectiveness of Indigenously protected land.
Here is an article about Indigenous rights.
Report by the FAO on the role of Indigenous people in Latin America for forest protection and governance.
Report by the Rainforest Foundation Norway on the need for additional funding to support Indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs). Here is a background story on the funding shortage.
Here is a story about Indigenous peoples adjusting their lives and their management of natural resources in the tropics in response to climate change.

Companies

Commit to deforestation-free products, supply chains, transparency, and accountability. Responding to criticism that their products and supply chains were contributing to the destruction of rainforests around the world, more than four hundred corporations pledged in 2017 to curb deforestation linked to beef, soy, palm oil, and wood production. This was an important step, but there is still a need for more action. An Oxfam report identifies key actions that companies can take to achieve a deforestation-free food and beverage sector, for example, including:

Strengthen the rights and livelihoods of workers, small-scale farmers, local communities, and Indigenous peoples in agricultural supply chains linked to deforestation.
Implement stronger operational processes to achieve supply chain pledges to eliminate deforestation practices.
Invest in and advocate for inclusive and resilient land use beyond the immediate needs of the supply chain.
Make time-bound commitments to implement the deforestation pledges.
Provide stable markets and fair prices for sustainable products.
Improve supply-chain transparency and traceability to known origins for all forest-risk commodities, disclosing supply-chain information on mills, refineries, and plantations, and require suppliers to do the same.

Other actions:

Encourage all large buyers of forest products to reduce or eliminate their use of virgin forest fiber. Whenever possible, use 100 percent postconsumer recycled forest products and responsibly produced alternative fibers. If virgin wood is absolutely necessary, use FSC-certified 100 percent forest fiber, though additional due diligence is often required.
Encourage the production of traceable, zero-deforestation beef to meet customer demand. One example is the landscape approach taken by the Produce, Conserve, Include (PCI) Regional Compact in the Juruena Valley, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The Compact aims to transform the region into a verified sourcing area for cattle and other agriculture products through public and private partnerships, generating income for the local population while conserving forests. However, be aware of the hurdles that local, sustainable beef production faces, including lax regulations, weak law enforcement, and deliberately obscured supply chains. Independent monitoring of deforestation may provide more accountability.
Eliminate soy from the supply chain. For example, three Brazilian companies vowed to produce only deforestation- and conversion-free soybean products. Under the international agreement, no soybean crops will be allowed into supply chains, and the new standards will apply to future purchase contracts. Most soy ends up as feed for livestock in global markets. Reducing meat demand can help reduce the demand for soy.
Here is a report from Planet Tracker detailing four steps Brazil could take to change direction financially, including issuing a Deforestation-Linked Sovereign Bond tying interest payments to success in reducing deforestation.
Deforestation Free Funds is a database for investment funds, ranked by sustainability (a project of Friends of the Earth).
Ceres, a nonprofit that works with the business community, provides an investors’ guide to deforestation and climate change.
Profundo is an NGO that analyzes commodity chains, the financial sector, and the impacts of businesses on sustainability, from human rights to deforestation and climate change, and advises clients.
Accountability Framework is a road map for soy and rubber production that utilizes monitoring tools such as Global Forest Watch Pro and Trase to help corporations assess and report their progress toward no-deforestation goals.

Use onsets to achieve carbon emission reduction goals focused on credible land protection and restoration projects that improve soil carbon in grasslands and savannahs. Onsets are carbon credits that create a net reduction in greenhouse gases. Organizations such as Gold Standard and the Carbon Fund provide verified onsets via their financial support of projects that improve carbon levels in the soil through reforestation.

The California Air Resources Board recently adopted a Tropical Forest Standard, which provides a blueprint for forest protection to be included in the state’s carbon-credit program.
Here is an article about how tropical forests are one of the largest—and still largely untapped—sources of carbon credits, since they are under threat of deforestation.
Here is a story about how carbon marketplaces, led by Norway, could help nations leave their remaining tropical forests intact.

Include natural capital and ecosystems services in business plans. An economic case for land protection and restoration can be made based on the value of nature and the ecosystems service it provides, such as clean water.

ReGen’s regenerative investment model provides a scalable, open-source framework that protects and restores natural capital at scale.
Global Canopy is a market-based initiative to provide financial institutions and corporations data on environmental opportunities.

Bad Actors

Of five hundred companies that buy or trade tropical forest-based commodities and the financial institutions that finance them, many have not lived up to promises to source their products sustainably. Nearly half have made no public commitment to end deforestation. This article calls out financial institutions in Brazil for their role in Amazon deforestation. This report adds other major players to the list. This article calls out Brazilian meatpacking companies. Key companies include:

JBS S.A., a Brazilian meatpacking corporation that is the world’s largest supplier of beef, much of it raised on pastureland converted from tropical forests. It has been accused of abetting deforestation and violating forest protection laws. Pressure against JBS is working. In 2021, it made a commitment to produce “deforestation-free” beef, though they have repeatedly broken their promises. The CEO is Gilberto Tomazoni. His email is gilberto.tomazoni@jbs.com.br. His phone is 55 11 3144-7801.
Cargill, a family-owned agribusiness behemoth, is at the center of the global industrial production of soy, corn, and other commodities, and implicated in a wide variety land-degrading, health-damaging, and climate-altering activities. The CEO of Cargill is David MacLennan. His email is david_maclennan@cargill.com. His phone is (952) 742-4507.
Marfrig, a Brazilian company, is the second-largest beef producer in the world (after JBS) and directly linked to deforestation and land degradation in South America. The CEO of Marfrig is Marcos Molina. His email is marcos@marfrig.com.br. His phone is 55 11 3792-8600
McDonald’s, with 36,000 restaurants across 100 nations, is a significant purchaser of beef, soy, palm oil, and paper packaging. Their suppliers, such as Cargill, are linked to land degradation. McDonald’s USA CEO is Chris Kempczinski. His email is chris.kempczinski@us.mcd.com His phone is (630) 623-3000 (headquarters)
ADM and Bunge, two major food commodities traders and suppliers, are failing to protect land from degradation in their supply chains. The ADM CEO is Juan Luciano. His email is juan.luciano@adm.com His phone is (312) 634-8100 (headquarters). The CEO of Bunge is Greg Heckman. His email is gregory.heckman@bunge.com. His phone is (314) 292-2000 (headquarters).
BlackRock, one of the largest financial firms in the world, has supported many companies that are actively involved in forest destruction and land degradation. BlackRock’s CEO is Larry Fink. His email is laurence.fink@blackrock.com. His phone is (212) 810-5300.
Vanguard and State Street are financial firms that have investment portfolios stocked with firms involved in deforestation. Vanguard’s CEO is Mortimer Buckley. His email is mortimer_buckley@vanguard.com. His phone is (610) 648-6000. State Street’s CEO is Ronald P. O’Hanley. His email is rohanley@statestreet.com. His phone is (617) 664-1602.
Other financial institutions invested in deforestation include Citigroup and JPMorgan Chase. The CEO of Citigroup is Jane Fraser. Her email is jane.fraser@citi.com. Her phone is (212) 793-1000. The CEO of JP Morgan Chase is Jamie Dimon. His email is jamie.dimon@jpmchase.com. His phone is (212) 270-1111.

Governance

Support forest protection and climate-friendly policies in consultation with Indigenous groups and forest-adjacent communities. Here is an article about five different ways the government of France is helping the Amazon forest.

Pressure governments through diplomacy and other means to protect and restore tropical forests.
Consider supporting efforts, including working with private investors, to pay governments to protect tropical forests, but be wary of throwing money away.
Work agency to agency with governments in nations with tropical forests to protect and restore endangered ecosystem
Join the 30 x 30 movement, which aims to preserve and protect 30 percent of the earth’s land surface by 2030.
Procure food and other goods for government agencies only from sources not involved in deforestation or land degradation.
Prioritize policies that incentivize responsible sourcing.
Support the rights of Indigenous peoples and adjacent communities through official recognition, policies, and action.
Boost scientific capacity in rainforest nations, such as Brazil. Here is an article about an Amazon researcher fired by the Brazilian government for publishing data on deforestation rates.
Pressure other governments to ban the sale of endangered animal parts, such as ivory, and enforce existing laws.

Key Players

Organizations

Rainforest Action Network preserves forests and upholds human rights through frontline partnerships and strategic campaigns.

Rainforest Trust purchases and protects tropical forests, saving endangered wildlife through partnerships and community engagement.

Amazon Watch fights the destruction of the Amazon, supports Indigenous rights, and finds climate justice solutions.

Amazon Conservation Team works hand in hand with Indigenous leaders to ensure the long-term welfare of the Amazon rainforest.

Survival International works in partnership with tribal peoples to protect their lives and land, fighting a legacy of land theft, forced development, and genocidal violence.

Pachamama Alliance empowers Indigenous people of the Amazon rainforest to preserve their lands and culture.

Rainforest Connection creates acoustic monitoring systems in order to end illegal deforestation, a gateway activity to clearing rainforest.

Rainforest Alliance builds alliances of people in over sixty countries to conserve forests and support sustainable livelihoods.

Rainforest Rescue advocates globally for the protection of rainforests and Indigenous communities.

Global Forest Watch offers the latest data, technology and tools that empower people everywhere to better protect forests.

Amazon Aid Foundation harnesses the power of multimedia and film to educate audiences about the importance of the Amazon.

African Rainforest Conservancy raises funds for grassroots conservation and education projects in African rainforests.

African Wildlife Foundation focuses on wildlife conservation, land protection, community empowerment, and policy initiatives.

International Gorilla Conservation Programme is a coalition of conservation organizations dedicated to the survival of endangered apes.

Coalition for Rainforest Nations assists governments, communities, and peoples in fifty nations to responsibly manage their rainforests.

Rainforest Foundation Norway works at the intersection of environmental protection and Indigenous rights in all the world’s rainforests.

Amnesty International, a global movement in support of human rights and government accountability.

World Wildlife Fund has a forest protection program that works with local communities, pressures governments, and engages businesses.

i GiveTrees plants native species trees within assisted natural regeneration and reforestation projects, primarily in Brazil.

International Union for the Conservation of Nature is a global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it.

CGIAR delivers critical science and innovation to transform the world’s food, land, and water systems in a climate crisis.

Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services strengthens the science-policy interface for biodiversity and ecosystems.

CITES, Convention on the Trade of Endangered Species.

World Wildlife Fund, an international conservation organization focused on threatened and endangered species.

Friends of the Earth, working for systemic change in social justice and environmental issues.

Oxfam International, a global organization focused on human rights, poverty, and hunger.

African Conservation Centre brings together science, conservation, and community-based collaboration in East Africa.

The Jane Goodall Institute, a global organization dedicated to protecting chimpanzees and inspiring people to conserve nature.

David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust, an elephant protection and orphan elephant rescue organization.

Birdlife International, a global partnership of conservation organizations focused on birds, their habitats, and biodiversity.

Conservation International, a global conservation organization that combines fieldwork with policy, science, and finance.

The Nature Conservancy, an international organization and landowner that works at the intersection of science, management, and policy.

Greenpeace International, a frontline organization engaged in a variety on environmental issues.

World Resources Institute, a global research organization that works with governments, businesses, NGOs, and institutions to develop practical solutions that improve lives and protect the environment.

Wildlife Conservation Society, a global organization focused on protecting wildlife and wild places in fourteen priority locations, including rainforests.