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Seagrasses

Green turtles can travel thousands of miles in their lifetime, traversing entire oceans. They read the earth’s magnetic field perfectly to guide them in their migrations. They return unerringly to the beach where they hatched.

Credit: Jay Fleming

Seagrasses

Call to action:

Protect the remaining seagrass meadows, one of the world’s most endangered and least understood ecosystems, critical for food security and carbon storage.

Seagrasses are undersea flowering plants that cover tens of thousands of square miles of coastal habitat worldwide(link is external), supporting hundreds of threatened or endangered animals(link is external). Manatees and sea turtles eat seagrasses, juvenile fish shelter in their meadows, and plant blades harbor tiny shellfish. Seagrass sediments sequester millions of metric tons(link is external) of atmospheric carbon each year while protecting corals and shellfish from ocean acidification(link is external). Seagrasses support local fisheries, providing food security(link is external) for millions of people, including many Indigenous communities(link is external). Nearly a third of historic seagrasses have disappeared and continue to decline by up to 7 percent per year(link is external). Less studied and protected than other ecosystems, seagrass meadows are difficult and expensive to restore. It is imperative to stop further damage and protect all remaining seagrasses.

Nexus Rating SystemBeta

Solutions to the climate emergency have unique social and environmental effects, positive and negative. To develop a broader understanding of the solutions in Nexus, we rate each solution on five criteria.

Sources for each Nexus are graded numerically (-3 through 10), and the average is displayed as a letter grade. You can explore each source in depth by clicking “view sources” below. For more information, see our Nexus Ratings page.

Seagrasses
8.50
8.90
0.00
9.33
7.25

Seagrasses

Culture
A-
Women
N/R
Biodiversity
A
Carbon
B+
Reference Social Justice Culture Women Biodiversity Carbon
Associations of concern: declining seagrasses and threatened dependent species(link is external) 7.0 9.0
Local Knowledge and Conservation of Seagrasses in the Tamil Nadu State of India(link is external) 8.0 8.0 9.0
Food supply depends on seagrass meadows in the coral triangle(link is external) 8.0 8.0 9.0
Seagrass(link is external) 9.0 10.0
Conservation of seagrass vital for Worlds biggest fisheries(link is external) 9.0 10.0
Indian Utilization of Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in Northwestern Mexico: The Spanish Colonial Record(link is external) 9.0 9.0
Links between humans and seagrassesan example from tropical East Africa(link is external) 9.0 9.0 9.0
An incentive-based approach to dugong and seagrass conservation(link is external) 8.0 8.0 9.0
With manatees in crisis dont let developers kill seagrass here; plant it there(link is external) 8.0
Prairies of the Sea(link is external) 8.0 10.0
Seagrass ecosystem contributions to peoples quality of life in the Pacific Island Countries and Territories(link is external) 9.0 9.0 9.0
First Nation and scientists partner to revive climate-saving eelgrass(link is external) 8.0 10.0 10.0
Cultural Value of the Seagrass Flora: A global story of diverse use over time(link is external) 9.0 9.0
Out of the Blue(link is external) 9.0 10.0 10.0
Indigenous knowledge influences seagrass restoration(link is external) 9.0 9.0
Grassland Carbon Management(link is external) 8.0
Coastal Wetland Protection - Project Drawdown(link is external) 7.0
Seagrasses Can Store as Much Carbon as Forests(link is external) 7.0
EPA Scientists Study the Carbon-Storing Power of Seagrass to Fight Climate Change(link is external) 7.0
8.5 8.9 0.0 9.3 7.3

Action Items

Individuals

Learn why seagrasses are valuable and why they are uniquely threatened. The nearly seventy species of seagrasses(link is external) are ecosystem engineers(link is external) that transform seafloor sediments into marine habitat and sequester carbon. These plants are extremely sensitive(link is external), with precise ecological requirements for water quality, light(link is external), temperature, and wave action(link is external), so they have been called “coastal canaries(link is external)” that signal environmental degradation.

Help stop bottom trawling. Bottom trawling(link is external), an industrial fishing practice that uses large nets dragged along the sea bottom, uproots seagrass and is a major driver(link is external) of their destruction around the world. It also catches noncommercial species, such as seahorses(link is external), that live in the seagrasses. Shrimp, crab, and flatfish are often bottom trawled (see Global Fishing Fleets Nexus).

Volunteer to research and/or restore seagrasses. Citizen scientists can make important contributions to understanding seagrass ecosystems, and seagrass-related citizen science is expanding(link is external). Volunteers are essential in many seagrass restoration programs. 

Raise awareness of seagrasses and the important role they play. A major obstacle to seagrass conservation is lack of awareness(link is external) about this ecosystem.

Groups

Landowners and Farmers

Manage runoff and erosion. Threats to seagrass can originate a thousand miles(link is external) inland, including fertilizer runoff(link is external) and sediment from erosion(link is external). Reducing or eliminating fertilizer use and improving soil health will protect seagrasses. 

Fishers

Don’t bottom trawl or dredge fish. Bottom trawling destroys habitat(link is external) underneath it, depleting the fishery(link is external) and suspending sediments that worsen water quality(link is external) and release stored carbon(link is external)

Respect Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and other restricted areas and participate in their management plans where possible. MPAs can improve nearby fisheries(link is external) by providing protected spawning grounds and increasing the size of fish around them while keeping carbon sequestered in seagrasses. 

NGOs and Resource Managers

Prioritize protecting existing seagrass. Seagrasses are declining quickly, so protecting the remaining seagrass meadows is urgent. Restoration of seagrasses is a last resort.(link is external) There is no guarantee that former seagrass habitat can again support seagrass(link is external) when the ecosystem engineering they provide is lost.

Use best practices when and if restoration is being attempted. Seagrass restoration is expensive(link is external) and risky, but it is also necessary(link is external) where feasible to counteract previous losses. Done with care, restoration is possible (link is external)and can create speedy recovery, not only of seagrasses but also ecosystem services, as in this 9,000-acre project(link is external) in Virginia’s Coastal Bays.   

Researchers

Research seagrasses. Seagrasses are understudied(link is external) compared to coral reefs and salt marshes. Research that supports conservation efforts and clarifies the interactions between seagrasses and climate change is badly needed. Research gaps include:

Collaborate with Indigenous people. Holders of traditional ecological knowledge can assess ecosystems relative to their historical status(link is external), countering the problem of shifting baselines(link is external). They are proactively adapting to climate change(link is external). Collaboration should include aligning research with the goals(link is external) of Indigenous people.

Raise awareness of seagrasses. One of the greatest barriers to seagrass protection is a lack of understanding(link is external) of even basic facts. 

Marine Vessel Owners, Captains, and Pilots

Be seagrass safe by boating responsibly. Propeller ruts,(link is external) groundings(link is external), and improper moorings(link is external) create scars in meadows that can last decades. 

Port Managers

Follow dredging protocols that preserve seagrasses. Dredging(link is external) creates turbidity(link is external) that prevents seagrasses from getting the light they need(link is external). Timing dredging(link is external) to coincide with seagrasses’ dormant period improves their survival and regrowth, as does selecting sites where seagrasses are resilient. By assessing light requirements(link is external) and monitoring light, a large dredging project successfully prevented seagrass loss. Low light, high frequency, and long dredging periods all increase the risk to seagrasses(link is external), but dredging regimes can be adjusted to meet the needs of ports and seagrasses. 

Resort Owners

Protect seagrasses around your resorts. Some resort owners consider seagrasses to be unsightly(link is external) and remove them. However, besides protecting your beaches(link is external), seagrass meadows keep water clear and can provide amazing ecotourism adventures.

Companies

Remove bottom-trawled fish from your supply chain. Bottom trawling is the result of perverse incentives that lead to destroyed fisheries(link is external). It releases as much carbon as aviation(link is external)

Governance

Reduce pollution runoff through incentives, outreach, and technical assistance. Reducing nutrient and sediment runoff is critical(link is external) for maintaining existing seagrass populations. Nutrient pollution(link is external) threatens existing seagrass beds and can make restoration efforts unsuccessful(link is external).

End bottom trawling and other destructive fishing. Bottom trawlers are often fishing in foreign waters, depleting fisheries that small-scale fishers(link is external) and Indigenous communities depend on. Bottom trawling ranks very high among fishing techniques in habitat destruction, bycatch, and fuel use(link is external)

Create and enforce Marine Protected Areas or Locally Managed Marine Areas in conjunction with local and Indigenous communities.

Create policies and legislation that facilitate the restoration and preservation of seagrasses. Coordination(link is external) and clear responsibilities among agencies are especially important.  

Create economic incentives for seagrass protection and research. Incentives(link is external) can provide alternative livelihoods, stimulus for conservation, and capacity for monitoring seagrasses. They can motivate behavior change(link is external)

Learn

Read

"Prairies of the Sea(link is external)" by Katherine Harmon Courage / Smithsonian Magazine

Seagrass and Seagrass Beds(link is external)” by Pamela L Reynolds / Smithsonian Ocean

Global Challenges for Seagrass Conservation(link is external)” by Unsworth et al. / Springer Link

Global Crisis for Seagrass Ecosystems(link is external)” by Orth et al. / Oxford Academic

Local Knowledge and Conservation of Seagrasses in the Tamil Nadu State of India(link is external)" by A. F. Newmaster et al. / Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Listen

Sharks and Seagrass(link is external) by Science and the Sea (2 mins.)

Sea Grass: Posidonia Oceanica(link is external) by One Species at a Time / Encyclopedia of Life (6 mins.)

39 Ways to Save the Planet(link is external) by Sublime Seagrass / BBC (14 mins.)

Looking Under the Sea for a Nature-Based Solution(link is external) by Green Pulse Podcast / The Straits Times (17 mins.)

Project Seagrass with Richard Lilley(link is external) by The Owl Hoot Podcast (46 mins.)

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