An assortment of ultra-processed foods including donuts/pasties, candy, and fried foods such as potato chip, onion rings, fries, and breaded chicken.

An assortment of ultra-processed foods. While hyper-palatable and often irresistable, these foods do demonstable metabolic harm at a scale difficult to comprehend. A 2018 study on fried foods drew an alarming comparison of eating 154g of potato chips as being comparable in aldehyde content to smoking 25 nicotine cigarettes.

Credit: Yuliya Furman / 500px / Getty Images

Ultra-Processed Foods

Call to action:

Eliminate ultra-processed foods from our diets and pressure their manufacturers to stop making and marketing these unhealthy products.

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are addictive food-like products designed by chemists to provide flavor-induced gratification without nourishment to the detriment of the health of people and the planet. UPFs take advantage of our evolutionary desire for fats, salts, and carbohydrates. Modern food formulation makes it possible to keep taste intensity without the associated nutrients, which led to UPF food design and manufacture. UPFs make up 60 percent of all calories consumed in the United States and the UK. They pose a major threat to public health, are a principal reason more than two billion people worldwide are overweight or obese, and are a key driver of chronic metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. UPFs are a by-product of industrial agriculture, and a significant source of greenhouse gases. Plastic packaging and other waste contribute to their large environmental footprint. It’s not just “junk food”—indeed, what qualifies as a UPF may surprise you. We must end the production and consumption of UPFs and embrace food that is real and regenerative. Changes are needed along the entire supply chain, from seed to farm to table to compost.

Action Items

Individuals

Learn how ultra-processed foods harm people and the planet. UPFs are created by a complex process by which oils, carbohydrates, and proteins are broken into isolated substances, modified, and reassembled into something that did not exist previously. Chemicals are often added in the process, including emulsifiers and the sweetener aspartame. Even when the compounds aren’t highly artificial, common ingredients, such as sugar, can reward the same pleasure centers in our brains as cocaine and heroin. The final products are ready-to-heat, ready-to-eat foods intentionally designed to be tasty, convenient, and addictive. Because they exploit our evolutionary drivers for food while lacking nutrition, they do not provide satiety, which results in overeating. UPFs are linked to heart disease, diabetes, excess body weight, irritable bowel syndrome, cancer, cognitive decline, depression, mental health problems in children, adolescents, and adults, increased risk of cancer, and higher mortality rates. Other issues with UPFs include:

Toxicity. UPFs use industrial seed oils, which are cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, thrombogenic, atherogenic, and obesogenic. They also increase your appetite by stimulating endogenous cannabinoids anandamide and 2AG.
Unequal access to food. People living in poverty face steep barriers to accessing fresh, healthy food. This puts marginalized communities at greater risk of developing health problems related to UPF consumption.
Industrial agriculture. UPFs are typically manufactured using ingredients extracted from a few high-yielding plant species, including corn, wheat, soy, and rice, grown by industrial agriculture. Animal-sourced ingredients used in many ultra-processed foods are often derived from confined animals fed on the same crops, which can also make the animals sick. This is why cattle are only “grain-finished” at the end of their lives.
Biodiversity loss. The taste and texture requirements of UPFs compel uniformity in seeds, plants, and animals, including monoculture crops such as wheat, corn, rice, and sugarcane. This is how UPFs create and perpetuate a market that destroys biodiversity.
Ecosystem damage. Palm oil, which is used in a wide variety of ultra-processed foods, is a tropical crop grown on large plantations that have been linked to major environmental damage (see Palm Oil Nexus). This article details the overlooked environmental impacts of UPFs globally.
Greenhouse gas emissions. The raw materials for UPFs are produced by industrial agriculture, a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. This 2021 study shows how emissions from UPF production in Brazil increased by 245 percent between 1988 and 2018.
Packaging and chemical pollution. The world’s most prolific plastic polluters are major UPF producers Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. Learn more in Plastics Nexus.

Eliminate UPFs from your diet. Take steps to remove UPFs from your diet. Learn more about ways to transform what you eat and how it’s produced in the Plant Diversity Nexus and Regenerative Agriculture Nexus. If you live somewhere without access to fresh, healthy food, learn how to increase access in the Food Apartheid Nexus.

Recognize UPFs and avoid them. This article will help you distinguish between processed and ultra-processed food, a difference with major implications for your health. Recently, highly processed foods have expanded to include plant-based “fake meat” products, which utilize industrialized ingredients, as this article describes.
Retrain your brain. Try a rewiring challenge or some simple tricks such as meal planning, shopping the perimeter of grocery stores, and staying hydrated to avoid UPFs. Parents play an influential role in helping children develop healthy habits early on, especially in places like the U.S., where 67 percent of kids’ diets are UPFs.
Cook and eat whole, organic foods. Eating organic is a great way to avoid highly processed food. Studies on families show that having meals together helps kids eat less processed food. Our social influence on each other's eating habits is a powerful leverage point. Join a community kitchen, which brings groups of people together to prepare meals.
Fight food deserts. Understand the causes behind food deserts, where limited access to affordable, healthy food is driven by systemic racism and leads to increased rates of chronic disease in Black, Indigenous, and other communities of color (see Food Apartheid Nexus).
Support local food businesses, farmers’ markets, and co-ops. Switch from mass-produced, homogenous fast-food chains to local vendors cooking with fewer processed ingredients. Co-ops, food carts, and home-based businesses all play a vital role in providing affordable alternatives to UPFs. See Localization Nexus for more information.
Avoid fast-food chains. Fast food targets inner-city areas and often crowds out supermarkets offering fresh produce and healthier options. Beliefnet has a list of ten ways to stay away from fast-food chains that serve meals high in empty calories, industrially processed oils (which contain trans fats), refined carbohydrates, and table sugar (sucrose).

Take action to hold food corporations accountable. Elect leaders, vote for policies, and support initiatives that pressure international and governing agencies to set nutritional standards and force corporations to change.

Join a campaign or action network. Join campaigns focusing on the abuses of specific companies, such as this one on McDonald’s. Connect with an action network such as this one through the Humane League, which challenges factory farms committing abuses against workers and animals, or the Food Chain Workers Alliance.
Fight greenwashing. Controlling the narrative about UPFs is critical because much of corporate marketing is greenwashing. Here’s a way to spot it in the grocery store.
Make a donation to an organization that works to replace UPFs with fresh, healthy food. Food Tank is an advocate for healthy food, regenerative agriculture, and reform of our food system. The Center for Food Integrity helps consumers make informed choices about food (see Key Players below for more).
Find inspiration in success stories. The 2022 film El Susto documents the efforts of public health officials, medical professionals, and community members to tax soda in Mexico at a time when Coca-Cola was more accessible than water. In India, legislation that would favor corporations sparked protests by small farmers and allies, leading the government to repeal the controversial legislation in 2021.
Lead awareness campaigns about UPFs. Media campaigns help the public understand the impacts of and alternatives to UPFs. This study dives into the political practices of food corporations and strategic public health responses. It is important to implement a diverse range of skills in organization, cooperation, and planning, including community members as well as strategists who know how to leverage digital communications.

Groups

Educational Institutions

Reduce access to UPFs on school grounds. This study found that UPFs now comprise two-thirds of calories in children’s and teens’ diets in the U.S. Schools in the UK had similar numbers. This tracks with global trends. Schools can help young people develop healthy habits early on by offering fresh, healthy meals and eliminating UPFs from cafeterias, vending machines, and school property. Strong nutritional standards in school meal programs can also drive changes in the consumer markets and reshape the food system.

Action for Healthy Kids has a guide that breaks down ways to get more healthy options in school vending machines.
The Real Food Challenge trains and supports students to lead campus initiatives and has a calculator to help assess foods on offer.

Restaurants and Retailers

Purchase whole and organic foods for your restaurant, company, or store. Food retailers and their choices of what to serve or put on their shelves can have an enormous influence on consumers. Swap ultra-processed foods in favor of more plant-based, locally produced whole food options instead (see Regenerative Agriculture Nexus and Localization Nexus for more information)

Foodshed.io is a mobile marketing app and logistics platform connecting local producers to restaurants and markets.
The Good Food Purchasing Program supports public institutions with tools, technical support, and resources for buying foods aligned with five core values: local economies, health, valued workforce, animal welfare, and environmental sustainability.
Researchers in the UK are developing an algorithm that uses publicly available information to derive an estimate of the environmental impact of food products across multiple indicators.

Governance

Tax ultra-processed foods. Taxation of UPFs is being explored as a way to reduce UPF consumption and transform the food system. While taxing specific ingredients like sugar and salt has been explored as a possible solution, studies indicate that a UPF-specific tax would be more effective. Hungary and Mexico already have them.

Chile implemented a range of measures to minimize harm from junk food and soda companies, including mandating an 18 percent tax on soft drinks. They also implemented measures to protect children, from requiring the removal of cartoon characters on UPF labels to banning junk-food commercials from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m. Researchers report that children now warn their parents about what to avoid.
Hungary put a 4-cent tax on packaged foods and drinks that contain high levels of sugar and salt. Junk-food consumption decreased due to this tax and educational campaigns around it.
Mexico passed an 8 percent tax on foods, including snacks, sweets, nut butters, and cereal-based prepared products. An evaluation found that people bought 7 percent less junk food than they would have if the tax hadn’t been imposed.

Keep food companies out of public food policy and public health decision-making. Prohibit industry and trade groups from nominating to advisory committees. There is a history of corporate influence on the health departments that publish nutrition advice, often to the benefit of major food and beverage companies that wield considerable influence over the guideline-setting process.

In the U.S., more than 50 percent of government advisory committee members have ties to the International Life Sciences Institute, a shadow “pro-sugar” industry group described as “almost entirely funded by Goliaths of the agribusiness, food, and pharmaceutical industries.”
This article discusses different public policy options to encourage better eating habits, including mandates, targeted restrictions, economic incentives, and marketing strategies.

Introduce evidence-based, official dietary guidelines. Dietary guidelines directly influence federal food assistance, school, and child-care feeding policies and programs. The first action item on this aspirational agenda for regulating the food industry is to update dietary guidelines to unambiguously state: “Avoid ultra-processed foods.” The nonprofit Nutrition Coalition, based in New York, is focused on dietary policy based on sound science. Here is its 2025–2030 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The NOVA classification system, established by Brazilian researchers, separates food into four categories according to the degree of processing involved. Category 4 is exclusively for ultra-processed food.

Guidelines can do a better job communicating the differences between types of food processing, including distinguishing beneficial forms of processing, such as fermentation, from highly industrialized methods.
A more in-depth exploration of ways to improve dietary guidelines can be found in this Brazilian study, including the promotion of healthy eating patterns, the protection of food cultures, and the promotion of a “golden rule”: always prefer fresh or minimally processed food and cooking preparation over more highly processed food.

Learn from successful legislative measures to regulate ultra-processed foods. Chile took action after becoming the world’s second most obese nation after the U.S.; it forced junk-food brands to label packages with health warnings, regulated advertising and imposed a high tax on junk foods. Mexico and Hungary are two other countries that imposed a junk-food tax with positive results in curbing consumption. China revised its “Food Pagoda” dietary guidelines in 2016 in an effort to limit growth in meat and processed food consumption.

Bad Actors

Ultra-Processed Food Producers

This article goes into detail about the monopoly these and a few other companies have on the food supply in the U.S.

PepsiCo spent $3.47 million in federal lobbying in 2018. The CEO is Ramon Laguarta. His email is ramon.laguarta@pepsico.com. His phone number is 914-253-2000.

The Coca-Cola Company paid for “studies” promoting the falsehood that sugar is part of a balanced diet. The CEO is James Quincey. His email is jquincey@coca-cola.com. The headquarters phone number is 404-676-2121.

Kraft Heinz is the third-largest food and beverage company in North America and the fifth-largest food and beverage company in the world. The CEO is Miguel Patricio. His email is Miguel.Patricio@kraftheinzcompany.com. His phone number is 412-456-5700.

General Mills is the parent company of many well-known North American brands of UPFs, from Lucky Charms cereal to Häagen-Dazs ice cream. The CEO is Jeff Harmening. His email is jeff.harmening@genmills.com. His phone number is 763-764-7600.

Conagra Foods makes and sells well-known UPF brands, notably dominating a corner of the processed animal product market with Slim Jim, Hebrew National, Egg Beaters, and Reddi-Wip. The CEO is Sean Connolly. His email is sean.m.connolly@conagrafoods.com. His phone number is 402-240-4000.

Unilever is the largest producer of soap in the world, but they also make many popular UPFs. The CEO is Alan Jope. His email is alan.jope@unilever.com. His phone number is: 020 7822 5252.

Nestlé. Their CEO is Mark Schneider. This is his LinkedIn profile.

Kellogg. Their CEO is Steve Cahillane. This is his LinkedIn profile. You can contact their consumer affairs department at 800-962-1413.

Mars. Their CEO is Poul Weihrauch. This is his LinkedIn profile.

Mondelēz International. Their CEO is Dirk Van de Put. This is his LinkedIn profile.

Associated British Foods. Their CEO is George Weston. This is his LinkedIn profile.

Fast-Food Companies

While some of the biggest fast-food corporations are starting to address environmental concerns, they still have a long way to go. This guide by Ethical Consumer investigates, scores, and ranks ten fast-food corporations, looking at animal welfare, marketing to children, deforestation, and other issues. The lowest ranked include:

LEON Restaurants is a fast-food chain based in the United Kingdom that scored lowest in Ethical Consumer’s investigation despite recent (albeit questionable) efforts to reduce their environmental impact. The CEO is John Vincent. His email is john@leon.co. His phone number is 020 7089 7070.

KFC scored second-lowest based on their environmental, human rights, and animal and political practices. The CEO is Sabir Sami. Contact corporate headquarters at +1 502-874-8288.

McDonald’s is deeply connected to multiple destructive environmental, social, health, and animal welfare practices, as well as being responsible for methane emissions higher than that of Norway. The CEO is Christopher Kempczinski, his email is chris.kempczinski@us.mcd.com, and his phone number is 630-623-3000. This page lists the different campaigns against McDonald’s in a number of countries.

Burger King is linked with deforestation and mega-fires in the Amazon through its main meat and animal feed suppliers, Cargill and Bunge. The CEO is José Cil; his email is unknown. His LinkedIn profile, where you can comment, is linkedin.com/in/josecil/, and the Burger King headquarters phone number is (905) 845-6511.

Key Players

Organizations and Movements

Act4Food Act4Change (Global) calls for a global food system that provides everyone with access to safe, affordable, and nutritious diets while protecting nature, tackling climate change, and promoting human rights.

Institute for Responsible Nutrition (U.S.) advocates and inspires food brands to make positive changes and educates consumers on where to shop to make their dollars count.

Food Integrity Campaign (U.S.) is part of the nation’s leading whistleblower protection and advocacy organization (GAP).

The Center for Food Integrity (U.S.) envisions a transparent, sustainable food system in which practices align with consumer expectations and the public discussion is well-informed and balanced.

Asian Farmers Association for Sustainable Rural Development (Asia) envisions a free, peaceful, healthy, economically viable, sustainable and resilient family farming communities in Asia.

Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (Global) works locally and globally at the intersection of policy and practice to ensure fair and sustainable food, farm, and trade systems.

Alliance for Food Sovereignty in Africa (pan-African) is a broad alliance of different civil society actors that are part of the struggle for food sovereignty and agroecology in Africa.

Via Campesina (Global) is an international movement defending peasant agriculture for food sovereignty.

Food Literacy Center (U.S.) teaches children in low-income elementary schools cooking, nutrition, gardening, and active play to improve our health, environment, and economy.

HEAL Food Alliance (U.S.) creates food and far systems that are healthy for families and assessable/affordable for all communities.

Ratio Institute (U.S.) is an independent, non-profit organization dedicated to accelerating measurable sustainability and viability in food retail through expert collaboration, industry resources, and practical tools.

Food Chain Workers Alliance (North America) believes in a truly sustainable food system that uplifts workers, communities, and our shared environment and provides healthy and locally made food for all.

The Nutrition Coalition (U.S.) is a non-profit, non-partisan educational organization that aims to improve health in America by ensuring that the public receives evidence-based nutritional advice.