Agroforestry

Learn why agroforestry is a productive and regenerative system of food production and land management. Agroforestry is a new word for old practices used by millions of people around the world. It is a type of agroecology, a nature-based food system that views farms as ecosystems (see Agroecology Nexus). It has produced food and wood regeneratively for centuries and combines Indigenous and traditional agriculture with scientific research. Types of agroforestry include forest farms, alley cropping, buffers, and silvopasture (see Farmers below). In much of the industrialized world, forestry and agriculture have been separate disciplines for research, policy, and implementation. Today, agroforestry leads innovation in regenerative food production, carbon sequestration, and land restoration (see Regenerative Agriculture Nexus and Degraded Land Restoration Nexus). Benefits include:

• Integrating crops from perennial trees and shrubs with annual farming crops produces diverse products for farmers and communities, including food, fiber, fodder, fuel, timber, and medicines. Livestock can be included in some systems (see Silvopasture Nexus).
• The different types of trees used in agroforestry help protect watersheds by slowing wind and water erosion, stabilizing streambanks, and buffering against flooding.
• Falling leaves, branches, and decomposing bark mulch the ground, aiding water infiltration and continuously enriching the soil with organic matter.
• Shade, moisture, and organic matter provided by trees, shrubs, and crops support a wide variety of soil microbes, especially fungi, that enhance nutrient uptake, build soil structure, and sequester carbon, all of which can help mitigate the climate crisis.
• Agroforestry can be an important element in water-limited agriculture, especially in degraded areas that are in danger of desertification (see Desertification Nexus).
• Agroforestry can help alleviate food insecurity.
• Shrubs and blossoming trees provide pollen for beneficial insects (see Pollinators Nexus).
• Agroforestry can part of the global movement to plant more trees as a way to soak up atmospheric carbon dioxide and provide ecosystems services (see Afforestation Nexus).
• Natural forest-like conditions created by agroforestry can provide a habitat for birds and other wildlife and create corridors for their travel between wild, semi-wild, and cultivated lands (see Wildlife Corridors Nexus).
• Agroforestry can be implemented in urban environments, including backyard gardens (see Urban Farming Nexus).
• Agroforestry creates beautiful landscapes for people to enjoy.

Learn about the diversity of agroforestry systems around the world. Agroforestry can be utilized in any ecosystem that can support trees and shrubs. Elements can include trees with edible leaves, freshwater fish, chickens, timber trees, milpas, cactus, pigs, hedgerows, and vineyards. The integration of different elements must be in alignment with an area’s ecology. Examples:

• Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) is a practice that nurtures trees to grow from former stumps, resulting in hundreds of thousands of acres being reforested in the Sahel region of Africa.
• A vegetable farm under tall timber trees in southern France is called “tree ratatouille” by the farmer, honoring the mixed-vegetable stew.
• Moringa trees have edible leaves and are utilized as part of agroforestry systems. Here is an example from South Africa.
• In Kenya, communities are exploring the possibilities of linking agroforestry with fish farming.
• At a vineyard in Italy, poultry have free range of the olive tree groves, providing a double income for the farmer while improving the soil.
• Black pepper is produced from a vine that grows in the tropics and can easily be integrated with mango and banana trees in agroforestry.
• In Tanzania, farmers mix cash crops, such as cardamom, with food crops and trees, diversifying incomes and sustainably maximizing available land.
• In India, a recent analysis shows that nearly 9% of the nation’s total geographical area is being utilized for agroforestry, with the potential for more.
• Home gardens in Ethiopia help build community resilience.
• Agave plants can be grown as part of agroforestry projects in arid environments, sequestering carbon.
• Recent research suggests that palm oil produced from agroforestry systems can be grown sustainably, potentially solving an important challenge (see Palm Oil Nexus).
• A forest farm in Connecticut grows chestnuts in combination with elderberries, pawpaws, persimmons, and chickens.
• Forest garden traditions in British Columbia are being revived by Indigenous communities.
• Buffer strips of trees and shrubs along waterways in the Chesapeake Bay area are creating ecological and economic benefits, including erosion control along waterways, shade for livestock, fruit, and nuts for harvesting.
• For an Indigenous tribe in Costa Rica, agroforestry is both a form of food production and an act of resistance.
• In Hawaii, farmers are restoring ancient agricultural traditions, including food-bearing trees, to feed their communities.
• In Polynesia, a mix of introduced and native species are grown together in an Indigenous agroforestry system called novel forests.
• In the Amazon, agroforestry-grown coffee helps farmers earn a living while diminishing the effects of climate change.
• Cocoa agroforestry is a sustainable way to produce chocolate.

Support agroforestry by buying directly from farmers and ranchers who practice regenerative agriculture or from retailers who support them. Purchasing products from regenerative farms and ranches encourages other farmers and ranchers to adopt similar practices and goals. See Regenerative Agriculture Nexus, Perennial Crops Nexus, Agroecology Nexus, and Plant Diversity Nexus for more suggestions.

Grow a forest garden or food forest at home. Organize your garden to grow like a forest. The idea was introduced by Robert Hart in his book Forest Gardening. In a traditional garden, plants and trees are kept separate, but in a forest garden, they are combined in a manner resembling nature.

• Step-by-step guide to starting a food forest can be found from GroCycle, a permaculture organization, and Permaculture Apprentice. They also provide guides to forest garden design, permaculture plants you can grow in your garden, and growing mushrooms.
• The Agroforestry Research Trust has online courses on forest gardening and nut crops.
• The Orchard Project (UK) has courses on creating community orchards in urban environments.

Donate to or join organizations that support agroecology. There are many choices, including volunteer projects and other community-based initiatives that preserve biodiversity (see Key Players).

Adopt or expand agroforestry practices. Agroforestry enables farmers and landowners, small and large, to become sustainably profitable for long periods of time. It can mitigate disaster risk, including the effects of climate change, by improving environmental conditions. It supports families, communities, and nations. The integration of trees and crops needs to be carefully designed and managed over time so they don’t compete for sunlight and water. Some types of agroforestry are more intensive than others, requiring pruning, irrigating, cultivation, and careful control of livestock. All agroforestry practices take advantage of interactions between crops, animals, and trees, creating a synergy this is productive and resilient (see Regenerative Agriculture Nexus, Agroecology Nexus, and Plant Diversity Nexus).

• Alley cropping is the practice of growing trees in rows to create alleys in which crops are raised. The rows can be fruit, nut, and/or timber trees. The crop plants can be a single type, such as grain, or a combination of types. Livestock can be used to suppress weeds and remove residue after harvest. Cultivation may be necessary to keep tree roots under control.
• Silvopasture is the integration of livestock, including pigs, cattle, chickens, and sheep, into an agroforestry setting (see Silvopasture Nexus and Animal Integration Nexus).
• Forest farming or gardening mimics a forest, combining different tree, shrub, and crop plants in a multistory layering that produces diverse food varieties available at different stages of the year. Forest gardens are a variation, mostly commonly found in Asia and Africa, where they are based on Indigenous and traditional food systems.
• Windbreaks are barriers of trees and shrubs strategically placed to shield crops, livestock, or buildings against high winds.
• Buffers are strips of vegetation, including a mixture of trees, shrubs, and tall grasses, that are used to control water flow, prevent erosion, and restore degraded areas, particularly along watercourses and wetlands.
• Living fences can be created by growing hedgerows in designs that function as permanent fencing to restrict animals and people. Hedgerows also provide a habitat for birds and beneficial insects.
• Coppice agroforestry is a traditional method of managing tree growth by cutting back young trees or shoots to encourage additional development.
• Agroforestry is an effective strategy for growing food on steep hillsides, especially in areas prone to seasonal flooding. Trees and shrubs can anchor the soil, reducing the threat of erosion. They add organic matter to the soil, improving nutrient cycling and water infiltration.
• Growing edible mushrooms in an agroforestry project can be a profitable enterprise. It requires a minimal amount of labor and is often supported ecologically by the trees and logs. Oyster mushrooms or shiitake are among the easiest to grow.
• Bees are a natural fit for nearly any agroforestry system. They provide pollination services for the trees and plants while creating honey for use or sale. Insect farming is also an option.
• Freshwater fish and ponds are often included in agroforestry, especially in areas of rice cultivation.
• Diverse medicinal plants can be grown in agroforestry.
• Agroforestry systems are being adopted for sustainable coffee and cocoa farming.
• A wider variety of products, such as nuts and fruits from trees, provide an extra source of income and jobs, raising standards of living. The diversity of regenerative agroforestry creates diverse income streams. In the U.S. Midwest, hazelnuts and chestnuts are tree crops that can be commercialized with agroforestry.
• Nitrogen-fixing trees and shrubs can be part of agroforestry systems, thereby providing an essential nutrient to crops naturally.
• The organic matter provided by tree and shrub litter can improve soil health, increasing crop yields. It can boost water infiltration in the soil and improve water cycles, buffering the farm against drought.
• Agroforestry is useful for creating wildlife habitats on the farm. Here is a description of its biodiversity benefits to farmers.
• Maple syrup production is a profitable agroforestry sector in appropriate climates.

Adopt new practices and technology. New agricultural technology and training programs have the potential to boost agroforestry yields and make farming more efficient and profitable.

• The University of Missouri has an Agroforestry Academy that is designed to train farmers, natural resource professionals, educators, and others in planning and design. Advanced training is offered in marketing, ecology, and economics.
• California State University, Chico’s Center for Regenerative Agriculture and Resilient Systems has a mentoring program for ranchers, as well as numerous educational materials. It has educational resources on how to start alley cropping.
• The USDA National Agroforestry Center has online resources for training sessions taught by agricultural specialists.
• The USDA National Agricultural Library has a list of educational resources for agroforestry, including training programs in the United States.
• The Cornell University Small Farms Program offers courses for farmers in various aspects of small farm development, including agroforestry.
• Agroforestry training can often be provided in the related fields of agroecology and regenerative agriculture. The Regenerative Organic Alliance has a certification program for farmers and ranchers.
• The Rodale Institute has a training program in regenerative organic practices for aspiring farmers.
• The Soil Health Academy has a Regenerative Agriculture 101 online program designed for farmers and ranchers.
• On the technology front, here is a digital decision-making tool that enables farmers to assess their operations to make them more resilient and equitable. Here and here are examples of using digital technology in agroforestry.
• A report on food and tech discusses how new digital devices, artificial intelligence, and smart software can accelerate the creation of more sustainable, scalable, and equitable food systems.
• The U.S. Department of Agriculture provides answers to frequently asked questions about agroforestry.
• The Overstory is an online agroforestry journal for practitioners.
• Videos from the Savanna Institute on implementing various types of agroforestry. The Institute has online agroforestry courses.
• A variety of training and introductory videos on agroforestry are available on YouTube.

Extend agroforestry research into practices and customs that build resilient and equitable food systems, particularly at scale. Agroforestry needs to expand outside of ecology and forestry and study the interconnections between sustainable farming practices, social sciences, cultural heritage, and their potential for ending the climate crisis. By studying agroforestry’s social, ecological, and economic benefits, researchers can make their work more useful to farmers, ranchers, and other types of agriculturalists. New research includes Indigenous and marginalized voices and addresses how agroforestry can be scaled to feed more people.

• The research program at the University of Missouri’s Center for Agroforestry is a role model for the practical application of science.
• According to the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), perennialized agriculture, such as agroforestry, can transform the lives of smallholder and family farmers because it is more flexible, resilient, and secure than conventional food production and can help with adaptation to climate change. The FAO’s research arm has recommendations.
• Research is being conducted to identify and develop the most suitable perennial crops to include in polyculture mixes for diverse farms and ranches.
• Additional data is needed on expanding agroforestry markets and opportunities.
• Abandoned croplands and degraded lands have been determined to be well suited to agroforestry systems, which expands the potential for food production as well as carbon sequestration, especially in tropical zones.
• Agroforestry can help to overcome “carbon slowdown” by accelerating additional carbon drawdown when a landscape is saturated with carbon, according to recent research.
• Research is needed on the benefits and possible limitations of agroforestry systems on wildlife populations.
• Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada scientists indicated that agroforestry practices would generate significant additional income for farmers, and other Canadian research showed different agroforestry practices were recommended for each of its five regions.

Support agroforestry as an economically viable, ecologically beneficial, and resilient system of farming. Companies can support agroforestry in diverse ways, particularly in their efforts to improve access to agroforestry products or onset carbon in their supply chain. Onsets are carbon credits that create a net reduction in greenhouse gases.

• Investors can directly participate in supporting agroforestry and regenerative agriculture with short and long-term investments.
• Purchase onsets that support agroforestry projects, such as this one in Brazil. Organizations, such as Gold Standard and ClimbCo, provide verified onsets via their financial support of projects that improve carbon levels in the soil through agroforestry and reforestation.
• Help develop markets for products. Agroforestry businesses often lack access to premium markets, especially in low-income countries. Companies can help by building awareness of the benefits of agroforestry for customers.
• Companies can bring digital technology to the distribution and marketing of agroforestry products. Here is an example of wholesale suppliers of moringa tree products from Africa who support farmers while delivering high-value products.

Agroecology for Sustainable Food Systems by FAO (4 mins.)

What Is Agroforestry? by Trees Woods & Forest Gardens - Agroforestry Arboriculture (3 mins.)

Introduction to Agroforestry by Mizzou Agroforestry (21 mins.)

Agroforestry: a Solution to Farming’s Biggest Problems? by DW Planet A (10 mins.)

Agroforestry Practices for People, Profit, and Planet by Savana Institute (5 mins.)

Amazing 23-Year-Old Permaculture Food Forest | An Invitation for Wildness by Happen Films (20 mins.)

“Agroforestry Today Part I: A Brief History of Agroforestry” by Regeneration International (4 mins.)

Drawdown Carbon On Farmland with AGROFORESTRY by Savanna Institute (4 mins.)

The Benefits of Agroforestry by World Agroforestry (4 mins.)

Conservation Agriculture with Trees in the Philippines: A Documentary by World Agroforestry (15 mins.)

Roots of Recovery. Trees, People and Regeneration of the Sahel by World Agroforestry (10 mins.)

Agroforestry in UK & Sweden - with Philipp Weiss, Martin Wolfe, Martin Crawford, Johanna Björklund by Agroforestry from Paradigmshiftfilm Sweden (53 mins.)

REVOLUTIONARY FARMS #2: From barren field to lush food forest | Rongo, Kenya by Growing Small (5 mins.)

Create Your Own FOOD FOREST In 3 Steps [How To Transform Any Piece of Land Quickly] by Evermore: Eden Restored (11 mins.)

Alley Cropping by University of Wisconsin Extension (8 mins.)

Alley Cropping Webinar by WI Land+Water (55 mins.)

Tree Crops: a Permanent Agriculture (orig. 1929) by J. Russell Smith

Forest Gardening: Rediscovering Nature and Community in a Post-Industrial Age by Robert Hart / Green Books

Edible Forest Gardens (2 volumes) by David Jacke and Eric Toensmeier / Chelsea Green Publishing

Restoration Agriculture: Real-World Permaculture for Farmers by Mark Shepard / Acres U.S.A

Paradise Lot: Two Plant Geeks, One-Tenth of an Acre, and the Making of an Edible Garden Oasis in the City by Eric Toensmeier and Jonathan Bates / Chelsea Green Publishing

The Carbon Farming Solution: A Global Toolkit of Perennial Crops and Regenerative Agriculture Practices by Eric Toensmeier / Chelsea Green Publishing

Introduction to Agroecology: Principles and Practices by Paul Wojtkowski / ‎CRC Press

Farming the Woods: An Integrated Approach to Growing Food and Medicinals in Temperate Forests by Ken Mudge and Steve Gabriel / Chelsea Green Publishing

The Food Forest Handbook: Design and Manage a Home-Scale Perennial Polyculture Garden by Darrell Frey and Michelle Czolba / New Society Publishers

Creating a Forest Garden: Working with Nature to Grow Edible Crops by Martin Crawford and Joanna Brown / Green Books

Food Rebellions: Crisis and the Hunger for Justice by Eric Holt-Gimenez and Raj Patel / Food First Books

Iwigara: American Indian Ethnobotanical Traditions and Science by Enrique Salmon / Timber Press

Ecoagriculture: Strategies to Feed the World and Save Wild Biodiversity (2nd ed.) by Sara Scherr and Jeffrey McNeeley / Island Press

The Edible Ecosystem Solution: Growing Biodiversity in Your Backyard and Beyond by Zack Loeks / New Society Publishers

Finding the Mother Tree: Discovering the Wisdom of the Forest by Suzanna Simard / Knopf

A List of Books and Journals on Agroforestry

Civil Eats Archive on Agroecology

The Overstory, an online agroforestry journal for practitioners, researchers, students, and professionals

Mongabay Journalism Series on Agroforestry

Agroforestry Systems - An International Journal Incorporating Agroforestry Forum from Springer

The Agroforestry Podcast (University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry)

Regenerative Agroforestry Podcast